...the fuel produces sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide which can form sulphuric acid with water produced in the combustion process. Apart from causing corrosion and reducing the alkalinity of the oil, it is bad for the environment. Whilst reducing corrosion and sulphur compound emissions the lower anti-wear characteristics of the fuel could result in increased wear of injectors and pumps. It will therefore be necessary to use anti-wear additives. 2) In system design cognizance must be taken of operating conditions and the degree of contamination in establishing the reservoir capacity requirements. The capacities of the reservoirs are based on the actual system requirements multiplied by a factor related to the degree of contamination plus 10%. 3) Properties of importance in metal cutting fluid * The type of material being machined determines the selection of tool, cutting and rubbing speeds and the cutting fluid * The cutting fluid aids to ensure that friction generated in the cutting process is at a minimum and therefore that the temperature of both the cutting tool and work piece are such that either will not be seriously affected * By reducing friction between the tool and the work piece prevents seizures and welding and generated heat 4) Manufacture of soap type greases * Saponification (preparing the soap) * Dehydration (removal of excess moisture) * Addition of lubricating oil inhibitors and additives * Mixing-homogenising * De-aeration ...
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...Definition of coal: • caustobiolitică a sedimentary rock that comes from vegetal incarbonizarea. • the transformation is slow in the absence of atmospheric oxygen at elevated pressures and temperatures that depend on the depth at which the plant is accumulation. Classification of coal: Coal (7000-9000 kcal / kg): anthracite, coal Quality coal (2600-5000 kcal / kg) brown coal, lignite, peat Historically the use of coal Late nineteenth century - coal had a role in the development of industry (coal century). Widely used as fuel for steam engine - James Watt (creator of the first motor efficiency). The widespread use of coal: Getting coke resulting from the high temperature carbonization process, the distillation of coal in the absence of oxygen. The coke used as fuel in the steel (for obtaining one ton of steel requires 600 kg coke). The material or by-product in the manufacture of iron, calcium carbide and other industrial thereof. Fuel for power generation and chemicals. construction materials fuel for power stations and cement factories (3/4 of the demand for coal) Chemical Industry Getting paints, plastics, synthetic fibers, fertilizers, etc.. Pharmaceutical industry. Domestic heating fuel Synthetic Fuel Coal Liquefaction Evaluation of coal resources: 1913 - International Geological Congress in Turin (7100 billion tons) - North America 68% -...
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...In a conventional steam power plant, a boiler consists of a furnace in which fuel is burned, surfaces to transmit heat from the combustion products to the water, and a space where steam can form and collect. A conventional boiler has a furnace that burns a fossil fuel or, in some installations, waste fuels. A nuclear reactor can also serve as a source of heat for generating steam under pressure. Boilers were built as early as the 1st century AD by Hero of Alexandria but were used only as toys. Not until the 17th century was serious consideration given to the potential of steam power for practical work. Denis Papin of France designed the first boiler with a safety valve in 1679; boilers were made of wrought iron; as the advantages of high pressure and temperature were realized, manufactures turned to steel. Modern boilers are made of alloy steel to withstand high pressures and extremely high temperatures. Most conventional steam boilers are classed as either fire-tube or water tube types. In the fire-tube type, the water surrounds the steel tubes through which hot gases from the furnace flow. The steam generated collects above the water level in a cylindrically shaped drum. A safety valve is set to allow escape of steam at pressures above normal operating pressure; this device is necessary on all boilers, because continued addition of heat to water in a closed vessel without means of steam escape result in a rise in pressure and ultimately, in explosion of the boiler. Fire-tube...
