...GHANA TELECOM UNIVERSITY COLLEGE FACULTY OF IT BUSINESS LEVEL 100: FIRST SEMESTER (SEPTEMBER, 2011) |General Information | | | | |Course Title: |INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY | |Course Code |BBA 109 | |Overall |Improve students’ perception and understanding of psychological principles underlying behaviour and | |module aims |also be in a position to relate what they have learnt to issues of everyday life. | | | | | |Lectures, PowerPoint Presentations | |Teaching Methods |Explanations on Whiteboard | | |Individual and group problem solving | | ...
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...Case Study Research Method Definition of a Case Study: * “Investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident.(Case studies focus on understanding the dynamics present within a single setting. (Eisenhardt, 1989)). * “A case study is an empirical enquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon in depth and within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident.(Robert K.Yin)” Historical background: Case study method emphasizes the study of a single individual. And it comes in the category of single-case research designs. Single-case designs have been used since scientific psychology began in the19th century. Psychophysical methods had their origin in the work of Gustav Fechner and were described in his 1860 book, Elemente der Psychophysik. Fechner,and countless other psychophysicists since, relied on data obtained through experiments with one or two individuals. Hermann Ebbinghaus is another major figure in the early history of psychology who used a single-case design. In fact, the single case that Ebbinghaus studied was himself. He was both the participant and the experimenter for the research he published in his monograph on memory in 1885. Over a period of many months he learned and then attempted to relearn hundreds of series of nonsense syllables. His data provided psychologists...
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...Fundamental Concepts of Industrial and Organizational Psychology The “American Psychological Association” (2012) website explains industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology as a general practice specialty of professional psychology that focuses on scientifically based solutions toward human difficulties in work and other organizational settings. I/O psychology provides solutions by way of development and application of scientific principles to the workplace (Spector, 2008). This discipline contains a facet that focuses on research as well as an application facet. Some in I/O psychology invest much of their time conducting and cataloguing research regarding people at work, while others focus on the application of the concepts generated from such research. A general overview with an emphasis on the evolution, the contrast toward other disciplines, the use of, and the role of research can provide a clear understanding of industrial and organizational psychology. Amidst the full swing of the industrial revolution, factory managers were faced with the challenge of maximizing resources. Challenges like this created a need for workplace psychology and I/O psychology quickly filled that need. The beginning stages of this discipline solely placed emphasis on the industrial component of the workplace and viewed the employees as expendable (Spector, 2008). At this stage industrial psychology sought solutions toward creating the greatest return for the least amount...
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...Midterm Reviewer General Psychology Psychology – is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Wilehelm Wundt – “Father of psychology” * Aristotle – methods of Contemporary Science. * Francis Bacon – Deductive Reasoning in the study of behavior. * Charles Darwin – 1859, Theory of Evolution. * Psyche – mind / soul * Locos – study 4 Goals of Psychology * Describe – Detailed of record of ascertain behaviour. Qualitative – names, sex, and nationality, rating/ranking. Quantitative – weights; height, speed, distance, no. of age. * Understand - explain or interpret facts about behavior. The causes of certain. Sign learning. Verbal punishment. Dispositional – nature of personality/ reason. * Predict – predict future behavior. a) Scientific b) Casual c) Cause and Effect * Control – controlling behavior may be done thought planning based on accurate prediction. Traditional Schools of Psychology * Structuralism – structure of the mind. (Edward B. Titchener) a) Sensation b) Image c) Feelings Introspection – a method of metal self-analysis w/c feeling, thinking, & behavior. * Functionalism – how the mind function in the adjustment of man to his environment. ( William James) [ Experimental ] * Functional * Advises * Gestalt – the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. ( Max Weltheirmer, Wolfgang Kholer, & Kurt Koffka ) [ Experimental ] * Behaviorism – The important of learning &...
