...Enhanced Geothermal Systems Ali Yasir Stuart School of Business Enhanced Geothermal Systems Page 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: SYNOPSIS Scope EGS, a viable option SECTION 2: INTRODUCTION Overview of the Process Basic concept Process Optimization SECTION 3: RESOURCE-BASE IN THE U.S What the facts say? Heat Content SECTION 4: ECONOMICS Potential Cost of Development Levelized Cost of Electricity SECTION 5: EMISSION REDUCTION POTENTIAL Summary of Regulations Potential Environmental Impacts Summary of Environmental Benefits SECTION 6: CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS & GOING FORWARD EGS Worldwide EGS Development in the U.S Obstacles to Further Development in the U.S Policy Options to help promote EGS SECTION 7: CONCLUSION REFERENCES 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 19 20 20 21 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 Enhanced Geothermal Systems Page 2 PREFACE There is a pre-dominating energy crisis in the United States, as the country is currently relying on a finite supply of fossil fuels. This energy crisis, along with economic growth and environmental stability must be sustained by developing alternative, renewable energy sources. Population is expanding at a geometric rate and each doubling will increase energy demand that will far exceed supply. China and India have recently developed into industrialized nations and several more will follow. Many leading scientists describe the “tipping point” for carbon dioxide emissions as having already passed, meaning it could be too late for renewable...
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...Technologies for Alternative Energy Climate Change Working Paper No. 7 Ainsley Jolley Climate Change Project Working Paper Series March 2006 Centre for Strategic Economic Studies Victoria University PO Box 14428 Melbourne VIC 8001 AUSTRALIA Telephone +613 9919 1340 Fax +613 9919 1350 Email: csesinfo@vu.edu.au Website: http://www.cfses.com Technologies for Alternative Energy 1. Introduction In Papers 5 and 6 technologies for the main sources of energy consumption were discussed. In Papers 7 and 8 the attention is focussed on technologies that impact on emissions from energy production. Table 1 provides data on the main sources of GHG emissions in the advanced economies for the year 2000. Table 1. Sources of GHG Emissions in the Advanced Economies, 2000 Source of emissions Electricity and heat production Petroleum refining Other energy production (coal and gas transformation) Fugitive emissions (coal, oil and gas) Total energy production All sources of emissions Note: (a) energy production as % of all sources of emissions. Source: CSES (2004). Tg CO2 -e 3831.2 420.7 324.6 441.5 5018.1 13175.3 % of total 76.3 8.4 6.5 8.8 38.1 (a) Papers 7 and 8 focus on emissions from the production of electricity and heat, which represent 76.3% of all emissions related to energy production. The other sources of emissions are not discussed in detail in this report. Coverage of the issues relating to these sources of emissions is given in CSES (2004). Incremental technological...
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...Use of renewable energy technologies for desalination Wang Shuxian z3452701 Abstract Only about 0.25% of total fresh water, which is only 3% of total water in global world, could directly supply for the most needs of human beings and animals. Another significant impact is due to rapid population growth, causing severe fresh water scarcity. Other factors include rapid industrial growth, industrial wastes and sewage discharged and climate change. It would be feasible to overcome the water scarcity through seawater desalination; however, if seawater containing high salinity is converted to fresh water by desalination, it consumes large amounts of energy. Therefore, it is important to find suitable alternative energy resources for the desalination technology due to conventional fossil fuels crisis and environmental pollution. Renewable energy is commonly alternative energy sources considered for desalination, including solar thermal energy, solar photovoltaics, wind energy, hybrid solar PV-wind energy and geothermal. Renewable energy can power the desalination systems comprising comprise the phase change processes, which include the multistage flash, multiple effect boiling and vapour compression and membrane processes, which include reverse osmosis and electrodialysis. Finally, the paper will discuss the best renewable energy powered desalination systems. Keywords: Desalination; Renewable energy; Solar thermal energy; Solar PV energy; Wind energy; Geothermal energy 1. Introduce...
