...the perception of safety in a small scale community. Many laws are set into place to manage sex offenders after they are released from prison, but what is the effectiveness of programs set in place for the safety of victims and the community? Keywords: sex offenders, monitoring, tracking, registry, residency restrictions, safety Table of Contents Table of Contents Introduction 4 United States Sex Offender Laws 4 Sex Offender Registration and Public Notification Laws 4 Megan's Law 4 Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA) 5 Other Laws 5 Criticism of Registration and Notification Laws 6 Management of Sex Offender Laws 7 Sex Offenders Registration Requirements 7 Sex Offenders Castration 8 GPS Monitoring 8 Residency Restrictions 9 Effects of Registration and Notification 9 Perceptions of Effectiveness 10 Improvement Suggestions 11 Local Survey of Effectiveness 11 Findings of The Medical University of South Carolina 13 Conclusion 13 References 14 Is Tracking Sex Offenders Effective? Monitoring prosecuted sex offenders has been an ongoing problem in local communities for years. Studies cast doubt that the sex offender registry and notification laws actually work as intended, and make victims and others in the community feel safe. Laws have established many management tools for sex offenders to...
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...Licensed to: CengageBrain User Licensed to: CengageBrain User This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User Criminal Justice in Action, 7th Edition Larry K. Gaines and Roger LeRoy Miller © 2013 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not...
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...person hears the term organized crime, they think of the mob from movies like godfather, goodfellas, and scarface. However; those movies are just a glorified representation of what organized crime actually is and the reality of organized crime and its impact of society is much more disturbing than anything Hollywood or story writers can develop. The purpose of this paper is to define and discuss what organized crime is, why it develops and why members of society are drawn to engage in it. This paper will also discuss the problems related to organized crime’s impact on society and the limitations the government faces when trying to eradicate this type of criminal activity. In addition, the laws and tools law enforcement uses to combat organized criminal activity will be explored and how those laws and tools can be expanded on to offer a viable solution in controlling organized crime. Organized Crime Described The simplest definition of organized crime can be 1. Widespread criminal activities, such as prostitution, interstate theft, or illegal gambling, that occur within a centrally controlled formal structure. 2. The people and the groups involved in such criminal activities. (thefreedictionary.com). This definition is what makes the difference between criminal activity conducted by an individual and criminal activity conducted by a group of people despite the types of crimes conducted. However there are specific crimes that criminal organizations primarily engage in and those...
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...Index 0% Similarity by Source Internet Sources: 0% Publications: 0% In this paper of the Bill of Rights and several amendments will be discuss, which is the First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth. Also will discuss how the Bill of Rights evaluates different areas in security and the administration of justice. Such as challenges of law enforcement, roles of the courts, roles of the security, and recommendation. The main purpose of the Bill of Rights is to protect the freedoms and the rights of the American citizens. Also, so that every individual can worship wherever he or she feel comfortable without restrictions. If an individual born inside the country or outside the country his or her citizenship as an America and recognized as an America. American citizens protected from seizures and searches by law enforcement agencies unless there is a warrant presented. The warrant must be present before the seizure and search take place. The warrant will specify what and who will be search so that an individual privacy not invaded. The United States Constitution of the first amendment states Congress cannot make laws condensing the right for people the peacefully assemble, speech, the press, and religion (Bill of Rights). Chris Neefus wrote article that challenge the First Amendment. The title of that article was “Justice Breyer suggests that burning a Quran could be like shouting fire in a crowded theatre and not protected by First Amendment.” The article...
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...Since 1996, it has been a federal requirement for sex offenders to register. With the introduction of the Wetterling Act, Megan’s Law, the Campus Sex Crimes Prevention Act, and the Walsh Act this registration has been expanded and now requires community notification. This information must be given frequently until a statutorily required limit has passed depending on the severity of the crime. The Walsh Act established a three-tier system for offenders, offenders must register home and work addresses, failure to register results in a felony, internet restrictions, and length of registration variations from fifteen years to life (Bonnar-Kidd, 412). They all have aimed at reducing recidivism and sexual assault, but limits reintegration for the...
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...What is your first mental image and what emotion do you first notice when you hear the term, “sex offender?” Do you picture a scary looking male stranger? Is your first emotion, anger or maybe fear? Now, what is your initial reaction when someone says that the post-sentencing laws for these offenders may be doing more harm then good in regard to current legislation passed after high profile cases. Are sexual crimes all equally heinous, justifying opinions that the offender did the crime so they should accept the consequences? I believe that these laws were created with the best of intentions. Yet, these laws are now creating alternate paths to dangerous alternatives and roadblocks to the goals they seek to achieve. Legistation On October 22, 1989, an 11-year-old boy named Jacob Wetterling was abducted from a small town in Minnesota (Hawkins, 2009). Jacob and his two friends rode their bikes into town to a convenience store to rent movies (Hawkins, 2009). On the way back home, a gunman stepped out of the woods, and told Jacob’s two friends to run into the woods and not look back (Yoder, 2011). Jacob, who stayed behind, has never been seen since (Yoder, 2011). A massive manhunt ensued with law enforcement from all over, however their exhausting efforts never led them to finding Jacob or his abductor. This case captured headlines all over the United States and in 1994 it prompted legislation called the Jacob Wetterling Act 42 U.S.C. §§14071, et seq. to be passed by Congress and...