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... in controlling the business cycle. Bank is a financial intermediary that uses liquid assets in the form of bank deposits to finance the illiquid investments of borrowers. Banks can create liquidity because it isn’t necessary for a bank to keep all of the funds deposited with it in the form of highly liquid assets. Except in the case of a bank run—which we’ll get to shortly—all of a bank’s depositors won’t want to withdraw their funds at the same time. So a bank can provide its depositors with liquid assets yet still invest much of the depositors’ funds in illiquid assets, such as mortgages and business loans. 2.How money is created by banks through checking accounts and the role of the money multiplier. Multiplier The expansion of a country's money supply that results from banks being able to lend. The size of the multiplier effect depends on the percentage of deposits that banks are required to hold as reserves. In other words, it is money used to create more money and is calculated by dividing total bank deposits by the reserve requirement. The multiplier effect depends on the set reserve requirement. So, to calculate the impact of the multiplier effect on the money supply, we start with the amount banks initially take in through deposits and divide this by the reserve ratio. If, for example, the reserve requirement is 20%, for every $100 a customer deposits into a bank, $20 must be kept in reserve. However, the remaining $80 can be loaned out to other bank customers...
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...Scope 6 Conclusion 10 Works Cited 11 Executive Summary The gradual shift of the US gas sector- from one of deficit to one of surplus has gathered appreciative appraisals from the rest of the world and initiated talks about the prospect of harnessing shale gas in other countries, as US reached the lowest CO2 emission level in the last 20 years due to shift to natural gas. It has been referred to as “the biggest energy innovation of the decade”, in light of the growing need for suitable alternatives to conventional oil and gas with increasing pressure on energy over time. 90% of global shale gas is currently produced by the US. India meets two-thirds of its petroleum requirements by importing of fuels that include coal, and this figure is expected to rise in the future in spite of India being a coal-rich country. Even with introduction of more efficient technologies and cases of higher CO2 emission reduction, our country’s import dependence on petrol, oil and gas will significantly rise in the future, raising the pressure on the resources. This concern for energy security calls for further research in technological solutions for greater efficiency and control. With that backdrop, India’s Integrated Energy Policy (IEP) in its policy proposal has stressed heavily on the need of the hour to explore and add to India’s energy portfolio various alternative and non-conventional sources of energy- hydro, nuclear and renewable. This will attempt to balance the demand and supply...
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...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer...
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...NIGERIAN BANKING SYSTEM IN 2009 AND ASSESS THE EXTENT TO WHICH THIS COULD BE ATTRIBUTED TO ACCOUNTING FAILURE BY OBOR OMUEKPEN EVARISTA (MSC ACCOUNTING) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The reform started when it became clear that poor corporate governance practices, over and undue exposure to the capital market, oil and gas sector, poor risk management practices and inadequate disclosure and transparency about the banks’ financial position characterised the Nigerian banking sector. The CBN, in June 2009 took a three –pronged approach to assess the financial condition of the twenty four (24) banks. One of the approaches was the special audit jointly carried out by the CBN and the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation. The exercise highlighted inadequacies in capital asset and liquidity ratios as well as weakness in corporate governance and risk management in ten banks. These banks were found to be in distress as they failed to meet the minimum 10% capital adequacy and 25% minimum liquidity ratios. Apart from accumulating high non-performing loans, the banks were seriously exposed to the oil and gas sector as well as the capital market. Poor risk management practices in the form of necessary control measures were prevalent as the boards and managements of the banks had failed to observe established controls. Although the remaining fourteen banks had holes in their books, they were found to be in a relatively sound financial condition and did not require immediate intervention by the CBN....
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...Asset Quality Review and Stress Test: Recent Experiences and Potential Implications for the MENA Region Dubai, 7th May 2014 © Oliver Wyman LON-FSP22401-197 Agenda 1. AQR and stress test: setting a new standard for banking supervision 2. Applying the new methodologies to the prevailing context in MENA region: potential scenarios…. 3. … And implications for MENA Banks 4. Concluding remarks © Oliver Wyman LON-FSP22401-197 1 1 AQR and stress test: setting a new standard for banking supervision Since the start of the Eurozone crisis a number of AQRs and stress tests have been carried out in Europe with relevant impact on the Banks Greece – ’11 Ireland – ‘10 Spain – ‘12 • Economy: ~2% GDP EU • Asset Quality Review • Credit Loss Projections • Loss Absorption Capacity • • • • Capital shortfall ~€24mld Economy: ~12% GDP EU Asset Quality Review Credit Loss Projections Loss Absorption Capacity • • • • Economy: ~2% GDP EU Asset Quality Review Credit Loss Projections Loss Absorption Capacity Capital shortfall ~€50mld Capital shortfall ~€60mld Cyprus – ’12 • • Portugal – ’11 • • • • • Economy: ~2% GDP EU Asset Quality Review Credit Loss Projections Loss Absorption Capacity Capital shortfall ~€7mld • Economy: ~0.2% GDP EU Asset Quality Review Credit Loss Projections Loss Absorption Capacity Capital shortfall ~€6mld Slovenia...
