...Background of the Study Sleep is a physiological need. It is a way to rest our body from fatigue. Hence, adequate sleep is a biological necessity, not a luxury, for the normal functioning of humans. Good mental and physical health depends on maintenance of adequate sleep. College experience is of great value in providing emerging adults with a structured environment in which they can gain knowledge, skills and independence to chart their own path, become successfully employed and contribute to society. For most students, the college environment is full of new living and social experiences, new freedom from parental supervision and new academic demands. In this situations, most often than not, adequate sleep is neglected. According to poll conducted by the National Sleep Foundation (2000) potential obstacle to maximizing success in college is the high prevalence of daytime sleepiness, sleep deprivation, sleep disturbances and irregular sleep schedules among college students. Daytime sleepiness is a major problem, exhibited by 50% of college students compared to 36% of adolescents and adults. At least 3 days a week, 60% of college students report that they are dragging, tired and sleepy. Sleep deprivation is defined as obtaining inadequate sleep to support adequate daytime alertness. How much sleep a young adult needs is known to be eight (8) hours. Most college students are sleep deprived, as 70.6% of students report obtaining less than 8 hours of sleep. Sleepiness is defined...
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...relation, sleep patterns as in why do we need sleep, rhythms of sleep , sleep deprivation, sleep disorders, dreams and why do we dream. Sleep, as a human or animal we need to sleep because our body regenerates its self when it’s at rest. Humans spend at least one-third in an altered state of consciousness. When we are tired we crave to go to sleep just as if we are hungry we crave food. We can’t live without both. No human can stay p past twenty hours without feeling like they are about to crash. No one knows exactly why we need sleep but it plays and important part in restorative function. When humans are asleep there are rhythms of sleep. Circadian rhythm is a biological rhythm that last about 24 hours. There are 4 stages the sleeper enters when they fall asleep. Stage one is when the brain gives you the signal your muscles to relax. It also gives off that your heart is to beat slower and when that happens your temperature begins to drop. Stage 2 is a light sleep. You’re not fully asleep but you can be awakening. Stage 3 you are in a deeper sleep. Your blood pressure begins to get lower because your brain gives off that message. Even though the body temperature is getting lower the human that is asleep won’t notice. In this stage you can be woken but it won’t be as easy. Stage 4 the human is in a deepest sleep. If someone tried to waken this sleeper it would be very hard. If the sleeper awakens they will be very confused for a few minutes. Some may sleep walk or...
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...Chapter Overview 5.1 Overview: Consciousness, Brain Activity, Levels of Awareness CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 5.2 Stages of Sleep CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 5.1 Consciousness and Psychology 5.3 Dreams Theories of Dreams Dreams as a Reflection of Unconscious Wishes 5.2 Sleep Biological Rhythms and Stages of Sleep Sleep Theories Effects of Sleep Deprivation Sleep Disorders Insomnia Sleep Apnea Narcolepsy Parasomnias CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION Dreams as Interpreted Brain Activity Dream Contents CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 5.3 Theories of Dreams 5 Learning Objectives States of Consciousness 5.1 5.2 Define consciousness. Describe how consciousness relates to psychology. Describe the changes in brain wave activity that occur during the different stages of sleep. Understand why sleep deprivation is harmful. Understand why deep sleep is important. Understand why REM sleep is important. Describe some common sleep disorders. 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Describe the two main theories of dreams. Explain the two theories of hypnosis. Discuss the effects and benefits of meditation. List and describe the four categories of psychoactive drugs. Describe the effects of psychoactive drugs on the nervous system. 5.4 Hypnosis Critical Thinking About Hypnosis Theories of Hypnosis Altered State of Consciousness Role Playing Divided Consciousness 5.6 Drug Use Mechanism of Action of Psychoactive Drugs Depressants Alcohol Narcotics/Opiates Summary of...
