...1995 and 2003, the abortion rate (the number of abortions per 1,000 women of childbearing age—i.e., those aged 15–44) for the world overall dropped from 35 to 29. It remained virtually unchanged, at 28, in 2008. • Nearly half of all abortions worldwide are unsafe, and nearly all unsafe abortions (98%) occur in developing countries. In the developing world, 56% of all abortions are unsafe, compared with just 6% in the developed world. • The proportion of abortions worldwide that take place in the developing world increased between 1995 and 2008 from 78% to 86%, in part because the proportion of all women who live in the developing world increased during this period. • Since 2003, the number of abortions fell by 600,000 in the developed world but increased by 2.8 million in the developing world. In 2008, six million abortions were performed in developed countries and 38 million in developing countries, a disparity that largely reflects population distribution. • A woman’s likelihood of having an abortion is slightly elevated if she lives in a developing region. In 2008, there were 29 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44 years in developing countries, compared with 24 per 1,000 in the developed world. REGIONAL INCIDENCE AND TRENDS • The overall abortion rate in Africa, where the vast majority of abortions are illegal and unsafe, showed no decline between 2003 and 2008, holding at 29 abortions per 1,000 women of childbearing age. • The Southern Africa subregion, dominated by South...
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...following on education in the Caribbean: Either: * The feminization of the teaching profession; Or: * Differences between male and female achievement in the education system. Include discussion on the causes/development and the consequences of the issues and make suggestions on how to solve these problems. Length of essay 2000 words (7 pages, line space of 1.5). References must be included and are not part of the word count. This is an individual effort. Date due: 20 November, 2012. (TOTAL: 25 MARKS) Discussion The feminization of the teaching profession For over a century, women and the ‘feminization’ of the teaching profession have been debated in most developed and newly-developing countries the world over. According to Bank (2007), an occupation that is predominantly made up of women is said to be ‘feminized’. However, when sociologists and educators refer to feminization they are referring to labour market tendencies where the participation of women in various occupations is increasing. (Drudy et al, 2005). The Working Group of the European Trade Union Committee for Education (ETUCE) has used similar terms to refer to feminization. In so doing, feminization is the expression to ‘describe the phenomenon of large-scale entry into the teaching profession by women…’ (in Wylie 2000 p.1). Furthermore, the ETUCE report indicated three distinct meanings, within this: 1a statistical meaning, used in calculating percentages of men and women in a...
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...Micro-Macro Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for the Caribbean Region Stephanie Seguino Professor, Department of Economics Old Mill 340 University of Vermont Burlington, VT 05401 Tel. 1 802 656-0187 Fax 1 802 656-8405 Email sseguino@zoo.uvm.edu July 2008 Acknowledgements: I am grateful for helpful comments and insights from Rhoda Reddock, Christine Barrow, Caren Grown, three anonymous referees, and participants at the Building Capacity for Gender Analysis in Policy Making, Programme Development, and Implementation: Research Seminar and Workshop, University of West Indies, Barbados, November 2007. Micro-Macro Linkages Between Gender, Development, and Growth: Implications for the Caribbean Region Abstract Over the last two decades, scholars have investigated the two-way relationship between gender inequality on the one hand, and economic development and growth on the other. Research in this area offers new ways to address the economic stagnation and crisis developing countries have experienced over the last two decades. This paper contributes to that literature, exploring the channels by which gender inequality affects, and in important ways, constrains economic development and growth in the Caribbean region. It further explores the endogeneity of gender inequality to the macroeconomic policy environment. The paper concludes with a discussion of economic policies that can promote a win-win outcome—greater gender...
