...physician Arvid Afxelus observes a bull's eye rash around a patient's tick bite. 1930-1940- Swedish dermatologist Sven Hellerstrom links erythema migrans to meningitis in multiple patients. 1970- First U.S. Case of erythema migrans reported in Milwaukee, Wis. 1975- Reseachers link juvenile arthritis cases in Lyme, Conn. To tick bites. 1977- Yale rheumatologist Allen Steere provides the first definitive account of the disease 1980- The CDC begins to monitor the spread of Lyme Disease 1982- Zoologist and microbiologist Willy Burgdorfer of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Rock Mountain Lab, Mont., isolates the bacterium that causes Lyme Disease, Borrelia burgdorferi. The CDC reports 492 cases of Lyme Disease. 1984- Westchester County, NY declares a Lyme epidemic 1988- CDC reports 4,572 Lyme cases 1991- CDC requires state and local health departments nation wide to collect and verify data on Lyme infections 1994- CDC adopts two-step test standard to diagnose Lyme Disease. 1998- CDC records 16,802 cases of Lyme. Drugmaker SmithKline Beecham begins marketing Lymerix vaccine. 2002- The maker of Lymerix withdrawals the vaccine from the market after controversy over alleged side effects undercuts demand. 2006- Infectious Diseases Society of America publishes Lyme guidelines that find no convincing scientific evidence for the existence of chronic Lyme Disease. Connecticut attorney general Richard Blumenthal opens an antitrust...
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...‘Orthomyxoviridae’ which is a distinct group of virus family. This virus comprises of a single stranded, segmented RNA (Jeffery et. al, 2008). Influenza (flu) virus primarily attacks the respiratory system and is highly transmissible. As reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC (2014) “the virus may infect the nose, throat and lungs.” The disease can cause mild to severe illness often resulting in hospitalization or death. The viral strains of influenza viruses are constantly changing and appear regularly that are responsible for many pandemics around the world (Taubenberger & Morens 2008). Clinical Course Influenza is a contagious disease; the virus is easily transmitted from person to person via respiratory droplets when infected people cough, talk or sneeze. Another way to get infected with influenza is if the person touches its own mouth or nose after having direct contact with a surface that has the influenza virus (CDC, 2014). The influenza virus may be transmitted one day before the first symptoms start and even up to seven days after getting ill with the flu. In seasonal epidemics, influenza tends to spread rapidly. As reported by the CDC (2014), the infection may seem like common flu and can be characterized by following signs and symptoms: ▪ Aching muscles ▪ Fatigue and weakness ▪ Headache ▪ Coryza ▪ Nonproductive cough ▪ Rhinitis ...
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...agencies in the United States of America affect our lives. The group has provided a list of agencies that play similar and at times very different roles in ensuring the quality of life we have come to expect is never compromised. The write-up explains some of Group Four members’ real life experiences, offering recommendations as to how one should address the negative impact(s) a particular agencies has had on his or her life. Lastly, the write-up explains the role of the courts in address any negative experiences any individual may have had with any of the agencies and the limitations of the courts’ review of the agencies decisions that lead to the negative impact. Which agencies regulate some aspect of your lives? The longer the list, the more interesting this exercise should be, so take some time to brainstorm a thorough answer to this question. Federal Agencies CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention EEOC United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FCC Federal Communications Commission FDA Food and Drug Administration FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation FED Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System FTC Federal Trade Commission HHS United States Department of Health and Human Services HRSA Health Resources and Services Administration IRS Internal Revenue Services NIH National Institutes of Health OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration ...
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...of families, living in these conditions, have at least one family member go without food for one day in the previous week (IJDH). Twenty one percent have no access to drinking water (IJDH). While living under these conditions, sanitation, including adequate bathroom facilities, have not been considered or given proper priority or proper thought this is more than understandable, when one is unsure where the next meal, or drink of water is coming from, an adequate bathroom facility is not of concern. Unfortunately, the area has now come to realize the need for proper sanitation and proper facilities. Cholera is caused by a gram negative bacterium called Vibrio cholera (Nature Review). This bacterium is differentiated serologically on the basis of the O antigen of its lipopolysacchardie (Nature Review). The Cholera toxin producing strains of the O1 and O139 serogroups cause the vast majority of the disease. O1 has 2 biotypes, Classical and El Tor, and each of these has two serotypes, Inaba and Ogawa. The symptoms of the infections are...
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...Although the CDC has made this recommendation to staff in healthcare settings regarding vaccination policies, they have also allowed institutions to determine what protective measures to enact (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). A variety of strategies have been proposed and implemented to improve influenza vaccination rates among HCWs. These measures have included offering free vaccination at convenient work sites, providing HCWs with enhanced influenza education, providing modeling and support for influenza vaccination by leaders within healthcare institutions and requiring signed statements from those HCWs who decline vaccination (CDC, 2015). Historically, the response of HCWs to voluntary vaccination programs has failed to increase vaccination rates to national target levels (Association for Professionals in Infection Control [APIC], 2011). A variety of programs have been directed at improving vaccination uptake but national rates of influenza vaccination coverage for HCWs have remained low at approximately 63.5% during the 2010-2011 influenza season...
