...The Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (RFRA) is a US federal law that seeks to prevent legislations that burdens the free exercise of religion by an individual. The Act states that the Government “shall not substantially burden a person’s exercise of religion even if the burden results from a rule of general applicability” (Magarian, 2001, p. 1903). Religious issues with regard to legislation had intensified in the 1970s, when the Supreme Court ruled on the Constitutionality; a decisions that would restrict the authority of the federal government to limit religious freedoms of people using “restrictive legislation” (Magarian, 2001, p. 1907). This, however, changed in the 1980s, when the decisions of the Supreme Court changed in favor of the government, allowing it to enact legislation that restricts the freedom of individuals to exercise their religion as long as these limitations applied equally to all religions. This was met with increasing opposition by the activity of religious organizations and civil rights groups, which formed the Coalition for the Free Exercise of Religion. As a result, the RFRA was strongly promoted and its requirements were legislated upon. The requirements of the law stated that the government could not exercise the restriction of religious freedom unless there was a dire need to protect the society from certain religious aspects or if there was an urgent need to further the interests of the government and, in doing this, that the government...
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...------------------------------------------------- Module Title: BUILDING Appraisal Appreciation & Conservation Assignment 2 Conservation Plan & Feasibility Study ------------------------------------------------- Module Title: BUILDING Appraisal Appreciation & Conservation Assignment 2 Conservation Plan & Feasibility Study Ian Scott Student ID 471727 Module Code: 6104 BEUG Module Leader: P.Kenny & S.Buxbaum Submission Date: 16/04/12 Ian Scott Student ID 471727 Module Code: 6104 BEUG Module Leader: P.Kenny & S.Buxbaum Submission Date: 16/04/12 Liverpool John Moores University School of the Built Environment Conservation Plan & Feasibility Study Of The Wellington Rooms (Known locally as the Irish Centre) The Wellington Rooms 2011 http://flickr.com/photos Report prepared by Mr Ian Scott: Student ID: 471727 Report Contents 1. Executive Summary 3 2. Introduction 3 3. Site Location & Description 3 4. Listing Extract 4 5. Statutory Controls 5 6. Evaluation of Development 5-6 7. Development Options 6-7 8. Appraisal of Repairs 7-9 9. Adaption Works 9-10 10. Conclusion 10 11. References & Bibliography 11 12. Photographs & Illustrations 12-16 ------------------------------------------------- 1.0 Executive Summary This executive summary provides a conservation...
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...Evaluation of the Ecological Restoration Projects at The University of California, Santa Barbara’s Lagoon Authors: Matthew Edmiston Cat Bradley Chris Anderson Abstract: The University of California, Santa Barbara’s lagoon has undergone several ecological restoration projects over the past two decades. Some efforts have proven to be beneficial, while others still need improvement. This paper addresses and evaluates five different locations around the lagoon, the various restoration projects at the sites, and what more could be done at each habitat in order to assess the ecological restoration efforts in the UCSB Campus Lagoon area. The sites addressed are the San Nicolas degraded wetlands, Campus Point, the coastal sage scrub, Manzanita Village and the bioswales. Overall, each of the sites have finished going through extensive restoration, with techniques such as solarization and re-introduction of native species. Most of the ecosystems are now returned to their pre-disturbed state, but continued efforts are needed to preserve the locations. 1.0 Introduction: The term “ecological restoration” is generally defined as “the return of an ecosystem to a close approximation of its condition prior to disturbance” (NRC Report, 1992). Although this term is often oversimplified, it includes a complex web of cultural, social and political aspects as well as environmental aspects. Due to its complexity, and in many cases, the many competing jurisdictions involved, it is often...
