...Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD’s) are disabilities that affect social and communication skills, and cause behavioural changes (CDC, 2012). There are three types of ASD’s; Asperger Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder, and Autistic disorder (autism). Autistic disorder will be the focus of this study (CDC, 2012). Children develop autism before the age of three years and struggle with it throughout their lives (CDC, 2012). “Autism creates many challenges in the child’s life and it negatively impacts; intellectual disabilities, language delays, social and communication difficulties and unexpected behaviour and interests” (CDC, 2012). Autism does not segregate between racial and ethnic groups, nor does it relate to socioeconomic status; however it has been proven to occur more often in males than in females (CDC, 2012). Over the past decade there has been a significant increase in the number of autistic diagnoses (CDC, 2012). Evidence has shown that the development of autism occurs during the pregnancy phase (Schmidt, 2011); which leads this study to analyze the association between intake of iron, and zinc during pregnancy and preventing autism in the offspring. Specific Aims The proposed study will be focused on whether women who take iron and zinc supplements during the three trimesters of the pregnancy will reduce the risk of autism in their offspring. The goal of this study is to develop an association between vitamin exposures and the outcome of prevented...
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...Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD’s) are disabilities that affect social and communication skills, and cause behavioural changes (CDC, 2012). There are three types of ASD’s; Asperger Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder, and Autistic disorder (autism). Autistic disorder will be the focus of this study (CDC, 2012). Children develop autism before the age of three years and struggle with it throughout their lives (CDC, 2012). “Autism creates many challenges in the child’s life and it negatively impacts; intellectual disabilities, language delays, social and communication difficulties and unexpected behaviour and interests” (CDC, 2012). Autism does not segregate between racial and ethnic groups, nor does it relate to socioeconomic status; however it has been proven to occur more often in males than in females (CDC, 2012). Over the past decade there has been a significant increase in the number of autistic diagnoses (CDC, 2012). Evidence has shown that the development of autism occurs during the pregnancy phase (Schmidt, 2011); which leads this study to analyze the association between intake of iron, and zinc during pregnancy and preventing autism in the offspring. Specific Aims The proposed study will be focused on whether women who take iron and zinc supplements during the three trimesters of the pregnancy will reduce the risk of autism in their offspring. The goal of this study is to develop an association between vitamin exposures and the outcome of prevented...
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...Haileselassie Student ID number: Course Code: Title of Course: 000844283 BUSI 1546 Foundations Of Scholarship And Research Preliminary Proposal Lack of Autism Awareness in Ethiopia Dr. Taye Regassa April 21, 2014 Title of Assessment: Type of Assessment: Tutor’s Name: Date Assessment Due: Firehiwot 000844283 0 Title: Lack of Autism Awareness in Ethiopia Introduction: Autism is a growing disorder that manifests itself as a disability that affects speech and social interaction mostly begins at the age of 2-3 years of a child’s life. It is a neurological disorder of the brain that impairs the natural mental growth, the ability to interact with people, and the ability to maintain acceptable communication activity. Therefore, verbal communication or speech and other forms can be late or entirely absent. Why raising awareness on Autism in Ethiopia is important? Autism is visibly the least known disorder in Ethiopia. Yet, it affects many children in ways that the public in general knows practically nothing about. In some areas this disorder is extremely misunderstood, especially in rural area it is consider, as it is a curse. Therefore, It is important to research the phenomenon to attain a better understanding of the cause and effect and to find ways to address it in a way that enhances the life of the affected. As the Autism Speak 2013 report shows, 1 out of 88 children in the world are diagnosed as autistic. If we were to use these data...
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...Christina Barrios EDSP 670/Written Proposal General Area: My project will be in the area of life skills. The skill I will be teaching will be increasing the ability to tie shoes independently. There will be five specific steps to determine percentage of completion, and a rating scale of 1-5 to determine most to least prompting. The dependent variable will be increasing the percentage of steps completed independently. The independent variable will be the teaching strategies I use to teach the students to tie their shoes. Observational Procedures: The form of data collection I will use is direct observational recording in which I will observe and quantify the skill. I will count the number of steps the student is able to complete, and keep data on the type of prompt required to complete the task of tying their shoes. Research Design: The research design will be a multiple baseline design across subjects. I will implement the intervention with the first subject and wait until the data shows the intervention is working before implementing the intervention with the second and third subjects. Subjects: The subjects are three students with autism at Seat Pleasant Elementary School in Seat Pleasant, Maryland. All of these students are in an inclusion classroom of 14 students. Ten students in the classroom have IEPs and have either autism or developmental delays. The remaining students are general education students performing below grade level. I am the teacher of this...
