...maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights”.1 At present time there are 193 member of the United Nations. After the tragedy of the holocaust the international community banded together to ensure that such a tragedy would never happen again. (???) In 1948 the United Nations established the “Universal Declatarion of Human Rights”. 2 The UDHR states that “out basic civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights that all human beings should enjoy” 3 The United Nations describes human rights as “ rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status”. 4 Since 1948 there have been other treaties and laws that have been established to further define human rights and deal with human rights issues. In 2006 the Human Rights Council was established. The council is a “intergovernmental body” comprised of 47 members. Acccording to the council, members can serve on the commission for a period of 3 years, with a miaximum of two (2) consecutive terms. The councils prime responsibility is the “promotion and protection of human rights around the globe and for addressing situations of human rights violations and make recommendations on them” 5 The 47 seats are divided in to “equitable geographical” 6 areas. These areas are as follows: 1. African...
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...organization: The Council of Europe Year founded:5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London. Original Members: Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Original objectives: In 1945, at the end of the second World War, Europe was marked by unprecedented devastation and human suffering. It faced new political challenges, in particular reconciliation among the peoples of Europe. This situation favored the long held idea of European integration through the creation of common institutions. In his famous speech at the University of Zurich on 19 September 1946, Sir Winston Churchill called for a United States of Europe and the creation of a Council of Europe. He had spoken of a Council of Europe as early as 1943 in a broadcast to the nation. The future structure of the Council of Europe was discussed at a specific congress of several hundred leading politicians, government representatives and civil society in The Hague, Netherlands in 1948. There were two schools of thought competing: some favored a classical international organization with representatives of governments, while others preferred a political forum with parliamentarians. Both approaches were finally combined through the creation of the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly under the Statute of the Council of Europe..This vision also led to the creation of the motto and the underlying objective of the Council of Europe ...
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...down the foundation of progress (Gregorio, 2003). It is the mandate of the school to provide an adequate learning environment, competent academic instructions, excellent academic programs, competent teachers and good academic facilities to ensure quality education (Beach, 1989). Apart from these, the school must also recognize the rights of the students and must work for student welfare. One student right the school must recognize and respect is the right to organize. This explains the existence of Student Government or Student Council recognized to represent the student body and promote student welfare. The Student Council serves as the voice of the students that could ventilate their sentiments for the school administration to consider in working for the general welfare of the students. Through its elected officers, the Student Council is tasked to make sure that student rights are protected. At the same time, it must also work for the promotion of student welfare (Trompeta, 1990). The existence of the Student Council is also vital for the equity of student’s representation. Student Rights and Welfare are part of the State’s human rights commitment, and thus must be uniformly recognized, protected and promoted (Baraquel, 2007). The State’s education agencies, namely, the Department of Education (Ded Ed), Commission on Higher Education (CHED), and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), are mandated to...
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...Nothing prevents the Security Council from taking action to uphold and implement fundamental principles set forth in the UN Charter. Such action is in line with Article 24(2), as it enforces the purposes and principles of the Organization. The question remains nevertheless whether the Council can act in a quasi-judicial capacity even though there is no threat to the peace. The issue is debated among scholars and the formalist wing suggests that the existence of a “real” threat to the peace is necessary for the Council to intervene for the other purposes laid out in the Charter. Others hold that it is included in the Councils discretion to make such decisions. A third position, bridging these two arguments, is that the most essential obligations for maintenance of international peace and security are the same as the obligations arising from the purposes of Article 1 of the UN Charter: non-aggression, self-determination and respect...
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...concerned with equal justice, not just in the courts, but in all aspects of society. This concept demands that people have equal rights and opportunities; everyone, from the poorest person on the margins of society to the wealthiest deserves an even playing field. Social justice generally refers to the idea of creating a society or institution that is based on the principles of equality and solidarity, that understands and values human rights, and that recognizes the dignity of every human being.The term and modern concept of "social justice" was coined by the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in 1840 based on the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas and given further exposure in 1848 by Antonio Rosmini-Serbati. The idea was elaborated by the moral theologian John A. Ryan, who initiated the concept of a living wage. Father Coughlin also used the term in his publications in the 1930s and the 1940s. It is a part of Catholic social teaching, Social Gospel from Episcopalians and is one of the Four Pillars of the Green Party upheld by green parties worldwide. Social justice as a secular concept, distinct from religious teachings, emerged mainly in the late twentieth century, influenced primarily by philosopher John Rawls. Some tenets of social justice have been adopted by those on the left of the political spectrum. Social justice is based on the concepts of human rights and equality and involves a greater degree of economic egalitarianism through progressive taxation, income redistribution, or even...