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...modernity and industrialization has been laid. When investigation was done, it showed that the Meiji Era (1868-1912) is considered to be the upward trajectory that fired-up Japanese industrialization and helped establish its modernization path. This started when Japan’s pre-modern political system and its feudal society (1603-1865): the Edo Period, led by the Tokugawa Shogunate, with its band of radical samurais was ended in 1868. The Tokugawa Shogunate/central Government at Edo was weak, corrupt, and incompetent to cope with foreign pressures. In the chaotic and desperate circumstances that ensured, some rural educated Samurais led the banner of the emperor. This is called the Meiji Restoration, wherein the foundation of the contemporary Japan was laid in or about 1868. The Meiji Restoration or Japan was restored by restructuring and restoring...
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...1868 in Japan as a 'restoration', but to those of the years following 1911 in China as 'revolutions'? Introduction The Meiji Restoration of 1868 in Japan and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 were responsible for producing an enormous amount of upheaval in both countries. Both nations were immersed in social, political and economic backwardness. In this context, both political episodes should be construed as an attempt to reverse decline and set the course for modernization. The main thesis of this essay is based on the notion that whilst there are some similarities between both political events, the main difference resides in the fact that the Meiji Restoration began the centralization of the mechanisms of governance and induced the social and economic modernization of the country. At the same time, the Chinese Revolution of 1911 did not succeed in engendering a sound system of government capable of reversing the country’s decline. The first part of the essay will deal with the main characteristics of the Meiji restoration of 1868. The second section of the essay will outline the main features pertaining to the Chinese Revolution of 1911. The third part of the essay will examine the similarities and differences between these two events, with the ultimate purpose of determining the qualitative differentiation to be made between the concepts of “restoration” and “revolutions”. The main characteristics of the Meiji restoration of 1868 The Meiji Restoration of 1868 can be interpreted...
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...Restorative Dentistry In Webster, TX Not replacing teeth that have gone missing is a big mistake that many people make. The reasons for replacing missing teeth go beyond repairing your appearance—it also will help your oral health which will, in turn, help your overall health. Having one of these fantastic restorative dentistry procedures will improve your smile and give you the look that you’ve dreamed of having. Webster, TX dentist Dr. Das provides several ways to restore damaged and missing teeth. Dental restorations can be direct or indirect. Direct restorations like bonding and fillings are applied directly to the tooth in one visit. Indirect restorations are manufactured in the laboratory and placed at a later date. While waiting for...
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...Restoration of the Everglades Everglades or, ‘the river of grasses’, are a vast expanse of freshwater marshes which extends from Lake Okeechobee South to the tip of Florida. There are various forms of habitat that exist on the marshland-open water sloughs, open water sloughs, cypress swamps, hard wood hammocks, mangrove swamps and pinelands. It is also home to many species such as the black bears, panthers, alligators some of which are on the verge of extinction (Ichthyology, n.d). The flora and fauna surrounding the Everglades with its unique ‘sheet flow of water’, had made the place one of the hottest tourist spots. The scenario started changing in the late 1980’s with the beginning of developments like creation of agricultural farms for growing sugarcane and vegetables, building up of new canals and levees for protecting the farms and the cities from floods and increase in the infrastructure in the east of the everglades. Some parts of the marshland started facing drought and others flood. Earlier it used to cover an area of 10,360 kms but today it has been reduced to half its size. The primary reason for this condition was the pollution caused by companies like Big sugar, construction companies and various other factors (Marjory Stoneman Doughlas, 1969). The Big sugars comprise of a group of sugarcane growers mainly U.S sugars and are primarily responsible for destroying the Everglades. Farmers of these agricultural farms use high content phosphorus fertilizers...
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...Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies English Language and Literature Lenka Drbalová Comedy of Manners: William Congreve and Oscar Wilde Bachelor’s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: prof. Mgr. Milada Franková, CSc., M.A. 2014 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………………….. Author’s signature Acknowledgement I would like to thank prof. Mgr Franková , CSc., M.A. and PhDr. Věra Pálenská, CSc. for their guidance, advice and kind encouragement. Table of Contents Preface ...............................................................................................2 Introduction ......................................................................................3 Chapter I – The Way of the World 1.1 In General ..................................................................................8 1.2 True Wit and False Wit ............................................................9 1.3 Courtship and Love .................................................................14 1.4 Invention vs. Reality ................................................................18 Chapter II – The Importance of Being Earnest 2.1 In General ................................................................................22 2.2 True Wit and False Wit ..........................................................23 2.3 Courtship...