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...ENERGY POLICY AND CONSERVATION IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT BY O.ADEGBUYI AND O.O. FASORANTI (PhD) ABSTRACT To impact visible advances in rural communities in Nigeria for achieving meaningful economic goals, the effective policy of energy usage as a vessel for the acquisition and utilization of required technologies to develop and recover the present depreciating national economy associated with poor food production must be focussed strategically. The socio-economic growth of any developing nation is generally a function of the level of maintenance of her energy demand supply balance and sustainable food production. Nigeria may attain the potential status of an industrialised nation by the year 2010 if all available manpower and other natural resources are well utilized before then to effectively harness her potentials of cheaper alternative energy technologies for long term economic and rural developmental goals. This paper presents the nation’s requirement of a well- articulated energy policy and urgent implementation strategies emphasizing on appropriate energy conservation concepts to promote optimal utilization of existing energy resources in her rural areas. It is therefore suggested that the development of available alternative energy resources be encouraged for integrated rural growth, sufficient food production and small scale industrialization thereby alleviating poverty in the rural communities of the...
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...Geothermal Energy EM 530 – Energy, Economics & the Environment Josh Marder – Nicole Glick – Ali Yasir – Giovanni Rumbolo 4/20/2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Problem Statement: Introduction: Page 2 Page 2 Past and Present Uses: Page 3 Energy: Economics: Environment: Risk Analysis: Recommendations: Page 7 Page 19 Page 28 Page 32 Page 34 1 PROBLEM STATEMENT There is a looming energy crisis in the United States, as the country is currently relying on a finite supply of fossil fuels. This energy crisis, along with economic growth and environmental stability must be sustained by developing alternative, renewable energy sources. Population is expanding at a geometric rate and each doubling will increase energy demand that will far exceed supply. China and India have recently developed into industrialized nations and several more will follow. Many leading scientists describe the “tipping point” for carbon dioxide emissions as having already passed, meaning it could be too late for renewable energy options to have an impact (McKibben, 2008). However, until the full impact is determined, scientists worldwide should be developing energy alternatives, in order to help stabilize the environment, secure national policy interests and boost to the economy. Geothermal energy represents a sizeable, renewable power source and is one of several alternative energy options that should be utilized. In order for this technology to be able to move forward with any success, it must achieve the...
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...Statement The number of people and the amount of technology in the world are on the rise. People and technology both require energy. This rise in population and technology has led to a corresponding increase in energy demand. This trend is unlikely to change in the foreseeable future.The three primary methods of power production today are 1) fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, 2) hydroelectric dams, and 3) nuclear power. The undeveloped potential of each of these power methods is restricted by either the associated environmental impact or by the limits of the resource itself. Current methods of power production are in need of supplementation. An ideal source would be renewable and have minimal environmental impact. This paper presents one such method.1.3 Overview and Scope < A href="http://ljb.advertserve.com/servlet/click/zone?zid=29&pid=2&lookup=true&position=1" target="_top">< IMG src="http://ljb.advertserve.com/servlet/view/banner/image/zone?zid=29&pid=2&position=1" height="240" width="120" hspace="0" vspace="0" border="0" alt="Click Here!">< /A> | The paper begins with the background and description of the proposed power source, its advantages, and a tabular outline of three example sites. Concerns for each component of the system are briefly considered. The paper ends with a proposal for further research and a summarization.Due to the hazards of open-pit mining operations, building a Pit Power Tower in an active mining pit is...
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...Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, motor fuels, and rural energy services. Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our global energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Both, modern renewables, such as hydro, wind, solar and biofuels, as well as traditional biomass, contributed in about equal parts to the global energy supply. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$214 billion in 2013, with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels. Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets...
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...Inquiry | Resources | How can sustainable living reduce our carbon footprint? | Secondary SourceInternetWebsite:http://homeguides.sfgate.com/using-sustainable-resources-reduce-carbon-footprint-78811.html | Why is sustainable living very important to adapt at this period of time? | Secondary SourceInternetWebsite:<http://www.unfpa.org/6billion/populationissues/generation.htm> | Is recycling important? Why? | Secondary SourceInternetWebsite:http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/whyisrecyclingimportant/ | How can we conserve our non-renewable resources? | Secondary SourceInternetWebsite:http://www.preservearticles.com/201012251666/conservation-of-non-renewable-resources.html | What are earth resources? | Secondary SourceInternetWebsite:http://www.ecofriendlykids.co.uk/naturalresourcesearth.html | How can sustainable resources aesthetically pleasing? | Secondary SourceInternetWebsite:http://www.steelconstruction.info/Sustainable_steel_bridges | First of all carbon footprint is a measurement of the amount of greenhouse gases produced by the activities in your daily life. One main source of greenhouse gas is burning fossil fuels. That includes the gas in your car and the coal burned at your power plant. Scientists have concluded that humans are producing more greenhouse gases than ever before. These gases trap heat in our atmosphere, causing our planet to warm up and changing our climate. (See References 1) Your carbon footprint, therefore, measures the amount of...