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...I have learned from interacting and interviewing Luciana Cappuccino better known as “Lucky”. I was aware of her Spanish culture when I was first introduced to her just because of her first name. We sometimes forget how something as personal as our name is stamped by our cultural origin. I did further research into her name; I found out that Luciana is a typical Spanish name meaning light. The religious ties were very prevalent from the beginning even before I had started the interview. Argentina like most of Latin America and my own culture, the Caribbean has a deep history of colonialization; which is even more crucial part to the history of Luciana Cappuciano since she is of European ancestry. The Europeans arrived in Argentina 1502 this is most likely when Lucky’s ancestors first entered Latin America. One of the issues Lucky faced is being ethnically a Caucasian but identifying herself as a Latina. This is her avowal identity, meaning that is the identity “that [she] choose[s] to associate with and portray” (Willis-Rivera 28). However most American ascribes a Caucasian identity to her because of her blonde hair and fair skin; which is features attributes as white in America. This issue was something we discussed with great importance during our interviews. Lucky identifying herself as a Latina despite being of European descent is not strange in Argentina. Actually the predominant ethnic group in Argentina is white; with 97% coming from Spanish and Italian descent (CIA World...
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...Universities (IAU) IAU/UNESCO Information Centre on Higher Education Coordinating Agency and Bibliographical Reference Service Elzbieta Karwat - Head Librarian Unesco House, 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris cedex 15, France karwat.iau@unesco.org http://www.unesco.org/iau ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education (ERIC) 1100 West Street, Second Floor, Laurel, Maryland 20707-3598, USA http://www.gwu.edu/~eriche UNESCO Headquarters in Paris 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07, France s.fernandez-lauro@unesco.org http://www.unesco.org UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education (CEPES) Str Stirbei Voda 39, R-70732 Bucharest, Romania bucharest@unesco.org http://www.cepes.ro UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (IESALC) Apartado postal 68.394, Caracas 1062-A,...
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...Caribbean Human Development Report 2012 Human Development and the Shift to Better Citizen Security Caribbean Human Development Report 2012 Human Development and the Shift to Better Citizen Security Copyright © 2012 by the United Nations Development Programme 1 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission. ISBN: 9789962688082 Website: http://www.regionalcentrelac-undp.org/en/hdr-caribbean Editors: Robert Zimmermann, Carol Lawes and Nanette Svenson Cover design: Timothy Bootan and Juan Manuel Salazar Design and Layout: Miguel Nova y Vínculos Gráficos Printed in Panama by Inversiones Gumo, S.A. For a list of any errors or omissions found subsequent to printing please visit our website. No consultation has been carried out in Guyana. The data on Guyana have been obtained through public sources and the UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010. Caribbean Human Development Report 2012 Helen Clark Administrator United Nations Development Programme Rebeca Grynspan Associate Administrator United Nations Development Programme Heraldo Muñoz Assistant Administrator and Director of the Regional Bureau for LAC United Nations Development Programme Freddy Justiniano Director a.i. Regional Centre for LAC United Nations Development Programme Niky Fabiancic Deputy Director Regional...
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...The search for gender equity and empowerment of Caribbean women through education has yielded mixed opinions. On one hand it is felt that social mobility for women is best realised through education, while on the other hand it is believed that current academic curriculums simply reinforce the subordinate, inequitable role for women to fulfil. At women’s conferences around the world, many ideals have been targeted for actualization. Among them, the need to improve the quality and relevance of education for girls, ensuring equitable representation of women at all levels of the political process, and encouraging and enabling men to take responsibility for their sexual and reproductive behaviour. According to Bailey (2003), be it the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CDAW), or the World Conference on Women, education was highlighted as a ‘vehicle’ for change. Thus, the 1990 World Conference on Education for All admonished world governments to deconstruct “cultural barriers” to women’s education (Bailey, 2003; p. 109). In spite of these advancements, Bailey’s argument is that the increased participation and performance in education as a guarantee for women’s empowerment and equitable status with men is a misguided assumption; highlighting the Caribbean context, Bailey exposes this reality. Research has shown that women outnumber, and quantitatively outperform men at the tertiary levels of the education system. At the Secondary level, data...
