...So be careful that things don’t work to well. § Reinforcement Theory o Types of reinforcement: § Positive- encourages behavior in the future by rewarding behavior · Claim this is better than Punishment because it tells you what to do, not what not to do § Extinction–you remove the reward when a person engages in the behavior. They therefore become less likely to perform that behavior. § Punishment – you give something negative in response to certain bad behavior · Guidelines for using punishment: o Punishment should be delivered immediately or as rapidly as possible so that the employee will see the link between the bad behavior and the punishment o Give moderate, appropriate levels – punishment should fit the crime…if you give to little, it has no effect, if to much, it may lead to people questioning you. o Focus on behavior not person – this helps them to see the link between punishment and their behavior o Give the reason for the punishment. Make sure they understand o Use consistently – Don’t show favoritism. Also be sure the be consistent…the behavior must be punished every time the behavior occurs so that they don’t receive mixed signals. o Don’t follow up with non-contingent rewards – you can’t punish them and then comfort...
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...Phobias and Addictions Phobias and Addictions Everyone has a phobia and an addiction. A phobia is an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something: "he had a phobia about being under water"; "a phobia of germs.” An addiction is the fact or condition of being addicted to a particular substance, thing, or activity. Phobias and addictions are related to classical and operant conditioning. Phobias and addictions are two emotional difficulties, which theorists can account for. Phobias can be acquired through classical conditioning by pairing a neutral stimulus with something that causes pain. Phobia responses can be permanent unless the organism is subjected to the extinction process. In the extinction process, one must confront the fear without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus. For example, in Watson’s experiment, Little Albert developed a phobia of white rats (and other furry objects) as a result of pairing the white rat with a loud bang. The phobia could have been extinguished by repeatedly exposing Little Albert to the white rat without the loud bang. Another way to extinguish a phobia is through counter conditioning. In counter conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is paired with a pleasant stimulus. Little Albert could have extinguished his phobia of the white rat by pairing it with something pleasant (e.g., food, praise) ("Phobias,” 2010). Ivan Pavlov is known for his theory...
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...the shop-floor. The fight is between Ramu and Gopi. Ramu had been fooling Gopi for some small matter. Gopi lost his temper and gave Ramu a poke. Ramu hit back. Both of them have had clean records in the past. QUESTIONS 1. Give a suitable title to the case. 2. What is the core issue in this case? 3. What is the Peculiarity of this case? 4. What are the strategic mistakes did by both Ramu & Gopi? 5. Should both men receive equal punishment? Or Should Gopi be punished more severely for starting the fight or Ramu for provoking it? Why? 6. What is the nature of punishment you will recommend? 7. Will you go for a formal enquiry or settle informally? Why? 8. What are your strategies to prevent aggravation of further tension between RAMU and GOPI? 9. What are the leanings from the case? Date: 3 March 2015 CASE ANALYSIS BY THE FACULTY (D.Mavoothu,Ph.D.) (Strictly for SMS Classrooms Only) Title: ROLE MODELS-TURNED ROGUE MODELS What is the core issue in this case? There is a moral Vs. legal dilemma that whether RAMU and GOPI should equally be punished? Peculiarity of the case? Normally, in any in disciplinary incident, there will be a culprit and a victim. But in this case both RAMU and GOPI were turned out to be culprits. Strategic Mistake by RAMU? * RAMU should have kept himself as a victim by not hitting back GOPI. RAMU will be in a better position if he maintained his victimship. By hitting back GOPI he made himself also...
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...their stomach and vomits due to having the flu. Over time, the subject becomes nauseated just at the sight of the cold medicine. The flu is the unconditioned stimulus, vomiting is the unconditioned response, the cold medicine is the controlled stimulus, and the nausea is the controlled response. Operant conditioning is a learning process that was developed by B.F. Skinner. B.F. Skinner also contributed through his works as a behaviorist in experimental psychology. Skinner invented the cumulative recorder, a device used to show rates of responses. With this device, Skinner developed operant conditioning. This type of learning process uses both positive and negative reinforcements and positive and negative punishments in order to control behavior. When a parent rewards a child with a new toy...