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...another. Social psychology focuses on how individuals, in general, think about, view, influence, relate to, and affect each other. Social psychology cannot explain every social problem, however, by studying how individuals react to specific situations it does give insight into understanding many aspects such as how stereotypes are created. It also can explain behaviors such sexism, racism, why a person may behave one way in a certain situation and like a completely different person in a different situation, and even how individuals fall in and out of love (Myers, 2010). Clinical Psychology Social psychology is very similar to other psychologies, such as clinical psychology and sociology, but has distinctions of its own. For instance, one contrast between social psychology and clinical psychology is social psychology tends to focus on situational influences of “normal” behavior, whereas clinical psychology focuses on particular behaviors mainly intra-psychic influences of “abnormal” behavior. Clinical psychology is an expansive field of research within the sphere of psychology that applies psychological principles to rehabilitation, prevention, assessment, amelioration, or psychological dysfunctional behavior, distress, and disability, in the hope of improving psychological and physical well-being (Clinical Psychology, n.d.). General Psychology General psychology means the study of the mind and behavior, therefore general psychology is a study of the human persona. Naturally...
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...This piece of work aims to analyse the research methods concerning its use in the field of psychological research. The work will begin by rationalizing the importance of research and will identify the relevant body regulating psychological research in the UK. It will endeavour to present, an give an overview of the main research methods employed by researchers. The advantages, similarities and limitations of two of the methods will be explained. Finally, the ethical issues and criticisms identified in particular psychological experiments will be discussed. Psychologists use several methods of research, each of which provides information about human behaviour. These methods include: naturalistic observation, survey method, correlational method, the experimental method ( laboratory, field experiments) the correlational method and case studies. In general psychological research methods attempt to: Describe mental and physical behavior; explain the reasons for that behaviour, and predict the circumstances under which it might happen again (Mcleod 2012). None of the methods is able to study all aspects of human behaviour and thought. For example, In naturalistic observation methods participants are carefully observed in their natural setting without interference by the researchers. Researchers observe and record behaviour without trying to influence or control it while participants are not aware of observation. In survey methods a large group of people are questioned about...
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...practice at the sickbed” (Maddux, 2008, p. 56), the word psychology comes from the word psyche, which means “soul or mind” (Maddux, 2008, p. 56). Clinical Psychology is “the assessment, treatment, and understanding of psychological and behavioral problems and disorders” (Plante, 2011, p. 5). Clinical psychology has a rich history compiled with information derived from philosophy, biology, and science. In this paper the history and the evolving nature of clinical psychology will be described as well as an explanation of the role research and statistics has on clinical psychology, and a comparison of clinical psychology to other mental health profession. The History of Clinical Psychology Greek history presented a background of early Greek thinkers, who acknowledged an interconnection between the mind and body as well as the influence the interconnection has on illnesses. One of the first contributors to psychology came from Hippocrates, who believed disease, temperament, and personality originated from an imbalance within four humors that he called black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood within an individual’s environment (Plante, 2011). Hippocrates also suggested that abnormal behavior, physical, and emotional illnesses were influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. Aristotle was another Greek, who argued a scientific basis suggesting distinct emotional periods influenced the way in which the human body functioned. Aristotle’s view of logic and reason as an...
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...behavioral problems humans possess, and the possible psychological problems and disorders. “According to the APA, clinical psychology attempts to use the principles of psychology to better understand, predict, and alleviate intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects of human functioning (APA, 2009a)”(Plante, 2011, pg. 5). For one to gain a better understanding of clinical psychology, the history and evolving nature of clinical psychology must be discussed, the role of research and statistics must be explained, and the differences between clinical psychology and other mental health professions must be discussed. The items listed will be addressed and examined throughout this paper. History of Clinical Psychology In the later part of the 1800’s, psychology was being discovered in several laboratories in different universities. The field of psychology was insisting and leaning more on pure science as the main practice, but a former student of Wilhelm Wundt, named Lightner Witmer, made an impact and changed that view on psychology (Pickren, 2009). Lightner Whitmer in charge of the psychology department in the University of Pennsylvania. Whitmer began to work with a boy who had problems with spelling, and developed a program of tutoring which became a success in helping the boy. The success from the tutoring program Whitmer developed, lead to the event of Whitmer opening a psychological clinic in 1896, which was the first that had opened during...