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...International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-Operation, 1990 (London, 30 November 1990) THE PARTIES TO THE PRESENT CONVENTION, CONSCIOUS of the need to preserve the human environment in general and the marine environment in particular, RECOGNIZING the serious threat posed to the marine environment by oil pollution incidents involving ships, offshore units, sea ports and oil handling facilities, MINDFUL of the importance of precautionary measures and prevention in avoiding oil pollution in the first instance, and the need for strict application of existing international instruments dealing with maritime safety and marine pollution prevention, particularly the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974,as amended, and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto, as amended, and also the speedy development of enhanced standards for the design, operation and maintenance of ships carrying oil, and of offshore units, MINDFUL ALSO that, in the event of an oil pollution incident, prompt and effective action is essential in order to minimize the damage which may result from such an incident, EMPHASIZING the importance of effective preparation for combating oil pollution incidents and the important role which the oil and shipping industries have in this regard, RECOGNIZING FURTHER the importance of mutual assistance and international...
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...of the above defined energy – is a substance that could be used to produce useful energy, either directly or by one or several conversion processes • In this respect the following forms of energy are distinguished: mechanical energy (i.e. potential or kinetic energy), thermal, electric and chemical energy, nuclear energy and solar energy etc. Why Energy is needed ? • Think about how you use energy every day. You wake up to an alarm clock. You take a shower with water warmed by a hot water heater. You listen to music on the radio as you dress , u eat breakfast….. And so on……. • Food items, medicines, groceries, the accessories which we use, Cosmetics, electronic appliances, lighting, heating cooling, • Everything needs energy in direct or indirect way Why Energy is needed ? Various sectors of economy- Industry, residential, commercial, transport • Industry- Petroleum Refining , steel, cement, chemical, metal, paper, pharmaceuticals, mining etc • Transportation,-automobile, commercial transport,-bus , truck, train, airplane , mass transits • Residential and commercial buildings use energy in for heating and cooling, lighting, heating water, and operating appliances. Non-Renewable Energy Sources • Conventional – Petroleum – Natural Gas – Coal – Nuclear • Unconventional (examples) – Oil Shale – Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment 6 Renewable...
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...economy and the sustainability of this industry in the present scenario. The report also contains an assessment based on Porters analysis, PEST analysis, covering the relevant political, economic, social and technological factors that have implications for the development of the bank. Additionally, it evaluates the industry within the Michael Porter framework. The report goes on to describe the competitive landscape and provides a comparative financial study of the major players in the industry. It also captures the important trends and key issues and provides an outlook on the bank. 1. PORTERS 5 FORCE ANALYSIS FOR BANKING INDUSTRY Porters model is, applied microeconomic principles to business strategy and analyzed the strategic requirements of industrial sectors, not just specific companies. The five forces are competitive factors which determine industry competition and include: suppliers, rivalry within an industry, substitute products, customers or buyers, and new entrants. Porters 5 forces model is shown in figure 1.1. Figure 1.1 Porters 5 forces model Although the strength of each force can vary from industry to industry, the forces, when considered together, determine long-term profitability within the specific...