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...Brief Background of the Movie Twelve O’ Clock High is an American movie film released in December 21, 1949 based on the novel of Sy Bartlett and Beirne Lay Jr. about the 918th Heavy Bombardment Group of the U.S Army Air Forces (USAAF) during World War II. The movie transitions from present to past as Harvey Stovall recalls his days with the Bomb group at a (fictional) USAAF airbase in Archbury. From there on a series of main plot characters are introduced by the movie, Major Harvey Stovall (later on as Lieutenant Colonel) as the Group Adjutant, Colonel Keith Davenport as Bomb Group Commander who is later relieved of his command by Major General Patrick Pritchard (Millard Mitchell), Commanding General of VIII Bomber Command, Eight Air Force. Pritchard places Brigadier General Frank Savage in command of the Bomb group composed of men such as Lieutenant Colonel Ben Gately who is replaced by Major Cobb as Group Air Executive, Major “Doc” Kaiser (Flight Surgeon), Lieutenant Bishop (Medal of Honor Nominee) and Sergeant McIllhenny. The 918th Heavy Bombardment Group is composed of B-17 planes that conduct day precision bombings near Germany. Heavy losses and the inability of the Group Air Commander, Colonel Davenport, to inspire his men due to the “over-identification with his men” as deduced by General Savage, led to the group's loss of morale, discipline, courage and purpose. The movie progresses as the “Hard Luck” group performs various bombing missions under General Savage...
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...1. How does the meaning of "culture" differ in sociology from it's common everyday meaning? Refined music, art, and literature is referred to as culture in everyday life. People who are well versed in hese topics, are considered to be cultured. However, in sociology, the meaning of culture is more than the object or behavior. Sociologically, the term culture is the sum of inherited customs, beliefs, values and knowledge. 2. Distinguish among each of the following pairs of concepts, informal vs formal, norms vs folkways, and norms vs sanctions. Sociologists classify norms as either formal or informal. A formal norm has been written down and spcifies strict punishment. Mores have a greater significance for the welfare of society, and violations can result in severe punishments, where as folkways are looked at as contempt and are merely frowned on by society. Norms are rules that people follow without thnking about them; sanctions are rewards and penalties that help enforce society's value system. 3. How did Charles Horton Cooley approach the socialization process? In 1902, Charles Horton Cooley coined the phrase " the looking glass self". The term refers to his belief that people shape their identity based on how others percieve them. Basing themselves on the perception of others cofirms their opinion of themselves. The three main components of the looking glass self are, we imagine how we appear to others, we imagine how that appearance is judged and we develop our self through...
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...Transactional Leadership is defined as leadership that occurs when one person takes the initiative in making contact with others for the purpose of an exchange of valued things (Burns, Wern 1995) However, further research into this type of leadership according to Bass (1981) transactional leadership is based on the hypothesis that followers are motivated through a system of rewards and punishment.' While transactional leadership is based on a quid pro quo (something for something) relationship, transformational leadership is need based. Kark & Shamir (n.d., p.69) found that transactional leaders address the self –interest concerns of followers by exchanging rewards or recognitions for cooperation and compliance behaviors consistent with task requirements. In the current economy, it is easy to state that both transformation and transactional leadership are widely used in organizations, however transactional leadership will rule out. This is because the employer (leader) now has the bargaining power for the follower (employee) to meet the leaders expectation for the follower to be rewarded, if the follower fails the punishment ensues. Many employees across the country have had to give up benefits, pay, and furlough days to keep their jobs. Given...