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...Could/Should Other Forms of Energy Become Major Players in the Energy Mix? Anonymous ENG122 Shayla Gordon 2012 Could/Should Other Forms of Energy Become Major Players in the Energy Mix? Our world faces a major crisis, meeting the escalating energy demands of the growing public, is using up our world’s natural fossil fuels. Our government has invested much time, and money researching alternative energy sources and implementing ways to conserve energy. More needs done to utilize that knowledge to make commercial alternative energy sources readily available to everyone. To advance the development, commercialization and use of alternative energy sources, we have much yet to do. We have the knowledge to make this a reality. There are currently many renewable energy sources in operation today. Some of those sources include solar energy, wind power, bioenergy, geothermal, and hydroelectric energy. The researcher will define each of these in the final research paper. The researcher intends to describe the purpose of the Department of Energy (DOE), list some organizations affiliated with DOE, and their accomplishments. Then explain some hindrances met along the way from technology to vast supplies of renewable alternative energy. Ending with why we need to do more to advance the development commercialization and supply of vast renewable energy. The United States Department of Energy (DOE) provides grants to finance research and development in alternative energy fields. The grants...
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...ENERGY Renewable Energy: An Overview DOE/GO-102001-1102 FS175 March 2001 EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY What is Renewable Energy? Renewable energy uses energy sources that are continually replenished by nature—the sun, the wind, water, the Earth’s heat, and plants. Renewable energy technologies turn these fuels into usable forms of energy—most often elec- tricity, but also heat, chemicals, or mechanical power. Why Use Renewable Energy? Today we primarily use fossil fuels to heat and power our homes and fuel our cars. It’s convenient to use coal, oil, and natural gas for meeting our energy needs, but we have a limited supply of these fuels on the Earth. We’re using them much more rapidly than they are being created. Even- tually, they will run out. And because of safety concerns and waste disposal prob- lems, the United States will retire much of its nuclear capacity by 2020. In the mean- time, the nation’s energy needs are expected to grow by 33 percent during the next 20 years. Renewable energy can help fill the gap. Even if we had an unlimited supply of fos- sil fuels, using renewable energy is better for the environment. We often call renew- able energy technologies “clean” or “green” because they produce few if any pollutants. Burning fossil fuels, however, sends greenhouse gases into the atmos- phere, trapping the sun’s heat and con- tributing to global warming. Climate scientists generally agree that the Earth’s average temperature has risen in the past century...
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...DQ 1 Gaia Hypothesis ASHFORD ENV 322 Week 1 DQ 2 Energy and Food Supplies ASHFORD ENV 322 Week 1 Assignment Model Ecosystems ASHFORD ENV 322 Week 2 DQ 1 Energy Policy ASHFORD ENV 322 Week 2 DQ 2 Fossil Fuel Reserves ASHFORD ENV 322 Week 2 Outline for Final Paper ASHFORD ENV 322 Week 3 DQ 1 Nuclear Energy ASHFORD ENV 322 Week 3 DQ 2 Nuclear Waste Disposal ASHFORD ENV 322 Week 3 Assignment Non-renewable Energy Sources ASHFORD ENV 322 Week 4 DQ 1 Alternative Energy Sources and Your Local Ecosystem ASHFORD ENV 322 Week 4 DQ 2 Unorthodox Energy Sources ASHFORD ENV 322 Week 4 Assignments How Big Is Your Footprint ASHFORD ENV 322 Week 5 DQ 1 Energy Consumption ASHFORD ENV 322 Week 5 DQ 2 Voluntary vs. Regulatory Involvement ASHFORD ENV 322 Week 5 Final Paper. __________________________________________________________ ASHFORD ENV 322 Week 1 Assignment Model Ecosystems For more course tutorials visit www.tutorialrank.com Model Ecosystems. Review the virtual lab in Model Ecosystems. Within this laboratory exercise you will categorize various organisms into the correct tropic level for five different ecosystems. Once completed, you will calculate the amount of energy transferred between levels. Record your observations. Answer the journal questions and upload it as a Word document into the online course. __________________________________________________________ ASHFORD ENV 322 Week 2 Outline for Final Paper For more course tutorials visit www.tutorialrank...