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...Benchmark Assignment: HIV Epidemiology Paper “The global trends and adverse health impact of HIV, viral hepatitis, STIs, and TB remain among the major and urgent public health challenges of our time. These conditions account for substantial morbidity and mortality, with devastating fiscal and emotional costs to individuals, families, and societies. Despite decades of investment and support, the U.S. still experiences a disproportionate burden of these conditions compared with other Western industrialized nations, with substantial health disparities being observed across population subgroups and geographic regions.” (Hazel D. Dean, ScD, MPH Kevin A. Fenton, MD, PhD, 2010) This paper will focus specifically on HIV/AIDS. “ Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. · AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s. ("STOP AIDS," 2009) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS) is a disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV attacks the human immune system, and progressively reduces its effectiveness, leaving the host susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. Due to the extended incubation period, the time between being infected with the virus and the manifestation of symptoms, an infected individual can transmit these the virus to other hosts unknowingly. The...
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...The Culture Of Cuba Andrew Mengel Moravian College The Culture of Cuba Cuba has a complex but rich culture that has been broadening in all aspects in its society. Its semi-forbidden access to Americans makes it a curious destination for adventitious people. The largest island in the Caribbean, Cuba has been inhabited since the mid-1400s by various Mesoamerican tribes, until 1492 when Christopher Columbus invaded the island and took it over. It remained a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American war in 1898, and briefly became a colony of the United States. A few years later, Cuba than gained nominal independence from America in 1902 and functioned under a democratic republic, despite weak leaders in their national government. (CIA.gov) With increasing social and political turmoil, Cuba, looking for administrative leadership, fell under the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in 1952. However, Batista could not gain the popularity of the people and was ousted from the government in 1959. (PBS.org) The government than again shifted to a new type of regime and has continued with the same political lens ever since. Switching to socialist fundamentals and following the lead of Fidel Castro, Cuba has and currently is, governed as a single-party state under the Communist party. Now steadily ruled, Cuba prospers in music, food and their plush agriculture. Cuba’s Spanish integrated philosophy creates a unique and passionate society that cannot be found anywhere else around...
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...International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 30 Whose Solution is It? Development Ideology and the Work of MicroEntrepreneurs in Caribbean Context by Marina Karides, Florida Atlantic University An economic leader in the Caribbean, the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago has incorporated micro-business development as one of its main strategies to alleviate poverty and unemployment and to spawn economic growth since the late 1980s (ILO 1991, 1998, Ministry of Finance 1996). Although the discovery of natural gas in the early nineties catapulted Trinidad’s economic growth rate to four percent per annum, unemployment and poverty continue to affect a large portion of the population. The majority of the population has not benefited from Trinidad’s economic growth. Thus, the government has attempted to create “a nation of entrepreneurs” in order to relieve some of the inequality that defines the society (Ministry of Trade and Industry 1997). Trinidad’s expansion of micro-enterprise programs reflects an international trend. Endorsed by non-governmental organizations, private financial institutions, international development agencies, including the World Bank, many scholars and development practitioners also view microenterprise assistance as a panacea for Third World poverty (Johnson and Kidder, 1999; Mosley and Hulme, 1998; Dignard and Havet, 1995; Grosh and Somolekae, 1996; Rakowski, 1994). Micro-enterprise development programs generally consist of training in business skills...
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...CHAPTRE ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1Background to the study Increasing income to poor people has the vital importance in the development of any country. In this new era of globalization poverty is still a worldwide problem unlikely over and the past decades whereby inspite of increasing inequality in wealth between different part of the world the problem of spreaded localized war was dominant and the newly issues such as environmental degradation, international debt, religious fundamentalism and other form of competing, collectively identify both the potential the social dislocation turning to worldwide chaos. The concept of poverty is still debatable and this result into various dimension as far as the conceptual complexity has been understood in a series of fault line including individuals or household measures private consumption only or private consumption in plus publicly provided goods, monetary or monetary plus non-monetary components of poverty, snapshots or timeline, actual or potential poverty, stocks or flow measures of poverty, in put or output measures, absolute or relative poverty. The world bank target of reducing by one-half the portion of people on extreme poverty by 2015 requires the criterion for deciding if an individual or household is poor, it does this in economic term by measuring the persons income and establishing poverty line which represent an income level below which a person is held to be in extreme poverty (Allen etal, 2004) Poverty means lack of...