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...Classical Conditioning Evolutionary Perspective: The evolutionary perspective is the applied principles of evolution that help explain the psychological process and phenomena. An English man by the name of Charles Darwin was the first to discuss this theory in his book The Origin of Species. The process of Evolution can be described by simply stating that individual members of species fight for survival. Those with stronger characteristics; being able to adapt to surroundings, fend for themselves and do whatever it takes to survive and more likely to continue to do so and carry on these traits to their offspring. Those who do not hold these similar characteristics and hold weaker ones are less likely to survive and the few offspring they will have, will not be able to adapt such as their parents and ancestors were not able to either. Humanistic Perspective: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are the fathers of Humanistic Perspective. Humanistic Perspective is ones own motivation to grow. This perspective is all about ones own determination to reach their goals, their interactions and interpersonal-relationships with those around them, and the importance of one having choice and self direction. Cognitive Perspective: The Cognitive Perspective is the based on the mental process and how humans process information. In the 1960’s there was a “Cognitive Revolution” due to the development of the very first computers. The Cognitive process is how the brain and mind process and remember...
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...combines general practice with health services. In clinical psychology, the main focus is on diagnosing, assessing, evaluating, and treating behavioral, emotional, and mental disorders. This field became more widely recognized toward the end of the nineteenth century (American Board of Professional Psychology, n.d.). Research and statistics help the field to grow and helps psychologists and those in the mental health field to understand more about disorders and behaviors. This field also shares some similarities, as well as differences, with other mental health professions. The history of clinical psychology is a rich one, and the field continues to grow. Clinical Psychology History Before psychology was a science, it was a practice. It is believed that the practice of psychology has always existed. However, the science of psychology emerged from philosophy. The many ideas and thoughts of philosophers laid the foundation of psychology (Benjamin, 2005). The field of psychology began as a mixture of philosophy, medicine, and theology. In the late 1800’s, The Elements of Psychophysics was published by Theodor Fechner, and Principles of Physiological Psychology was published by Wilhelm Wundt. These two publications allowed the explanation that physics and physiology could be used to answer questions on a psychological level. Wundt opened the first laboratory for psychology in Germany. When he opened his laboratory, psychology as a science was born. The American Psychological Association...
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...Psychology 211: General Psychology (Fridays) Winter, 2015 |Instructor |Dr. Ralph J. Worthing, Professor of Psychology | |Office |A-075 | |Office Hours |Monday |Tuesday |Wednesday |Thursday |Friday | | |8:00 – 9:00 (at |2:00 – 3:00 (A-075)|8:00 – 9:00 (at |2:00 – 3:00 |9:00 – 10:00 | | |Ricker) | |Ricker) |(A-075) |(A-075) | |Phone |989-686-9060 | |Email |rjworthi@delta.edu | |FAX |989-686-8736 | Please contact me if you would like to meet at a time other than these posted office hours. Learning Materials: 1. Ciccarelli, S. K, & White, J. N. (2015). Psychology (4th Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. An Access Code for the “Revel” companion website is required. This class will be participating in a pilot study of...
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...PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGISTS PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS COMMITTEE (2008-2009) PAP Code of Ethics, page 2 PREFACE The Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) adopted a Code of Ethics for Clinical Psychologists in the 1980s, and this Code has remained unchanged since then. In 2007, the Board of Directors of the PAP resolved to constitute a committee to revise the code of ethics, with the goal of updating the code and making it more inclusive and applicable to all psychologists. In 2008, the PAP Board of Directors appointed immediate past president, Dr. Allan B. I. Bernardo as Chair of the Scientific and Professional Ethics Committee, in compliance with the PAP Charter. The PAP Board also appointed Dr. Ma. Lourdes A. Carandang, Dr. Natividad A. Dayan, Dr. Rosalito De Guzman, and Ms. Anna Guerrero as members of this committee. Given a clear mandate from the PAP Board, the committee set out to accomplish its task with the assistance of three graduate assistants: Mary Libertine Amor, Mary Grace M. Serranilla, and Sheri Anne C. Zerna. The committee chair and the assistants undertook the preparatory work which involved studying the old Code, and several documents related to ethical standards for psychologists (e.g., the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists, the ethics codes of the American Psychological Association, the British Psychological Society, the Canadian Psychological Society, among others)...