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...between both the Center of Disease Control (CDC) and ProMedica Health System (PHS) will be presented as to their responsibilities and purpose in providing controlling, monitoring, evaluating, research, and education services while following regulatory health care guidelines will be presented. Introduction Regulatory agencies play an important and vital role in securing the protection, safety and welfare of our nation’s population. People, agriculture, health care industries and its affiliate employees need guidance and resources to protect the nation from dreadful diseases. Efforts to ensure the safety of the nation in the face of all kinds of diseases are developed through regulatory agencies such as the Center for Disease Control (CDC) (cdc.gov.od). Health care organizations that impact the regulatory agencies objectives of evaluating and monitoring conditions within disease control measures are found in associative organizations such as ProMedica Health System (ProMedica) as well as state and local governmental organizations. The CDC introduces the regulations, guideline and services available to our growing industrialized communities. Center for Disease Control and Prevention The Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) operates under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and was created with the basic purpose of stopping and preventing infectious and chronic diseases. In keeping with their mission; the CDC has numerous educational programs, they track...
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...Website Review and Summary HCS/457 June 25, 2013 Website Review and Summary Through out the years people have relied on their health care providers for medical treatments. Now a day, people have the opportunity to research about any illness, medical concern, medical diagnosis and any type of disease in the Internet. There are many health care organizations that offer people around the world with information about drugs, illnesses, diseases, outbreaks, treatments, preventions and the list goes endless. In this paper the writer will review and summarize governmental health agency websites. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a national organization that provides information about outbreaks, diseases, preventions and more to the public. In this website a person can find the latest information about recent outbreaks in the community. This website also provides tips about prevention and what to do if a person becomes exposed to an outbreak. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently updated their website to inform the community about certain outbreaks in multistate of fungal meningitis, Salmonella bredeney infections linked to peanut butter manufactured by Sunland and Listeriosis linked to imported frescolina ricotta cheese (CDC, 2012). Public Health is a global organization that provides information to the public about disease prevention, healthy lifestyles practice, disease education and researches for...
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...extremely important, especially when it can impact a person’s health. I have chosen a dot gov domain, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) mission is “to protect America from health, safety and security threats, both foreign and in the US” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.). The search engine utilized to find the CDC website was Google.com. The domain where the CDC is located is cdc.gov and the URL is http://www.cdc.gov. When selecting a website, I wanted a site that was relevant to my specialty and well known for informing the community on current health issues. Analysis of the Website Analysis of the CDC website shows they utilize many experts in a variety of fields from Medical doctors to masters and doctoral degree researchers. Experts’ credentials are clearly listed at the end of articles and the CDC stands behind the information placed on the website. Since the CDC is a government agency they are legally held accountable for the quality of information that they disburse including videos, webpages, brochures, and research papers. The organization uses peer review for all articles published and has a policy for correcting any inaccurate written or online information. Also they can be contacted multiple ways including a physical address, phone number, and email address. Information on the CDC website is frequently updated and all webpages and articles have the date the content was last reviewed and also last updated, usually located at...
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...HEALTHCARE TRENDS This week’s assignment centers around a report released by the centers for disease control (CDC) back in 2011. Within the report we are asked to focus on two specific topics; mortality and morbidity. In addition to reviewing the data, there were some accompanying questions that will be addressed. Before delving further into the topics, lets first start with a good working definition of both. According to Webster’s Online Dictionary, mortality is defined as the quality or state of being a person or thing that is alive and therefore certain to die (Webster’s 2014). For morbidity, Webster’s summarizes it as quality or state of being morbid; the relative incidence of disease (Webster’s 2014). Now that good working definitions have been established, the relating questions can be addressed. The first discussion point asks to identify changes that seem to be occurring based on the mortality and morbidity data. In his article titled MORTALITY TRENDS, Preston shares “When death rates decline, they do so at all ages. Hence, the likelihood that an individual of any age will survive to subsequent stages of life will increase, and the largest effects will tend to occur among the very young. Individuals typically undergo a series of related cycles as they age - physical, educational, occupational, recreational and familial. The chance that an individual will complete any particular cycle obviously depends on prevailing risks of death. Moreover, the choice of stage at...