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...reduction of the nation's economy. The regulation of securities was a good initial foundation for the New Deal reforms. The stock market crash of 1929 was a major cause leading to the economic downfall of America, known as the Great Depression. Today, the word securities refers to negotiable financial instruments, such as, banknote, bonds, common stock, and options. The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 defines securities as “means any note, stock, treasury stock, security future, bond, debenture, certificate of interest or participation in any profit-sharing agreement or in any oil, gas, or other mineral royalty or lease, any collateral-trust certificate, preorganization certificate or subscription, transferable share, investment contract, voting-trust certificate, certificate of deposit for a security, any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security, certificate of deposit, or group or index of securities (including any interest therein or based on the value thereof), or any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege entered into on a national securities exchange relating to foreign currency, or in general, any instrument commonly known as a "security"; or any certificate of interest or participation in, temporary or interim certificate for, receipt for, or warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase, any of the foregoing; but shall not include currency or any note, draft, bill of exchange, or banker's acceptance which has a maturity at the time of...
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...time that the Residence is occupied by an OWNER approved paying RESIDENT and/or expiration of said time period, whichever is shorter. B.__ until ____________, ______ on a month-to-month tenancy until either party shall terminate this agreement by giving a written notice of intention to terminate at least 30 days prior to the date of termination. 2. PAYMENTS: Rent and/or other charges are to be paid at such place or method designated by the owner as follows Wells Fargo Bank. All payments are to be made by check or money order and cash shall be acceptable. OWNER acknowledges receipt of the First Month's rent of $480.00, and a Security Deposit of $800.00, and additional charges/fees for N/A, for a total payment of $1280.00. All payments are to be made payable to Christopher L. Brooks 3. SECURITY DEPOSITS: The total of the above deposits shall secure compliance with the terms and conditions...
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...China’s Banking Sector The Chinese banking sector was almost completely owned by the government and it was isolated from the global economy. Chinese banks were subject to the requirements of their government’s central intended economic policy. Since 1978, the Chinese government has focused on creating a banking system with different types of institutions and agencies that function in diverse markets with clearly stipulated functions. One of the main objectives of the Chinese banking reforms has been to give incentives to the financial institutions to become more aggressive, commercial entities. Such strategy has limited the competition between such institutions and only affects the agencies that perform similar tasks. However, banks in China have not been allowed complete autonomy, and are expected to comply with government directives that who often place strategies to be used by banks to improve their profitability and their solvency. Different classes of banks are currently operating in China, with different structures and serving different functions. First, the wholly state owned banks. Second, “equitized” commercial banks or banks that were wholly state-owned and were turned into join stock firms in which the government is the major stockholder. Third, includes a mixture of local banks, with municipal governments as principal stockholders. Forth, join-stock commercial banks that were founded after the beginning of the China’s banking reforms and with relatively low...
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...Accounting Policies & Notes to Accounts 14 Statement of Cash Flow 18 DABUR NEPAL PVT. LIMITED 20 ANNUAL REPORT 2005-06 DIRECTORS’ REPORT To The Members of Dabur Nepal Pvt. Limited, This report presented by your Directors in respect of Financial year ended on 31.03.2006 has been made out for the limited purpose in terms of section 212 (2) (b) of Indian Companies Act,1956 . Pursuant to section 212(2)(a) and section 212(2) (b) of Indian Companies Act, the Balance Sheet of Dabur Nepal Pvt. Limited as on 31st March ,2006 and the Profit & loss Account for the year ended on that date dealt with by this report have also been made out in accordance with the requirement of Indian Companies Act 1956,which have been certified by an Indian firm of Chartered Accountants thereby making out the audit report thereof in accordance with the requirements of Indian Companies Act,1956. FINANCIAL RESULTS The Financial results of drawn in accordance with Indian Companies Act are as follows: (Rs in lacs) Particulars articulars Sales (incl. Other income) Profit before Tax 2005-06 19481.78 590.24 Less: Provision for Tax-current 2004-05 18638.84 941.23 105.54 165.33 Net profit after tax Balance brought forward 484.69 4090.08 775.90 3664.59 Profit available for appropriation 4694.21 4402.69 0 35.33 62.50 199.63 50.48 62.50 4596.38 4090.08 Appropriation/allocation: Interim Dividend Transferred to employees housing reserve fund Transferred to general reserve Balance carried over to balance sheet...
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