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...Consolidated Reader-Friendly Edition of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) as amended by the Treaty of Lisbon (2007) 2008 1 THE LISBON TREATY The Readable Version Editor: Jens-Peter Bonde © IND/DEM Group in the European Parliament email: jp@bonde.dk Cover: Henry Abela Publisher: Foundation for EU Democracy Printed at Notat Grafisk, Denmark - 2008 ISBN: 87-87692-72-4 EAN: 978-87-87692-72-4 2 Introduction The Treaty of Lisbon changed name from the "Reform Treaty" when it was amended and signed in Lisbon, Portugal, by the prime ministers and foreign ministers of the 27 EU Member States on 13 December 2007. The treaty retains most of the content of the proposed EU Constitution which was rejected in the French and Dutch referendums on 29 May and 1 June 2005, respectively. The Lisbon Treaty amends the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC), which is renamed "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union" (TFEU). Following the parliamentary ratification of the Lisbon Treaty by all Member States by the end of 2008, it is aimed to have the Treaty come into force on 1 January 2009. Whereas the EU Constitution was to be subjected to a referendum in ten Member States, only Ireland is holding a referendum on the Lisbon Treaty. This is a consolidated version of the Treaty of Lisbon, including all articles in the TEU and the TFEU as amended by the Treaty...
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...The Municipal Council shall consist of the following members, each with voting rights: (a) President, First Vice President and Secretary(s). (b) Members of the Roshan Municipal Council directly elected by the Roshan Municipal Assembly, where the number of such members shall be set as follows: - For a municipality with a population of up to 10 000, up to 5 members; - For a municipality with a population from 10 000 to 25 000, up to 10 members; - For a municipality with a population from 25 000 to 50 000, up to 15 members; - For a municipality with a population from 50 000 to 100 000, up to 20 members; - For a municipality with a population from 100 000 to 200 000, up to 25 members; - For a municipality with a population of over 200 000, up to...
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...Power and Functions of The Security Council The powers and functions of the Security Council are discussed bellows; I. Maintaining International Peace and Security: Article 24, 25, and 26 of the Charter are relevant in this context. The primary function of the Security Council is to maintain international peace and security is to be exercised by two means: First, is the pacific settlement of international disputes and second is the taking of enforcement action. a) Pacific settlement of disputes: # The parties to any dispute, threat to International peace and security, shall seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, arbitration, judicial settlement. #The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle their dispute. # The security council may investigation any dispute, which might lead to international conflict, in order to determine whether the continuance of the dispute is likely endanger international peace and security. # Any member of the UN may bring any disputes to the attention of the Security Council or the General Assembly. A state which is not a member of the UN may also bring any disputes to the attention of the Security Council or General Assembly. # Security Council should take into consideration any procedure for the settlement of dispute, which have already been adopted by the parties. # Security Council should take into consideration the legal disputes referred to the International...
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...They are the world's 7th largest exporter of merchandise trade and its 14th largest exporter of commercial services. This territory of China makes sure to keep its status by implementing laws that protect property rights. In addition to a free market and fiscal discipline, Hong Kong continues to boast their global hub. However, none of this would be possible without the freedom of choice. This can be shown in Anthem, where citizens cannot even choose their occupations, for that is the job of the Council of Vocations. Once citizens leave the House of Students it is up to the Council of Vocations to decide where they will work and live. This fact is known to all citizens since childhood. Even Equality’s teachers tell him and his class to “dare not choose in your minds the work you would like to do when you leave the Home of Students. You shall do that which the Council of Vocations shall prescribe to you,” as well as, “the council of vocations knows in its great wisdom where you are needed by your brother men, better than you know it in your unworthy little minds. And if you are not needed by your brother men, there is no reason for you to burden the earth with your bodies” (22). This system is most likely put in place to make sure there is not a surplus nor deficient of certain professions, as well as to make...
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...CHALLENGES OF THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL AND PROPOSE TACTICAL MEASURES TO OVERCOME THESE CRISES Introduction i) The United Nations The United Nations is an international organization instituted with a visionary goal and objective of promoting world peace, security, and cooperation under the terms of the Charter, signed by member countries. Established in 1945 by 51 founding states, the institution has its headquarters at New York City. The focal point of the organization is focus on affairs of the government, politics, and diplomacy worldwide, and encompasses economic and social development programs. Implementation of these development schemes works to improve human rights and reduce conflicts among its member counties. ii) The UN Security Council The United Nations is composed of the General Assembly (for legislation), a Security Council (for the promotion of peace), a Secretariat (administration and information) as well as the International Court of Justice (for judicial matters). Under the Charter, the Security Council has a primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression. While the UN has had its fair share of success, it has also encountered several obstacles in its path of executing peacekeeping missions. This paper investigates the challenges that the Council has stumbled upon in its mandate to maintain world...
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...CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA - FDRE TABLE OF CONTENTS Preamble Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4: Chapter 5: Chapter 6: General Provisions Fundamental Principles of the Constitution Fundamental Rights and Freedoms Part 1 Human Rights Part 2 Democratic Rights State Structure The Structure and Division of Powers The Federal Houses Part 1 The House of Peoples' Representatives Part 2 The House of the Federation The Presidence of the Republic The Executive Structure and Powers of the Courts National Policy Principles and Objectives Miscellaneous Provisions Chapter 7: Chapter 8: Chapter 9: Chapter 10: Chapter 11: i PREAMBLE We, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia: Strongly committed, in full and free exercise of our right to self-determination, to building a political community founded on the rule of law and capable of ensuring a lasting peace, guaranteeing a democratic order, and advancing our economic and social development; Firmly convinced that the fulfillment of this objective requires full respect of individual and people’s fundamental freedoms and rights, to live together on the basis of equality and without any sexual, religious or cultural discrimination; Further convinced that by continuing to live with our rich and proud cultural legacies in territories we have long inhabited, have, through continuous interaction on various levels and forms of life, built up common interest and have also contributed...