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...rhythms has assessed the effects of isolating participants from external time cues (exogenous zeitgebers) on our 24 hour cycles, and suggesting that an internal body clock (endogenous pacemaker) creates a free running sleep/wake cycle rhythm of 25 hours. Siffre (1975) * Case study of his own experiences in an underground cave for 2 months. Without any exogenous zeitgebers such as light or cues to guide him, his sleep/wake cycle generally adjusted to a 25 hour cycle, though sometimes changing dramatically up to 48 hours. Aschoff and Weaver (1976) * Designed a temporal isolation study by placing participants in an underground ww2 bunker without an environmental or time cues. * They found that the free running cycle persisted with a sleep wake cycle of 25 hours, sometimes increasing to 29. Weakness into research of circadian rhythms * Lack internal validity. * They removed natural light sources, artificial light from torches and cameras have been shown to reset the endogenous rhythms, thus interfering as an extraneous variable. Exemplified through Czeisler et al (1999) * Altered participants’ circadian rhythms down to 22 hours and up to 28 only using dim lighting to alter his release of melatonin from the pineal gland. * Findings do not reflect true isolation and have lower internal validity, so his rhythm may not have adjusted so well if he had been truly isolated. Siffre’s study * Criticised for being a case study reflecting Siffre’s personal...
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...non-restorative sleep I’ve gotten, that tends to happen with chronic pain. The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies reveals this, “Chronic pain affects about 100 million American adults—more than the total affected by heart disease, cancer, and diabetes combined.” No one around me recognizes my pain. I don’t have a wheelchair, a walker, a brace, or a cane. I’m not missing hair, I’m not old, and I don’t “look sick.” There is a problem with the people around me. It’s ignorance, it’s stupidity, and it’s needing an indicator that I’m in pain, without one I must not be. However, the biggest problem is when the people around me make assumptions about my...
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...VICTIM RIGHTS ARE ALSO HUMAN RIGHTS ------------------------------------------------- Dr. Beulah Shekhar, Faculty, Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, The present system does not adequately focus on justice to the victims. The formal criminal justice system directs its attention primarily toward the offender, first with regard to guilt or innocence and second with regard to appropriate punishment, treatment, or monitoring. The informal justice system is often an abstract and distant concern. So, the victims have been repeatedly neglected as stakeholders in both formal and informal justice approaches, it is important to give special attention to their role in the criminal justice system. Presenting the report to Deputy Prime Minister L.K.Advani, who held the home portfolio. Malimath said the changes were proposed for the first time in 150 years. He also recommended that from now on, criminal laws be reviewed every 15 years so that they are in tune with the “changing times”. The “Criminal justice system is virtually collapsing under its own weight as it is slow, inefficient and ineffective” due to which “people are losing confidence in the system”, the report said. The present system of the prosecution have to prove the guilt of an accused “places a very unreasonable burden on the prosecution”, the committee said in its report and recommended that in India, like in the continental countries...
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...Performances 6 2.3.1 Fitness and Health 5 2.3.2 Stress 7 2.3.3 Workload 10 2.3.4 Sleep 13 2.3.5 Circadian Rhythms 15 2.3.6 Fatigue & Shift Work 17 2.3.7 Alcohol, Medication and Drug Abuse 23 2.3 FACTOR AFFECTING PERFORMANCE 32 2.4 TYPES OF ERROR IN AVIATION 36 2.5 MANAGING ERROR IN AVIATION 36 CHAPTER 3 : CONTENTS 38 CHAPTER 4 : RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 42 REFRENCES 43 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION Errors are the result of actions that fail to generate the intended outcomes. In common with most other complex technical activities, human error is implicated in the majority of aviation-maintenance-related quality lapses, incidents, and accidents. General estimates of this human error contribution have increased over the years, from a low of around 20% in the 1960s to values in excess of 80% in the 1990s. Human error in aviation is somewhat of a sensitive topic due to the recent tragic events of September 11, 2001. The goal of this research is to understand human error in aviation, in order to understand how designing better computer systems can assist in making the aviation industry safer for pilots and passengers, by reducing human error. This paper does not attempt to address accidents caused by cowardly acts of terrorism. Many people do not know that on February 20, 1981 a modern Argentine jet airliner, with 58 people on board, almost crashed...