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...ARTICLE IN PRESS Energy xxx (2009) 1–11 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy Renewable energy in India: Status and potential Indu R. Pillai, Rangan Banerjee* Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 16 May 2007 Received in revised form 20 August 2008 Accepted 15 October 2008 Available online xxx Keywords: Renewable Energy Diffusion Potential India a b s t r a c t A majority of the Indian population does not have access to convenient energy services (LPG, electricity). Though India has made significant progress in renewable energy, the share of modern renewables in the energy mix is marginal. This paper reviews the status and potential of different renewables (except biomass) in India. This paper documents the trends in the growth of renewables in India and establishes diffusion model as a basis for setting targets. The diffusion model is fitted tot the past trends for wind, small hydro and solar water heating and is used to establish future targets. The economic viability and green house gas (GHG) saving potential is estimated for each option. Several renewables have high growth rates, for example wind, Photovoltaic (PV) module manufacture and solar water heaters. New technologies like Tidal, OTEC, Solar thermal power plants and geothermal power plants are at the demonstration stage and future dissemination...
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...Introduction The aim of our following proposal is to help Mr. Donothing to construct an investment portfolio base on an inheritance of $10 million dollar. After the meeting with Mr. Donothing we understand his existing lifestyle and his vision on his future personal plans. We will conduct a series of economic analysis to demonstrate the possible future economic trends and base on our analysis we will suggest several types of investment for Mr. Donothing to make a final decision. In addition, we will identify and provide our professional suggestion on each and every industry and company he should consider base on current market trends and company’s growth prospect/opportunity during the investment timeframe. Finally, there will be an evaluation of the portfolio by using expected return rates to understand whether it meets the needs and preferences of the investor. Investor Profile and Policy Statement Investor Profile Mr. Donothing is 50 years old and single. The most important is that Mr. Donothing does not work at all but he inherited $10 million. He is an amphibious person, which means he spends his time in cruise lines. Furthermore, he needs $550 per day throughout the year for cabin charges and food. And he needs another amount $25,000 for secretarial services and incidental expenses. He wants to settle in Pompano Beach, Florida at 55, and then get married and have a child. The house he wants to buy is selling for $500,000. His cash needs would remain...
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...Renewable Energy 50 (2013) 456e463 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Renewable Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene Overview of potential and utilization of renewable energy sources in Turkey E. Toklu* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Duzce University, Düzce, Turkey a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 22 May 2012 Accepted 20 June 2012 Available online 9 August 2012 Keywords: Energy utilization Renewable energy Sustainable development Turkey a b s t r a c t The necessity of minimizing environmental impacts of energy use, particularly those with potentially worrisome global effects, is perhaps the greatest challenge resulting from the twentieth century’s energy advances. The renewable energy technologies of wind, biofuels, solar thermal and photovoltaics are nally showing maturity and the ultimate promise of cost competitiveness. Turkey’s demand for energy and electricity is increasing rapidly and heavily dependent on expensive imported fossil energy resources that place a big burden on the economy and environmental pollution is becoming an important concern in the country. With respect to global environmental issues, Turkey’s carbon dioxide emissions have grown along with its energy consumption. States have played a leading role in protecting the environment by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most ef cient and effective solutions...
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...Spatial Modelling PROJECT 1: Research Paper Kira Trunova Advance Diploma in Interior Design Date: 15.05.2013 Contents sheet Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….p.2 Green design for today…………………………………………………………………………………………..p.3 Why choose green design………………………………………………………………………………….……p.4-5 Methods…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……p.5-6 Examples of green design today………………………………………………………………………….…..p.6-10 Green design for tomorrow………………………………………………………………………………….…p.10-14 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….p.15 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….p.16 Introduction “..An era based not on what we can extract from organisms and their ecosystems, but on what we can learn from them...” Janine M. Benyus scientific writer Today, more and more increasing relevance of ecology and environmental protection. At this stage of human life has become an urgent task of creating a process in which the daily needs of people interact with the natural world. Green design - it is nothing but an attempt to recreate the natural environment in everyday places of human habitation. Its purpose is unity and appeal to nature. Design "ideas" and "technology" are far superior to human nature. They - the result of billions of years of evolution. On the basis...
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