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...More Time– How Do You Motivate Employees? Bill Hackos and JoAnn Hackos Comtech Services, Inc. www.comtech-serv.com © 2003 Comtech Services, Inc. One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? • Frederick Herzberg – • Harvard Business Review • January–February 1968 2 Most popular reprint in HBR history • Re-run in HBR in September–October 1987 • Re-run again in HBR in January 2003 3 Motivation by KITA • KITA = Kick in the pants (1968) • KITA = Kick in the ass (1987, 2003) 4 What is KITA? • Negative KITA • Motivation by punishment— • A push 5 Negative physical KITA • 50 lashes • Two weeks in the brig 6 Negative psychological KITA • Move to undesirable office • Stop speaking to subordinates • Threaten termination •… 7 What is KITA? • Positive KITA • motivation by reward— • pull 8 Positive KITA • Reducing time spent at work • • • • • Comp time Time off as a reward Recreation programs Sabbaticals Cruises 9 Positive KITA • Compensation • • • • • • Pay Increases Stock Options Bonuses Commission Incentive 401K contribution 10 Positive KITA • Benefits • • • • Health insurance Free food Limited work week Work at home •… 11 Positive KITA Human relations training • Supervisors trained in psychological approaches to management 12 Positive KITA Sensitivity training • Supervisors trained to be sensitive to the needs of their subordinates 13 Positive KITA Communication • Training...
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...behavior. Many people go throughout their lifetime applying psychological concepts such as operant conditioning and they are completely unaware of it. Operant conditioning is simply a method used to enforce punishment and reward to achieve a certain behavior. B.F Skinner was the famous behaviorist that believed this form of conditioning was the most successful. If you ever had a dog from the beginning stages of its life you know that training a puppy is a lot of work. In order to do so successfully, you would need to shape the puppies behavior using a punishment or reward method in order to housebreak the puppy. If you wanted the puppy to never jump on the couch, every time the puppy did you could enforce a reward or punishment to achieve that wanted behavior. By doing this, you would be using operant conditioning (Cherry, 2014). When applying operant conditioning, you have a choice of using positive or negative reinforcement. According to Prabhat (2011), Positive reinforcement refers to the delivery or presentation of anything positive whereas negative reinforcement refers to the removal, termination, or reduction of anything that is negative. Though the two are different processes, they have the same effect of reinforcing or strengthening particular behaviors” (Positive vs Negative Reinforcement). When it comes to...
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...addictions. Classical and operant conditioning is two types of behaviors in psychology. These two processes are very different, but they both result in learning. Classical conditioning has an impact on behaviorism that is a school of thought in psychology. Behaviorism is a theory that is learned through experiences in the environment. Classical conditioning involves an environmental stimulus that automatically triggers a response. Phobias are created through classical conditioning. An example of this would be if a snake bit someone as a child they might form a phobia of snakes. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that happens through punishments or reinforcements to increase or decrease someone’s behavior. There are two types of reinforcements; one is positive reinforcements with this the behavior is strengthened by a direct reward. For example with a child who is potty training which is given a sticker on the chart each time a child makes it to the potty. They will want to use the potty more, so they can get a sticker as a positive reinforcement. The second is negative reinforcements this is when you reinforce bad behavior. An example of this would be giving in to a child’s screaming...
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...PERSONALITY Psychoanalytic Freud’s psychosexual theory Structure: id (pleasure principle), ego (reality principle), superego (morals, ideals) Levels of awareness: conscious, preconscious, unconscious Development: oral, anal, phallic (Oedipal complex, penis envy), latency, genital Fixations Defense mechanisms - reduce anxiety Repression (primary) Regression Reaction formation Rationalization Displacement Sublimation Projection Denial Neo-Freudians Adler—social, not sexual tensions * Birth order, inferiority complex Horney—rejected penis envy idea Carl Jung—collective unconscious Assessment Projective tests Rorschach TAT - Thematic Apperception Test Draw-a-person Sentence completion Evaluation: * Repression often not shown (vivid memory often results after trauma) * Terror management theory Social-cognitive Reciprocal determinism—interplay of Personal factors/internal cognition Behavior Environment Personal control (Julian Rotter) External locus of control Internal locus of control *Without internal locus, learned helplessness results Explanatory style (Martin Seligman) Optimistic Unstable, specific, external Pessimistic Stable, global, internal Bandura Personality influenced by observational learning, outside influences (Bobo doll study) Self-efficacy (belief in ability to do things that lead to positive outcomes) Humanism Maslow—self-actualization Hierarchy of needs * Safety—security—love—selfesteem—self-actualization Carl Rogers—person-centered Genuineness Unconditional...