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...System of Method, Application, and Use Author: A. Alpheus Release Date: September 20, 2006 [eBook #19342] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPLETE HYPNOTISM: MESMERISM, MIND-READING AND SPIRITUALISM*** E-text prepared by Jerry Kuntz as part of the Lawson's Progress Project Complete Hypnotism: Mesmerism, Mind-Reading and Spiritualism How to Hypnotize: Being an Exhaustive and Practical System of Method, Application, and Use by A. Alpheus 1903 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION--History of hypnotism--Mesmer--Puysegur--Braid--What is hypnotism?--Theories of hypnotism: 1. Animal magnetism; 2. The Neurosis Theory; 3. Suggestion Theory CHAPTER I--How to Hypnotize--Dr. Cocke's method-Dr. Flint's method--The French method at Paris--At Nancy--The Hindoo silent method--How to wake a subject from hypnotic sleep--Frauds of public hypnotic entertainments. CHAPTER II--Amusing experiments--Hypnotizing on the stage--"You can't pull your hands apart!"--Post-hypnotic suggestion--The newsboy, the hunter, and the young man with the rag doll--A whip becomes hot iron--Courting a broom stick--The side-show CHAPTER III--The stages of hypnotism--Lethargy-Catalepsy--The somnambulistic stage--Fascination CHAPTER IV--How the subject feels under hypnotization--Dr. Cocke's...
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...• Question 1 2 out of 2 points Figuring out where the vending machine is broken internally is an example of ______. Selected Answer: d. reasoning with a mental model Answers: a. deductive reasoning b. reasoning with a mental model c. syllogistic reasoning d. inductive reasoning Response Feedback: Page: 291 Reason: A mental model is a visual, spatial, or content-based representation of a problem or situation. Topic: 8.4 Reasoning 0 out of 2 points • Question 2 Considering whether to invite the president to speak at your college graduation ceremony is an example of a ______. Selected Answer: b. mental set Answers: a. decision b. problem c. mental set d. judgment Response Feedback: Page: 286 Reason: Decisions involve thinking that requires a choice among alternatives. Topic: 8.3 Decision Making 0 out of 2 points • Question 3 A bias in problem solving is ______. Selected Answer: a. irrelevant information Answers: a. irrelevant information b. unnecessary constraints c. mental set d. All of the above. Response Feedback: Page: 284 Topic: 8.2 Problem Solving 0 out of 2 points • Question 4 Deciding that, “if all dogs are pets, and all pets are owned, then all dogs must be owned” illustrates ______. Selected Answer: d. deductive reasoning Answers: a. syllogistic reasoning b. deductive reasoning c. inductive reasoning d. reasoning with a mental model Response...
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...Advance concept of nursing I Unit 1 Nursing process The nursing process is an organized sequence of problem solving steps used to identify and to manage the health problems of clients .The nursing process is the framework for nursing care in all health care settings.When nursing practice follows the nursing process, clients receive quality care in minimal time with maximal efficiency. The steps of nursing process 1)Assesment 2)Diagnosis 3)Planning 4)Implementation 5)Evaluation Assessment An RN uses a systematic, dynamic way to collect and analyze data about a client, the first step in delivering nursing care. Assessment includes not only physiological data, but also psychological, sociocultural, spiritual, economic, and life-style factors as well. For example, a nurse’s assessment of a hospitalized patient in pain includes not only the physical causes and manifestations of pain, but the patient’s response—an inability to get out of bed, refusal to eat, withdrawal from family members, anger directed at hospital staff, fear, or request for more pain mediation. Diagnosis The nursing diagnosis is the nurse’s clinical judgment about the client’s response to actual or potential health conditions or needs. The diagnosis reflects not only that the patient is in pain, but that the pain has caused other problems such as anxiety, poor nutrition, and conflict within the family, or has the potential to cause complications—for example, respiratory infection is a potential hazard...
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...(2007) 274 – 284 Altered sleep–wake cycles and physical performance in athletes Thomas Reilly ⁎, Ben Edwards Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Henry Cotton Campus, 15-21 Webster Street, Liverpool, L3 2ET, United Kingdom Received 14 August 2006; accepted 4 September 2006 Abstract Sleep–waking cycles are fundamental in human circadian rhythms and their disruption can have consequences for behaviour and performance. Such disturbances occur due to domestic or occupational schedules that do not permit normal sleep quotas, rapid travel across multiple meridians and extreme athletic and recreational endeavours where sleep is restricted or totally deprived. There are methodological issues in quantifying the physiological and performance consequences of alterations in the sleep–wake cycle if the effects on circadian rhythms are to be separated from the fatigue process. Individual requirements for sleep show large variations but chronic reduction in sleep can lead to immuno-suppression. There are still unanswered questions about the sleep needs of athletes, the role of ‘power naps’ and the potential for exercise in improving the quality of sleep. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Circadian rhythm; Exercise; Jet-lag; Shift-work 1. Introduction The sleep–wakefulness cycle is the most discernable of human circadian functions, activity being associated with the hours of daylight and sleep with the hours of darkness...