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...office and becoming “amalgam-free”, may not be the best decision for our patients. Amalgam has many advantages over other restorative materials and should remain an option for patients when having restorative work done. Amalgam has many benefits such as its durability, long lasting, and is cost effective (ADA). One disadvantage to amalgam restorations is that they are not natural looking like composites. Composites may seem like a great option because they are tooth-colored, but they have a shorter life span as an amalgam and are generally more expensive. Composite material does not expand and contract like tooth structure, it often contracts causing micro leakage and eventually, recurrent decay. Amalgams, however, tend to expand while in the mouth, sealing the edges and helping prevent recurrent decay from happening (Stewart). Keeping amalgam in the office can help the business in many positive ways. Restorations will be done quicker, which can allow for more patients. In this case, the patient and the office both benefit. Another example of how keeping amalgams can help is by satisfying the patient with a long lasting restoration, along with it being at a reasonable price. The office may not benefit from the patient paying less, but the patient gets more “bang for their buck”, which keeps them coming back to the practice. Many people do still question if amalgam is safe to use or not. According to the ADA, “The American Dental Association, U.S. Centers for Disease...
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...School for scandal is considered the most enduringly popular comedies in the English language. it is a play graced by sparkling dialogue, a cast of memorable characters, and a complex plot that combines elements of high comedy, intrigue, and genuine feeling. Most discussions of the play, in fact, have focused less on literary analysis than on the question of Sheridan’s success in rebelling against the sentimental comedies of his day and in recovering the spirit of such earlier Restoration comedies as William Congreve’s The Way of the World. Unfortunately, when measured against these earlier plays, The School for Scandal has usually been found inferior—a comedy, as one critic trenchantly put it, in which the Restoration is unrestored. The School for Scandal is not simply a Restoration comedy, it is another kind of comedy altogether—moral rather than satiric, basically humane and optimistic rather than hard edged. It is a comedy written for an audience whose basic assumptions about art, theater, and human nature made it radically different from the audience of Congreve’s day. The School for Scandal has been called a middle-class morality play, and in a sense that description is accurate. At play’s end, good characters are rewarded and bad are routed, thus providing the audience with two useful object lessons: Honesty and benevolence will, in the end, win out over duplicity and selfishness, and, as the surname of the brothers Charles and Joseph suggests, surface appearances are not...
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...Heather Miller Amalgam vs. Composite Paper Restorative Dentistry II November 3, 2015 Differences of Amalgam and Composite Fillings In Dentistry As dentistry progresses, so does the availability and advancements of the materials used for dental restorations. The two most common materials used for fillings are amalgam and composite. There are both advantages and disadvantages for each of these materials and each clinician has their own preferences for what material they prefer to use on their patients. There are safety measures that are associated with each material based on the chemical properties of both of these materials. Both materials have been around for decades and have their own advantages and disadvantages. In the Dental...
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...Meiji’s government. Japanese history turned to another page after this change. Although the literacy of Japanese people during Tokugawa was high, they lagged behind from the Western powers due to the lack of innovation and technology. At the time when Meiji enthroned, Japanese had, for the first time, adopted Western methods of success. They looked up to the contemporary powers like France and England and imitated their system of education and shape a modern education system for Japan. Interestingly, the Japan took a lot of Western concepts, from pedagogy to the whole system, but didn’t completely adopt all of these concepts. Although Meiji Restoration placed Westernization on top, the Japanese prioritized their moral concepts, or Confucian teaching, over any other pedagogical concepts. Not only did this happen in the Meiji Restoration, but later happened during the SCAP Occupation that intended to change their education system. From an aspect, Japan always regressed to their traditional set of morals after progressive and Westernized changes to their moral beliefs made to their education. With the mindset of getting every citizen educated, Meiji government enforced compulsory education, abolished class distinction within the education system which had long crippled the potential of its people. However, even though introducing many new concepts, Meiji government still managed to remind itself and its government that traditional values of Japanese would never be lost. In the...