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...Although the laws exiled and "prohibited from entering the U.S included all Asians, illiterates, prostitutes, criminals, idiots, and paupers" but, unlike them, Mexicans in the last 1920s could freely migrate into the United States (p. 27). Mexicans were the focal point of U.S. immigration law enforcement when Border Patrol officers disrupted their authority on border crossings keep any big number of Mexican laborers out of United States. Hernandez shows how the first Border Patrol came mostly from these poor Anglo experiences and had a labor competition. The Border Patrol also seemed to have absorbed an important number of former Texans and only many of them had a suspicion on Mexicans with them to the federals. Bases on the key examples in "Migra! A History of The U.S Border Patrol" Hernandez victoriously explains the Mexican and U.S governments policies to manage the migration of all the immigrants...
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...Practical Difficulties of Enforcement of Legislation of Conservation of Species Legislation for the conservation of species is notoriously difficult to enforce for several reasons. Long lists of species are of relatively little use if few people can recognise the species concerned. The negative listing approach may help considerably in this respect, as public and enforcement personnel have only to be able to recognise a relatively small number of authorized species, as has the 'small bunch' rule for plants. An element of intention is often required in order for an offence to have been committed, yet this may be extremely difficult to prove and it is more usual for good faith to be presumed. In this context, the hunting proficiency test is particularly valuable. Hunters who have passed the test have learned about protected species and would therefore have greater difficulty in pleading ignorance of the specimens they may have taken or damaged unlawfully. Reversing the burden of proof can contribute significantly to effective enforcement. The effect of such a reversal is that possession of a specimen of a given species is deemed to be unlawful, unless the possessor can prove otherwise. For example, under the Customs Code in France, the possessor of CITES specimens must be able to prove that these have been lawfully obtained. However, great care must be taken if an offence is deemed to be one of strict criminal liability, as there may be a serious risk of injustice incompatible...
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...The Impact of Technology on Law Enforcement and Organized Crime Impact of Technology on Law Enforcement and Organized Crime Organized crime involves the illicit flow of goods and services in one direction and the flow of the profits of crime in the other. Technology has created much change in the way organized crime groups conduct operations. It has also caused law enforcement organizations to evolve and use a variety of techniques and methods to effectively combat organized crime groups. In order for law enforcement to effectively target and prosecute these groups they must adapt as the organized crime groups have in their use of technology. Many operations run by organized crime groups and law enforcement organizations require the use of some type of technology. The dynamics of technology have made it an advantage for organized crime groups who use technology. But it can also be just as much an advantage for law enforcement organization so they can combat organized crime groups more effectively and efficiently. Globalization has also had a major impact on both law enforcement and organized crime with many organizations being able to operate through networks. This has created many issues such as jurisdiction which can be combated through the use of technology, communication, and effective legislation. Globalization Globalization is a term that describes the changes in societies and the world economy that are caused by the dramatic increased cross-border trade, investment...
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...the administration of justice and security. The aims of and the challenges fronting different federal, state, and local enforcement agencies will be discussed along with roles of the federal, state, and local court systems with regard to public safety and civil rights. The goals of the juvenile justice system with those other agencies will be discussed as well as the roles of private security organizations with respect to both corporate and public protection. Last there will be recommendations to solutions of the numerous tasks fronting criminal justice organizations and security organizations (University of Phoenix Syllabus, 2013). Amendments First Amendments The First Amendment explains that it is the independence of demonstration of the media and religious beliefs. This particular portion of the constitution forbids any type of reticence of communication, worship in addition to the capability to gather people calmly. This permits for every American to communicate without restrictions and worship wherever they want nationwide (The United States Constitution, 2010). Fourth Amendment The Fourth amendment was written to protect the people and their private property. In this amendment the people were promised their safety from illegal search and seizures as a violation by the governmental law enforcement agencies. This amendment explains that law enforcement to be in possession of a search warrant that defines the exact location to be searched in addition to its degree as well...