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...JOSÉ LUIS MACHINEA Executive Secretary ALICIA BÁRCENA Deputy Executive Secretary Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean economic commission for latin america and the caribbean C E P A L Review NUMBER 85 APRIL 2005 SANTIAGO, CHILE OSCAR ALTIMIR Director REYNALDO BAJRAJ Deputy Director The CEPAL Review was founded in 1976 and is published three times a year by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, which has its headquarters in Santiago, Chile. The Review, however, has full editorial independence and follows the usual academic procedures and criteria, including the review of articles by independent external referees. The Review is distributed to universities, research institutes and other international organizations, as well as to individual subscribers, and is also consulted extensively on the Internet. The purpose of the Review is to contribute to the discussion of socio-economic development issues in the region by offering analytical and policy approaches and articles by economists and other social scientists working both within and outside the United Nations. Accordingly, the editorial board of the Review extends its readers an open invitation to submit for publication articles analysing various aspects of economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean. The opinions expressed in the signed articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the...
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...Butterfly Beauties, Inc. Group 5 Karey Brown Jeff Fortenberry Suzie Hall Samantha Vazquez International Issues Business BUSI 4703 Dr. Juan Castro December 17, 2002 Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Why Butterfly Farming? 2 The History of Butterflies and Butterfly Farming 4 The Business of Butterfly Farming Butterflies 5 A Day in the Life of a Butterfly Farmer 6 Country Analysis: Costa Rica 8 The Land 9 Plant and Animal Life 10 The People 11 Greetings and Courtesies 13 Business Culture 14 The Economy 16 Table 1 17 Graphs 1, 2 18 Finance 18 Table 2 19 Government 19 Education 20 Health and Welfare 20 Resources 21 Agriculture 21 Table of Contents (cont.) Industry 22 Trade 22 Transportation 23 Butterfly Beauties, Inc. Operations Equipment and Supplies 25 Employees 27 Marketing Butterflies 28 Exportation/Shipping 31 Conclusion 32 Works Cited 33 Butterfly Beauties brochure Appendix Butterfly Beauties, Inc. Butterfly Farming in Costa Rica Executive Summary While the name may seem somewhat "flighty," butterfly farming is a serious business opportunity. The...
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...Chapter 12: The African Diaspora in the Caribbean and Europe from Pre-emancipation to the Present Day by Roswith Gerloff Caribbean history of Christianity can be divided, with overlaps, into four main periods: the rather monolithic form of Spanish Catholicism from 1492, and of the Church of England from 1620; the arrival of the Evangelicals or nonconformist missionaries, Moravians, Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians from the mid-eighteenth century; consolidation and growth of various European denominations in the region in uneasy tension with the proliferation of independent black Christian groups and African religions in the post-emancipation era from 1833; the contest for political, economic and religious independence after 1870, including the shift from British Imperial intervention and influence to those from North America, and national independence after 1962. Contemporary studies in anthropology and sociology of religion speak of 'religions on the move', or the process of transmigration and transculturation, as it refers to dynamic, reciprocal, transitory and multidimensional creations in shaping a 'poly-contextual world'. This implies that religions have to be regarded as cultural and spiritual phenomena whose 'taken-for granted' essence1 has resulted from transcultural and transnational processes of mutual 1 Klaus Hock, University of Rostock, abstract for an essay on the African Christian Diaspora in Europe, January...
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...Global Employment Trends 2012 Preventing a deeper jobs crisis INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE • GENEVA Copyright © International Labour Organization 2012 First published 2012 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Global Employment Trends 2012 / International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, 2012 1 v. ISBN 978-92-2-124924-5 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-124925-2 (web pdf) International Labour Office employment / unemployment / labour force participation / economic recession / developed countries / developing countries 13.01.3 Also available in French, Tendances mondiales de l’emploi 2012 (978-92-2-224924-4), Geneva, 2012, and Spanish, Tendencias Mundiales del Empleo 2012 (978-92-2-324924-3), Geneva, 2012. ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed...
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