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...Meiji Japan. In 1867/68, the Tokugawa era found an end in the Meiji Restoration. The emperor Meiji was moved from Kyototo Tokyo which became the new capital; his imperial power was restored. The actual political power was transferred from the Tokugawa Bakufu into the hands of a small group of nobles and former samurai. Like other subjugated Asian nations, the Japanese were forced to sign unequal treaties with Western powers. These treaties granted the Westerners one-sided economical and legal advantages in Japan. In order to regain independence from the Europeans and Americans and establish herself as a respected nation in the world, Meiji Japan was determined to close the gap to the Western powers economically and militarily. Drastic reforms were carried out in practically all areas. The new government aimed to make Japan a democratic state with equality among all its people. The boundaries between the social classes of Tokugawa Japan were gradually broken down. Consequently, the samurai were the big losers of those social reforms since they lost all their privileges. The reforms also included the establishment of human rights such as religious freedom in 1873. In order to stabilize the new government, the former feudal lords (daimyo) had to return all their lands to the emperor. This was achieved already in 1870 and followed by the restructuring of the country in prefectures. The education system was reformed after the French and later after the German system. Among those...
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...Some historians refer to Japan’s social, economic, and political advancements during the late 19th century and early 20th century as the “Meiji Miracle.” During the 1860’s the Tokugawa shogunate was at its weakest point and it would soon fall after the shotgun abdicated his power. In 1868, the Meiji regime was established under Mutsuhito in Edo, or modern Tokyo. Previously during the Edo rule; the weak Tokugawa rulers were forced into signing unequal treaties with various Western powers. The Meiji emperor and his advisors soon realized that Japan must change and initiate reforms in order to prevent the Western powers from dominating Japan. The Meiji rulers would soon embrace western technologies, industries, and lifestyles to initiate modernization policies that would forever alter Japanese politics, society, and economics. The Meiji would begin their political reform by stripping the daimyo of titles to the land in 1871. To maintain peace among the daimyo the Meiji rulers made the former daimyo regional governors over their prefectures. By doing this, the Meiji rulers were able to successfully remove the daimyo from holding full possession of the land without major resistance. The Meiji government would continue to modernize Japanese politics by establishing a parliament and constitution based on the Western government. The use of a constitution sparked a debate on among the officers and intellectuals of which form of parliament was more beneficial. The politicians favored...
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...Week 9 Tradition & Change in Japan, in Comparative Context 1. What did the Japanese westernize from the Meiji era onward? During the Meiji era, Japanese focused on westernizing its country to improve the conditions that resided within its political system and culture. Modernization is a concept in the sphere of social sciences that refers to process in which society goes through industrialization, urbanization and other social changes that completely transform the lives of individuals. The concept of modernization comes from a view of societies as having a standard evolutionary pattern, as described in the social evolutionism theories. According to this each society would evolve inexorably from barbarism to ever greater levels of development and civilization. 2. What were the differences in values between Fukuzawa and Eichi? How did each leader relate to Confucianism? Fukuzawa and Eichi both ultimately looked for a same goal: there are no definable cultural modernization, because cultures cannot be defined in the first place. concept in the sphere of social sciences that refers to process in which society goes through industrialization, urbanization and other social changes that completely transform the lives of individuals. The concept of modernization comes from a view of societies as having a standard evolutionary pattern. 3. What were the main problems with Western values in the view of most Japanese leaders? Westernization brought up by some ethnocentric...
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