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...Chapter 1 – Psychology and Life * Psychology research has immediate and crucial applications to important issues of every day experience, including your physical and mental health, your ability to form and sustain close relationships, and your capacity for learning and personal growth Definitions * PSYCHOLOGY: The scientific study of the behaviour of individuals and their mental processes * SCIENTIFIC METHOD: The set of procedures used for gathering and interpreting objective information in a way that minimizes error and yields dependable generalizations * BEHAVIOUR: The actions by which an organism adjusts to its environments * The subject matter of psychology largely consists of the observable behaviour of humans and other species of animals * Psychologists focus on behaviour in individuals Goals of Psychology 1. Describing what happens 2. Explaining what happens 3. Predicting what will happen 4. Controlling what happens Describing What Happens * The first task in psychology is to make accurate observations about behaviour * BEHAVIOURAL DATA: Observational reports about the behaviour of organisms and the conditions under which the behaviour occurs or changes * From broad, general, and global aspects all the way to microscopic details of the organism under study * Reporting facts as they actually occur (Free of any bias or subjectivity) * Each level of analysis yields information essential to the final composite...
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...University of Phoenix Material Industrial/Organizational Psychology Worksheet The purpose of this assignment is to examine the fundamental concepts of the field of industrial/organizational psychology. Using the textbook, the University Library, the Internet, and/or other resources, answer the following questions. Your responses to each question will vary but overall should be 700- to 1,050-words in length. 1. Describe the evolution of the field of industrial/organizational psychology. According to Spector (2012) “I/O psychology is an eclectic field that has borrowed concepts, ideas, techniques, and theories from many other disciplines.” (p. 5). Industrial and organizational psychology, or something similar can be traced back to the studies of European scientist Herman von Helmholtz (1821-1894). He expanded on the concept of conservation of human energy to determine if the energy levels in the present labor force were sufficient to the increasing demands of the industrial revolution (Koppes, & Pickren (n.d). English philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) surmised that knowledge begins with the individual’s sensory experience. He further believed that logical thinking combined with sensory experience was superior to religion as a basis for developing a civil society (Koppes, & Pickren, n.d.). Another philosopher, Karl Marx (1818-1883) argued that freedom defined what it is to be human. He believed that a struggle for freedom existed in a capitalist system because...
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...Social Psychology Basic vs. Applied Research Beau L. Miller Valley Forge Christian College Dr. Kenneth Damstrom PSY223 A Introduction to Psychology October 22, 2010 Abstract In my paper I’ll try to distingush between applied vs. basic social psychology research through the acute social crisis of our time. Many people are turning to social science for the solution of our social problems. Society seems to be saying, in effect, "Scientific methodology in the natural sciences and their accompanying technologies has brought us to the brink of extinction; let it save us through the social sciences and their technologies." The great foundations, governmental agencies, business organizations, and the universities are repsonding to this demand by directing increasing amounts of money and personnel to activities dealing with human relations, intergroup relations, and social "problems" in general. Social Psychology Applied vs. Basic Research In a time where social work and social psychology are often seen as similar to the uneducated, I want to use this research paper to look into the differences of how psychologists are using their research. I’ll try to use this paper to address both basic questions regarding human behavior and applied issues of social concern. In (Kelman, 1968)described the tension between the rigor and vigor within science in general and within social psychology. In presenting the different styles of research, I’ll attempt to show strengths and...
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