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...Table of Contents Conditioning 3 Memory 14 Thought 21 Perception 25 Sensation 33 Personality Theory 39 Abnormal Behavior 49 Psychotherapy 56 Emotion 59 Motivation 62 Social Psychology 70 Intelligence 75 Physiology 78 States of Consciousness 84 Statistics 88 Human Development 91 Conditioning What are the laws of learning? What are the things that glue in our knowledge of the world? We are talking about the role of experience in shaping our lives. The rules of learning give us great adaptability. There are three basic types of learning. They are habituation, classical conditioning, and instrumental conditioning. Imagine a worm. When the tide is in, it comes out. It has extensions from its head, getting particles from the outside. So it comes out of its hole to snatch these particles. It has one fear though: seagulls. The worm is delicious to them. They see him and they eat him. The worm has a detection system wired in though. When there is a shadow, he ducks. It is a hard-wired reflex. Sometimes, however, shadows don’t mean a darn, like on a cloudy day. If it doesn’t come out because of the shadows, it will get nothing done and starve to death. Therefore, if the shadows are too frequent, it will ignore them. There...
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...Kuo, Sullivan / AGGRESSION AND / July 2001 ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR VIOLENCE AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE IN THE INNER CITY Effects of Environment via Mental Fatigue FRANCES E. KUO is an assistant professor at the University of Illinois, UrbanaChampaign. Her research examines effects of the environment on healthy human functioning in individuals, families, and communities. WILLIAM C. SULLIVAN is an associate professor at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. His research focuses on the psychological and social benefits of urban nature and citizen participation in environmental decision making. ABSTRACT: S. Kaplan suggested that one outcome of mental fatigue may be an increased propensity for outbursts of anger and even violence. If so, contact with nature, which appears to mitigate mental fatigue, may reduce aggression and violence. This study investigated that possibility in a setting and population with relatively high rates of aggression: inner-city urban public housing residents. Levels of aggression were compared for 145 urban public housing residents randomly assigned to buildings with varying levels of nearby nature (trees and grass). Attentional functioning was assessed as an index of mental fatigue. Residents living in relatively barren buildings reported more aggression and violence than did their counterparts in greener buildings. Moreover, levels of mental fatigue were higher in barren buildings, and aggression accompanied mental fatigue. Tests for the...
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...Week 2, Chapter 2 1. Why are males more likely to have a sex-linked trait than females? Answer Men have only one X chromosome which makes the poor schleps chances of x linked traits bigger than women, who have two X chromosomes. Having two X chromosomes means that the trait can be cancelled out by the opposing X. 2 Characteristics such as hair color and height are called Answer 2 answers * phenotypes. * chromosomes. * genotypes. * zygotes. 3 A genotype Answer 3 answers * is a rodlike structure in the cell nucleus that transmits genetic information. * reflects an individual's physical and behavioral characteristics, determined both by environmental and genetic factors. * refers to the genetic makeup of an individual. * is a directly observable characteristic. 4 The DNA of humans and chimpanzees is between __________ percent identical. Answer 4 answers * 75 and 80 * 20 and 25 * 50 and 55 * 98 and 99 5 A person whose 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY Answer 5 answers * has PKU. * is male. * has Down syndrome. * cannot be a fraternal twin. 6 A zygote that separates into two clusters of cells instead of just one produces ...
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...Imagination Diseases of Exact Science 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 22 25 27 30 34 40 44 52 56 60 68 77 10. Quietness is Pleasantness! 11. Waste stagnation causes Death! 12. Action and Reaction 13. Reason behind Stories 14. Shining and the Sign! 15. Elixir is Venom 16. Thirst - Hunger as per requirement! 17. Milk - is it Food? 18. Poison-less Food 19. Love Nature! Come back to Nature 1 Learning Language E veryone has their own language. Expressing our needs, sharing our feelings – it is through language that we create our relationships with others. Language is a necessary communication tool for people. Beyond our mother tongue, we learn languages of neighboring states, of the nation, of the world – so our needs increase. Beyond human language, we also know the language of our pet animals, learning these languages through their activities. We learn the many needs of a dog through its barking. We learn the languages of our other pets – goats, cows, hens, cats, parrots... and we understand their needs by their expressions. A farmer knows of the coming...
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