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...vaccinations has been influencing public policy, even though rigorous studies do not support this hypothesis. Legislators are right to take into account the concerns of parent groups and other individuals who are directly affected by autism, but policy decisions should be based on hard evidence rather than unproven ideas. The hypothesis is based on the observation that the number of autism cases increased in the years of the 1980s, coinciding with a push for greater childhood vaccinations, which increased above recommended levels of a child’s exposure to mercury in the vaccine preservative, called thimerosal. The autism diagnosis continued to rise even after thimerosal was removed from the United States childhood vaccines in the year of 2001. A review by the Institute of Medicine, of over 200 studies concluded that there were no links between vaccines containing thimerosal and autism. Autism is no more common among vaccinated children than those children who are unvaccinated, and its incidence has not varied with the presence of thimerosal in vaccines across different times and locations. These findings have not persuaded supporters of the mercury autism link, whose strategies have become more extreme as the evidence against the hypothesis have mounted. Mercury is a known neurotoxin, so even without believing that it causes autism, one might argue for removing thimerosal entirely from vaccines all together. Although, this option is not risk free. Without a reliable preservative within...
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...is time that this nation takes control of creating a healthier America by encouraging healthy habits and lifestyles. An individual having a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 to 29.9 is considered to be overweight and obesity is defined as having a BMI of 30.0 or higher (Flegal, Carroll, Ogden, & Curtin, 2010 ). BMI measures the amount of body fat that a person has in comparison to their age and height. A person begins to gain weight when their calorie intake is more than their physical activity (CDC, 2012). Lack of exercise and poor dieting are known causes of obesity, but the lack of sleep and exposure to air conditioning are also thought to be contributing factors (Causes of obesity, 2006). Other suggested factors that may contribute to the rising rates of obesity are endocrine disruptors, smoking, and certain pharmaceuticals (Causes of obesity, 2006). An individuals environment may reflect their decision making and genetics may increase the likely hood of becoming obese (CDC, 2012). With so many factors possibly contributing to this health issue, obesity is not limited to a particular culture or class. Obesity affects individuals of all social backgrounds, economical status, and educational levels. The prevalence of...
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...Following a successful workshop, the play made its transition Off-Broadway at the Circle Repertory Company in February of 1992. After its premiere at the Circle Repertory Theatre, reviews described the production as a “turning point” for not only Vogel, but also the actors involved in the production. In 1993, the Yale Repertory Theatre hosted productions following its Broadway run. In December 2004 to January 2005, an Off-Broadway revival was produced by the Signature Theatre Company and performed at the former Peter Norton...
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...Country Development strategies 3. Project Design and Implementation 4. Monitoring 5. Evaluation 6. Learning and Adapting 7. Budget Resources Agency Policies and Strategies: The Program Cycle is informed by a series of U.S. Government and USAID policies and strategies that define the goals and purpose of this approach, and that ultimately strive to make USAID a better development partner. Key policies and strategies include: * The President’s Policy Directive on Global Development (PPD-6) – recognizes that development is vital to U.S. national security and is a strategic, economic, and moral imperative for the United States (Obama, September 2010) * The Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review (QDDR) – proposes ways to...
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...Obesity Resource Review By: Emily Feeley HCS/457 July 5, 2013 Ismael Caicedo Obesity Resource Review Obesity is a growing problem in the United States and not only limits ones physical abilities but also increases their chances for many life threating diseases. In 2010 the population of 12 states was more than 30% obese and that number has only continued to grow. Making it important for citizens to know where they can turn within their local, state, and national governments for information and support. Hillsborough County in Florida provides citizen with the Hills County health website which offers valuable information from the local government. State level government provides the Department of Health for Florida (DOHF) website and the national government level provides the Center for Disease Control (CDC) website. With so many resources to choose from understanding what public health is the similarity between these websites, and how different levels of government work together to ensure public health is becoming more important for citizens. How the information overlaps Many of these websites over lap and provide similar functions and structures to help the public understand diseases like obesity, and find resources to help treat and prevent the disease. Structures These websites are set up to be user-friendly and make it easy for consumers to access information. They also contain search options, Body Mass Index calculators (BMI), and a dashboard across the...
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...injury Respiratory Illness Carbon monoxide (CO) cause serious health damages to the neurological and cardiovascular systems. Neurological symptoms such as fatigue, headache, confusion, and dizziness, High doses of CO exposure results in loss of consciousness, coma, neuropsychiatric and behavioral impairment, and death. * Exposure to pesticides include headache, dizziness, nausea, papillary constriction, and excessive perspiration and salivation. (CDC, 2007). * Severe exposures can result in muscle weakness, bronchospasms, convulsions, and death. Acute ingestion or inhalation exposure can result in asthma symptoms, neurological symptoms such as tremor, salivation, and seizures. Dermal exposure can also result in abnormal skin sensations such as burning, rash, and skin irritation (CDC, 2008). Cezar-Vaz, M., Alves Bonow, C., Fontella Sant' Anna, C., Pereira Rocha, L., Capa Verde de Almeida, M., & Santos da Silva, M. (2013). Environmental health in public health community practice: An integrative review of the literature. Health (1949-4998), 5(9), 1422-1432. doi:10.4236/health.2013.59194 (Allison Del Bene Davis,...
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