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...by the Constitution will eventually lead the demise of civil liberties. Some even consider this worse than terrorism itself. Even though , as history proves, our government has underestimated our nations security. The United States is in much greater jeopardy from international terrorists that previously believed. We also have to be concerned about terrorists living on our own soil. In the wake of 911, the government signed a law in 2001 called the USA Patriot Act, citing the need for more participation on all levels of security. Law enforcement was given a wider preemptive authority and encouraged to share information. The law was passed with one goal in mind; a safer America. Over the years, some Americans have become concerned that law enforcement restrictions were too invasive, that wire tapings and extensive surveillance was too much of an invasion of civil liberties. Many argued that the Patriot Act affects all citizens personal freedoms and privacy. The government argues that only suspected terrorists are affected by the law. As arguments flare about the proper balance between civil liberties and national security, a recent survey of terror cases show that surveillance such as intercepted communications and the monitoring of e-mail have often provided investigators with vital clues. According to court documents and other testimony resulted in at least half dozen major terror plot have been thwarted. Somehow a balance needs to be met Our civil liberties...
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...There is no question that limiting the use of deadly force is making the job more difficult. It is not that I think police should be given free reign and just be able to shoot and kill anyone the choose. What I am saying is if an armed felon is fleeing the scene of a crime, or they come towards the officer in a threatening manner, then they should be able to use deadly force. The more restrictions that are imposed on officers, educates the general public as to what the police can and cannot do. The general public will use that information to their advantage to find ways to get around the system. They know that limits are placed on the police officers and the general public will test those limits. Just like a child that knows just how far they...
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...which occurred on 9/11. Gould claims when Congress originally passed these provisions, it was seen that American citizens would be willing to accept greater limits on their freedoms; however Gould concludes that as time progresses, these permanent restrictions will not only “concern Americans, but also may turn them against government officials and civic participation” (74). As stated before, in response to future terrorist threats, President Bush and Congress passed what is called the USA Patriot Act, “described by Attorney General John Ashcroft as a package of tools urgently needed to combat terrorism” (74). The Patriot Act was passed in 2001, and with its passing came various changes regarding how and what law enforcement agencies are permitted to do with obtained information. One change specifies that the standards revolving around wiretapping may be lowered. Previously, the FBI could only obtain a court order if its primary purpose was to gather information through wiretapping. Now, the Patriot Act allows wiretapping only if a significant purpose involves information gathering. This new policy means that people “merely suspected of working with terrorists or spies may be wiretapped” (74). Continuing, Gould states law enforcement may access an individual’s internet communications as long as the officials can confirm to a court the information is relevant to an ongoing investigation. This may seem just, however this standard is far lower than...
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...profit. Replacing “marijuana prohibition with a system of legal regulation would save approximately $7.7 billion in government expenditures of prohibition enforcement --$2.4billion at the federal level and $5.3 billion at the state and local level.” (Miron). The money generated from this could be used for so many needs of the nation. For example, one immediate use would be to help restore the foundation of bridges and roads. The United States economy is currently suffering and the simple act of legalizing marijuana would help stimulate the economy. This act also will help struggling citizens with life threatening conditions reduce their suffering. There are numerous benefits to legalizing marijuana including eliminating a portion of the wasteful War on Drugs, stimulating the United States economy, and helping many patients relieve their pain. In order to truly understand the benefits of the legalization of marijuana, it must be discussed why it was made illegal in the first place. In 1914, the Harrison Act “represented the first time drug use had ever been defined as a crime” (Goodwin 42). This law set the precedent for twenty-seven states to make marijuana illegal. There states made marijuana illegal because they mistrusted the incoming Mexican immigrants who brought marijuana with them. (Goodwin 42-43) Therefore, the laws were not enacted for safety or health reasons, but merely racism. “Those who used it were typically from minority groups like the Mexicans and the Negroes...
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...Police and Law Enforcement Criminal Justice System Police officers serve an important function in society; they protect the property and lives of the people they serve. Police officers pursue and apprehend people who break the law and then cite or arrest those people. Police officers on all levels, local, state, or federal enforce laws ensure the safety of citizens. In the course of their jobs law enforcement personnel deal with a wide range of issues, laws, and restrictions. One of the most basic concepts that affect a police officer’s performance of his or her duties is probable cause (Vila & Morris, 1999). According to American Bar Association (2011), " Probable cause is defined as facts sufficient to support a reasonable belief that criminal activity is probably taking place or knowledge of circumstances indicating a fair probability that evidence of crime will be found. It requires more than a mere "hunch," but less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” (What is probable cause?, para. 1). Before a warrant, such as an arrest or search warrant, can be issued law enforcement officers must demonstrate probable cause in the form of a written document. This document must be submitted to a magistrate (low level judge) who is responsible for ensuring probable cause standards are met in order for a warrant to be issued. Once the magistrate is satisfied and the warrant is issued...
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