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...PUNJAB LOCAL GOVERNMENT BILL 2012 (A CRITICAL ANALYSIS) By: Amjad Nazeer RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY INSTITUTE (RDPI) & PRACTICAL ACTION (August 2012) Islamabad PUNJAB LOCAL GOVERNMENT BILL 2012 (A CRITICAL ANALYSIS) Theoretical Context: Believed to be an integral part of democratic system of governance, it is the third tier of local governance that is highly argued about and advocated in contemporary times. Closer to the people and representatives of their essential needs and aspirations, it holds tremendous potential for civic comfort, environmental peace, social justice and economic development. One can hardly find any progressive or progressing state in the world that is either not evolving or thriving with an efficient and autonomous system of devolved governance. Not interchangeable though, notions like deconcentration, devolution and delegation hinge around the modalities and practices of decentralization. Richard Bird (1994) defines decentralization as “the degree of independent decision making exercised at the local level.” In theory decentralization is sometimes classified into three forms of governance i.e. delegation, deconcentration and devolution (Cheema and Rodinelli 1983). If the dispensation of services is removed from the centre and delivered through representatives of the central government, this is termed as ‘deconcentration’ (Smith 1967), while ‘delegation’ stands for a case, where local government functions as an agent of the federal...
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...and inalienable rights, and that they are entitled to such rights without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Human rights are basic rights and freedoms that each individual human being is entitled to. Human rights assert that humans are given certain entitlements simply for being a human. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscious and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 2010). They were developed in a democratic and universal manner. Throughout the world, human rights are acknowledged in various ways, such as shared norms of human moralities, justified moral norms, natural rights, or legal rights which are enforced at either a national level or within international law. However, the concept of human rights has been a heated topic of debate, as there is no consensus as to what should or should not be considered a human right. Human rights are relatively modern, only being in force for just over 50years, however the foundation of this concept is seen in the history of philosophy and concepts of natural law, rights and liberties in classical Greece and the development of Roman Law. Human rights concepts have existed for a lot of human history; however these liberties that are known can hardly be considered human rights as such. The idea...
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...UNITED NATIONS Its goal and efforts * * * * * What are the international Organisations? International organisations ‘represent the apex of a pyramid of multilateral diplomacy. At the base of this pyramid are the issues suitable for negotiation. Above this is the process of negotiation in which states agree norms or rules, and only in certain cases does this process of negotiation create the appropriate organisation or institutions’ (Imber, 1992). One can classify these organisations into various categories concerning of their functions. Such as: a) International financial institutions b) Commodity cartels c) World trade d) Sustainable economic development e) Food security f) Human rights g) The environment h) Regional organisations i) Health j) Emergency/disaster relief k) Security These organisations can be listed as Inter-governmental and non-governmental organisation too. * Theory and International Organizations One tries to establish a theory which aims to explain international organisations. His theory bases on ‘a principal-agent (P-A) model of international organization in which groups of member governments sometimes empower their IO agents with real decision-making authority. …7 Member governments (making up the principal) hire an IO (agent) to perform some functions that will benefit the members. In this framework, member governments establish the goals that IOs will pursue and...
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... III. Diversity in EU: a weakness? 4 1. The premises: coordination between states. 4 2. The premises: The Council of Europe. 4 3. The need for a United Europe. 4 4. Which Europe? 5 IV. The European Political Community. 5 5. More info 5 V. The main theories about European construction 5 6. European Economic Community (EEC) 1958-1985 6 7. The customs union 6 8. Policy coordination & harmonization 6 9. Common policies: 3 areas. 6 10. Permanent, single institutions are created 7 11. European social policy & investments 7 12. Surveillance of EU policies 7 13. Stagnation and euro-pessimism (1973-1985) 7 14. European leaders stop using The Luxembourg compromise. 7 15. What does it show? 7 16. Single European act 8 VI. Furthering European integration 8 17. Customs union without harmonization of norms & standards 8 VII. Maastricht treaty 8 VIII. The EU 4 freedoms 9 18. Free movement of goods 9 19. Free movement of persons 9 IX. Theory and practice of integration 10 20. Political view and gradual political process 10 21. international political developments push Europeans to reinforce cooperation 10 X. The different stages of economic union 12 XI. Treaty of Nice 12 XII. The council of European Union 12 22. Responsibilities 13 XIII. European parliament 13 XIV. Council of Europe 13 XV. Decision making in the EU 18 XVII. Bibliography 19 European union The main facts about...
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