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...Introduction Nowadays, game apps tend to rely on good gameplay rather than graphics. One major problem for developers and publishers of this kind of games is describing the game in such details that it gives the users enough information/attraction to decide to continue on the game. Our focus in this PBA project is the game called AlphaFlip developed by CopenhagenConcept. We aim into developing a better game experience for the upcoming launch of AF. This will include the user (game) experience enhancement, technology implementation and e-mk strategy. How to play? Rearrange a row of scrambled letters to the target phrase. Flip a chain of letter to have them in the right order. AF has 4 game modes: Classic Mode, UTP, GTP and Speed Flip. Personal Implication Viorela – as a community manager, involvement in game experience development and e-marketing. Expectations The theory that a game needs to have a good game experience for its first time gameplay means that the users are interested and focused in so called the “first 5 minutes”. Our motivation is a contribution to a successful launch for AF on 2 different digital platforms: Fb/iOS. We want to bring solutions to AF game experience problem and launching strategy. Also to correctly cross-work on both fields, requires a vast amount of research and a clear idea of the final goal: to have a good product that will be marketed in the best strategy possible. Problem Formulation Based on the statement of Mads Ehrhardt (the...
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...Offenders are primarily males, youth ages 15-24 years minority, low SES individuals - Victims “...” Perpertartors are most likely to be acquantances Primarily committed by repeat offenders 6% for between 53% and 71% of violent crime. What year was this report published? 1969. Victimolgy Emergence: 1940’s Hans Von Hentig First person to really bring the idea of victim’s role in criminal events Victims precipitaton - idea that the victim brings on the criminal act Who is more likely to be victimized Victim- Offender Link Likelihood of vicitimization Victime-Offender Link/Overlap What are criminologist referring to when they discuss the victim-offender link Strong correlation between victimization and offending. Correlation vs. causation. Reasons for the relationship Individual heterogeneity Different propensities to victimization ROLE OF GANG MEMBERSHIP Reduction in vicitimization Lifetime likelihood of victimization...
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...Theories of Development Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following theories relies on the understanding of internal drives and emotions to answer the "whys" of human development? A) Psychoanalytic B) Humanistic C) Biological D) Cognitive Answer: A Page Ref: 24 2) Psychoanalytic theorists suggests that human development depends on A) our ability to accommodate external stimuli. B) our ability to modify our behavior based on the prospect of rewards or punishment. C) the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behavior. D) social relationships. Answer: C Page Ref: 24 3) Which of the following most accurately describes Freud's model of the personality? A) Formal operations B) Id, ego, and identity C) Consciousness, preconsciousness, and reality D) Id, ego, superego Answer: D Page Ref: 24 4) Which aspect of our personality demands to be satisfied in physically pleasurable ways? A) Executive control of the ego B) Moral guardian of the superego C) Libido of the id D) Reality principle of the superego Answer: C Page Ref: 24 5) Jada saw some money on the kitchen table. She really wanted to take it but her conscience kept her from it. Which part of Jada's personality is telling her that it would be socially unacceptable to take the money? A) Superego B) Ego C) Unconscious D) Id Answer: A Page Ref: 24 6) According to Freud's model of personality, which of the following...
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...Social Institutions Kelly Beam Criminal Organization Week 3 Thomas Borton A social institution is the area or group where a person lives or grows up. Getting an education creates a social institution because school helps to forming variable for the students who attend. The experience and knowledge a person receives in school, the environment a person grows up around helps them make the choices they make in life and develops what kind of person they become as an adult. Social Institutions relate to organized crime as being the theory we are all a product of the environment we grow up in. Most feel what we are exposed to within any kind of social group for any length of time we will start to adopt many of the ways and characteristics of that group. It seems to become our way of life or survival mode so to speak. It becomes much easier and appealing to want to be a part of a group that maybe a family member has been or someone else close to a person is or was a part of. Most people tend to stick to what they know, which in some cases involves organized crime as a result of a social institution. Gangs, mobs and any other type of organized crime group can be considered a social institution that people end up participating in because that’s what their environment consists of or did consist of most of their life. Many theories are applicable to organized crime and why criminal behavior exists and continues to occur. All of these theories involve the influences that social institutions...
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