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...Just imagine your child was diagnosed of having autism. The realization of your child perhaps being autistic may be lurid. You now know that your child will be found with many challenges, and may have a severe difficulty making sense of the world. Autism is an illness that can affect your communication, socialization, intelligence, and you may act in many unusual behaviors. To try to help an autistic child is being very courageous. Having a child will who is autistic will be a struggle throughout both of your lives. Autism can be described in many ways. Autism medically, is a neurological disorder, which can affect the brain from trying to properly function normally. Autism is always a childhood disorder. It is where a child is in his own world. This may be very difficult for the average person to understand. Autistic children will have a problem demonstrating many special skills like socializing, communicating, and using their sensory system. Some call autism an information processing disorder. Autism should be known that it is not a disorder that a child can catch or create. It is a neurological brain disorder that is inborn. The child will differ in many ways of a normal average person. The major issue that devastates parents is that the child will most likely not be able to make sense of the world. I think what a mother once, said is an example of how difficult this disorder can be, for the child and the parent. She said “ we start with an image-a tiny, golden child on...
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...The Effectiveness of Music Therapy in Treating Children with Autism: A Literature Review Abstract This literature review explores the use of music therapy in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and its degree of effectiveness in helping children to better develop social and communication skills. All of the sources discussed used improvisational music therapy to conduct different types of studies that address the usefulness of music therapy. Researchers used different methods of measuring children’s responsiveness to music therapy. A majority of the authors claim music therapy has a considerably positive effect in treating children with autism; however, some results indicated there is not enough evidence to confirm music therapy has a significant impact or that it is the best form of treatment for autistic individuals. There is a need for further research in order to determine whether or not music therapy is the most effective form of therapy. Future studies may be more strategically designed to minimize the difficulty in analyzing such complicated results. In addition, there should be studies that have clinical value and contain a larger number of participants so that the results may be better generalized. Introduction For years, scientists, doctors, psychiatrists, and several others have been trying to determine the cause of autism as well as a cure for the disease. Autism is a type of Pervasive Developmental Disease that is characterized by an inability...
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...University of Phoenix Material Proposal Worksheet Each team member will pick an article for this worksheet. Replicate these set of questions for each team member for this worksheet. Team member name: Citation of article: Wood, J. (2015). Animals can ease social anxiety in Autistic Kids. Retrieved May 22, 2015, from http://psychcentral.com/new/2015/05/21/animals-can-ease-social-anxiety- in-autistic-kids/84828.html 1. What is the author’s goal? The author’s goal is to show previous and current research “suggest that in the presence of companion animals, children with autism spectrum disorders function better socially” (Wood, 2015). 2. What questions remain unanswered? The questions that remain unanswered are, what further research is needed? What results from research make Dr. O’Haire caution parents about buying an animal for their with autism spectrum disorder? What further research needs to be done? 3. If I had to design an experiment to test this hypothesis, what would I do? I would test the hypothesis by using an equal amount of children with ASDs and no companion animals and children with ASDs and companion animals and their social interactions the companion animals. I would watch the children with animals and the children without animals for an extended period of time. I would study each group to determine if the social interactions of the children with he companion animals changed after interacting...
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...public trust and explain that serious problems are rare. Kwok is an award-winning freelance science writer. She earned a B.Sc. in Biology from Stanford University, an M.F.A. in creative writing from Indiana University Bloomington, and a graduate certificate in Science Communication from the University of California, Santa Cruz. This was a great article with very informative research. The article was objective and will be a great reference for my senior research...
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...Yvonne Prutilpac English 102-056 Charity Ginerich Research Proposal The topic that I would like to research for the final research paper is the issue of ethics in regards to registering a pet to be a service animal. I am arguing that it is morally acceptable to get your pet registered as a service animal even when there are no known disabilities of the owner. I have some experience with this topic because I have a dog that I recently got registered as a service animal. I have no disabilities but was still able to get him registered by law. This is a very easy task to do and anyone is capable to do so. There are two obvious sides to this argument. One side is that it is morally acceptable for any animal to be able to get certified as a service dog; while the other is that it is wrong and could be disrespectful to get a pet registered when there is no disability. The common ground to this issue is that an animal should be registered as a service animal as long as it is well behaved and causes no harm to people or animals around it. “The term ‘service animals’ describes animals who render assistance of some sort to people with disabilities (Malamud). What if we all have disabilities of some sort? Because I am arguing that it is morally acceptable to get a pet service trained without having a disability, I hope to get my readers to realize that this could benefit people in many ways. Many animals provide services to people every single day even when they are not registered...
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...Ever since I participated in this class my skills have greatly improved and have been reinforced. The drafting process for the profile and research paper assignments have taught me alot about where and how I need to improve my writing abilities. During the profile assignment I had some difficulty expanding on the information I was given during my interview and was just listing off the facts about who I interviewed. I fixed this initial rush job by slowing down and expressing her feelings and experiences in greater detail. If I had more time I might have interviewed my teacher again to get more details to add to my project specifically more on her initial experiences coming to the US. The research paper was probably the most difficult drafting process that I have had yet this semester. While autism was a subject that I had a lot of experience and passion...
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...Nothing is more heartbreaking than a young life that has been taken by the infection of a killer disease. It’s a painful thought to know that person never got to live to see their full potential. Diseases kill children every year. Many diseases are bacteria, inhaled by the victim, infecting several areas of the body. The bacteria lives and grows while its victim dies. Other diseases are caused by viruses; a non-living infection that attacks the immune system and other living cells. Children are much more vulnerable to disease because of their weak immune systems. They’re weak because they haven’t lived life long enough to build immunities for such infections. So how would children protect themselves? Simple, vaccinations. However, in medicine, there are always risks. So, parents argue that vaccinations shouldn’t be mandatory for children. For many years, immunizations have continued to keep the spread of disease low. They have lowered the amount of deaths and saved lives. On the other hand, what if it was against families’ religion or they say their child is a “tough one” and they can handle the severe symptoms of disease? Those are the arguments made by people who believe that vaccines shouldn’t be mandatory for children. Are those arguments strong enough to counter all the children’s lives that have been saved by intelligent medicine? Unless America wants to unleash the beast of infectious killers, vaccinations for children should be mandatory to keep it from spreading and...
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...HS 305 Section 01: Research Methods Unit 5 Assignment Vaccinations are defined as medical substance that is injected into a person or animal to protect against a particular disease. They are a preparation of killed, living attenuated, or living fully virulent organisms given to produce an immune or increase immunity against specific diseases (Vaccine, 2014). When babies are born they have a limited immune system that is achieved through antibodies received through their mother’s milk. However this immunity dissipates after the first year of life and therefore vaccinations are necessary to maintain immunity. In recent years there has been some controversy over the safety of vaccine components and whether or not the Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccine (MMR) causes autism. Although no official link has been found numbers of unvaccinated people are increasing. This causes diseases that were once well controlled to re-immerge. An example of this is what happened in Japan when pertussis vaccinations were reduced after rumors spread about it not being necessary an unsafe. After three years of decreasing vaccinations in 1979 Japan suffered an epidemic of pertussis with over 13,000 cases reported and 41 deaths. In 1981 country officials reinstated the vaccination program and the number of cases and related deaths began to decline (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The number of measles cases in Japan is once again on the rise. As of 2013 the number of confirmed...
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...health needs of children in order to fund the costs associated with those needs. A study done by Beecham (2014), was executed based on the notion that economics research could pinpoint patterns of consumption and help supply allotment of treatment and support resources between competing needs and uses. The aim of the study was to identify three things: the cost of supporting children with mental health issues, the impact that childhood psychiatric disorders have in adulthood and recent evidence on interventions that bear any aspects of cost-effectiveness. The studies showed the costs to the...
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...Program Summary Andy Moreno HSM/270 March 8, 2012 Valmarie Turner Overview of the Program The mission of the Madison Children’s Hospital is to be the worldwide leader in improving children’s health by providing the highest quality health care. * Be the leading source of research and discovery * Educate the next generation of leaders in Children Health * Enhance the health and well-being of children and families in our local community Developing a program is a part of a process to achieve the organization’s goal and/or mission. Program planning is an organized and thought out process through which a set of coordinated activities or interventions designed to address and facilitate change in some or all identified problems of a community. Program evaluation provides useful information for improving the programs and the service delivery systems. The evaluation process allows the development of processes to improve or achieve the mission of the organization. The goal of program evaluation is to improve the program planning, effectiveness, design, and efficiency. There two are different processes (process and outcome), but ideally achieve the same purpose, they hold the same goals and/or mission of the organization. Program Evaluation Process and outcome evaluations in a human service setting help the organization not only to better understand the outcomes of their programs (Yuen & Terao, 2003), and the processes in which allows the organization to...
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...enhance data processing and task execution in traits central for species continued existence, such as nurturing, predator uncovering and memory (Güntürkün et al. 2000; Rogers 2000; Pascual et al. 2004; Vallortigara & Rogers 2005; Rogers & Vallortigara 2008). Moreover, asymmetry has been suggested as the basis of language and other behavioural traits (Sherman et al. 1982; Rogers & Andrew 2002; Hutsler & Galuske 2003; Toga & Thompson 2003) and anomalous asymmetry appears to relate with numerous neuropathologies comprising schizophrenia (Li et al. 2007), autism (Escalante-Mead et al. 2003) and neuronal degenerative disorders (Toth et al. 2004). In the past decade, scientific studies have provided vital insights into the developmental basis of brain imbalance. Exceptionally helpful are genetic model organisms that accept a comprehensive gene to behaviour analysis of this phenomenon (Concha 2004). For instance, recent research in the teleost zebrafish has revealed genetic mechanisms that regulate the growth of neuroanatomical asymmetries ( Halpern et al. 2003; Concha 2004) and recognized the first operational relations among genetics, asymmetric morphology and lateralized traits (Barth et al. 2005). Back ground information on the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) The cerebellum roles in the control of smooth and proficient movements. It is also concerned in cognitive and emotional functions (Ito, 2008 and Rodriguez et al., 2005). There are different types of neurons in Zebrefish...
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