...VARIATIONS OF CHRONIC DISEASE Name: Institution: Chronic diseases all around the world have been causing lots deaths and having devastating effects on families (CDC, 2011). In this essay, I will discuss coronary heart disease symptoms, detection, prevention, causal mechanisms, treatment, and effects. I will also analyze its global variations and recommend how public health officers can be able to promote prevention and treatment measures. Coronary heart disease is a disease that develops over a long time. This disease involves accumulation or deposition of plaque in the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscles with oxygen and nourishments. The plaque hardens with time and it can burst at time and formation of a clot can occur in the artery causing more narrowing or blockage. In the long run, the accumulation leads to a decrease of the coronary artery diameter. This causes limitation of the oxygen and other nourishments supplied to the heart muscles. This weakens the heart muscles hence impairing the function of the heart resulting to angina, myocardial infarction, heart attack/heart failure and finally death (Krasner & Riegelman, 2013). A coronary heart disease has several causes or factors that are affiliated to it. These factors are classified into modifiable and non-modifiable depending on whether they can be prevented or not. Some of the modifiable factors are: smoking, high and...
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...June 18, 2015 Coronary Artery Disease Heart disease The topic I will explore is Coronary Artery Disease or Heart Disease in women. My question, what do healthcare providers need to know about heart disease in woman and how it is different from men will be discussed. Coronary Artery disease is the leading cause of death in woman and men in society. Many women’s risk factor goes unrecognized and untreated by their primary doctor (Pregler et al., 2009). According to familyDoctor.org, “American women are 4 to 6 times more likely to die of heart disease that of breast cancer” (2009). In generally men have an earlier onset of heart disease than to woman but have a higher survival rate from heart attach than do woman (Dzugan, 2005). Heart disease can take many forms. Different arteries supply different areas of the heart with oxygenated blood. If one or more of these arteries became narrowed or clogged as a result of coronary artery disease, or atherosclerosis the artery cannot fully supply the part of the heart it is responsible for. The heart is an effective pump only when good blood supply is maintained to all heart muscles. Most women are not aware that heart disease is a greater risk for them than breast or cervical cancer. My research has shown that women in general have a lack of knowledge of heart disease and its deadly risk.There is numerous risk factors that contribute to the risk to heart disease. Risk can be categorized into no modifiable risk factors like diet, high...
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...Introduction Coronary heart diseases (CHDs) are a common disease in the world. Coronary heart diseases are the most common disease in the United Kingdom. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 150,000 people were death from coronary heart disease in the United Kingdom per year (Martin et. al., 2011). The mortality rate of coronary heart disease is increased in Hong Kong. Heart disease is the third high mortality rate, special coronary heart disease (Anon, 2014d). Hypertension, diabetes and obesity are the high risk groups of coronary heart disease. Diet as a factor is affected the risk of coronary heart disease (Anon, 2014c). Coronary heart diseases are caused by fatty material, such as saturated fat and trans-fat. The fatty material is made the vessel lumen became narrow. The blood pressure of coronary vessel increased (David et. al., 2012). The aging of blood vessel is loss the elastic and became hard and thick. It is caused not enough blood supply to the heart. Omega-3 is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid. It is included alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). World Health Organization suggested that 1-2 servings of fish per week and a serving need to provide 200-500 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (Anon, 2014b). Omega-3 can control many of...
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...Coronary artery disease is usually caused by atherosclerosis. Cholesterol and other fatty substances accumulate on the inner wall of the arteries. This attracts fibrous tissue, blood components, and calcium, which harden into flow-obstructing plaques. If a blood clot suddenly forms on one of these plaques it can convert a partial obstruction to a total occlusion. When the blockage is temporary or partial, angina (chest pain or pressure) may occur. When the blockage completely and suddenly cuts off the flow of blood, the result is myocardial infarction. Congenital defects and spasms of a coronary artery may also block blood flow. There is evidence that infection from organisms such as chlamydia bacteria may be responsible for some cases of coronary artery disease. A number of major contributing factors increase...
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...Coronary Artery Disease. Coronary artery disease is the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis (sometimes called “hardening” or “clogging” of the arteries) is the buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits (called plaques) on the inner walls of the arteries. These plaques can restrict blood flow to the heart muscle by physically clogging the artery or by causing abnormal artery tone and function. Without an adequate blood supply, the heart becomes starved of oxygen and the vital nutrients it needs to work properly. This can cause chest pain called angina. If blood supply to a portion of the heart muscle is cut off entirely, or if the energy demands of the heart become much greater than its blood supply, a heart attack (injury to the heart muscle) may occur. Your coronary arteries are shaped like hollow tubes through which blood can flow freely. The muscular walls of the coronary arteries are normally smooth and elastic and are lined with a layer of cells called the endothelium. The endothelium provides a physical barrier between the blood stream and the coronary artery walls, while regulating the function of the artery by releasing chemical signals in response to various stimuli. Coronary artery disease starts when you are very young. Before your teen years, the blood vessel walls begin to show streaks of fat. As you get older, the fat builds up, causing slight injury to your blood vessel walls. Other substances traveling...
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...Competency Assessment WUT Task 1 Pamela L. Taylor RN-C(OB), BSN Western Governors University June 2016 A. Disease Process For the purpose of discussion of pathopharmacological features of a specific disease process, this paper will provide information related to heart disease in the form of coronary artery disease (CAD). A1. Pathophysiology Analysis Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of mortality worldwide and becoming a steadily more investigated problem due to its prevalence. Much research is going into genetic, inflammatory mechanisms and neuro-hormonal factors related to CVD as scientific knowledge evolves regarding complexity of this broad pathophysiology. Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of the subsection of CVD called CAD. This is a form of arteriosclerosis where there is progressive thickening and hardening of the vessel walls of the two major coronary arteries and their branches. The thickening is an accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages inside the wall of the artery leading to the formation of lesions and plaque buildup (McCance, K. & Huether, S., 2014). When the plaque develops on the coronary artery walls the pumping ability of the heart becomes impaired as oxygen and nutrients needed for heart function may be partially or completely impeded. Complete occlusion of a coronary artery or one of its branches leads to a myocardial infarction (MI) evidenced by impaired myocardial metabolism and ischemic...
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...British Journal of Nutrition (2006), 96, Suppl. 2, S61–S67 q The Authors 2006 DOI: 10.1017/BJN20061865 Nuts and coronary heart disease: an epidemiological perspective ´ John H. Kelly Jr and Joan Sabate* Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA The epidemiological evidence for the cardio-protective effect of nut consumption is presented and reviewed. Four large prospective epidemiological studies of primary prevention of coronary heart disease are reviewed and discussed (Adventist Health Study, Iowa Women’s Health Study, Nurses’ Health Study and the Physicians’ Health Study). Other studies of nuts and coronary heart disease risk are addressed. The combined evidence for a cardio-protective effect from nut consumption is summarized and presented graphically. The risk of coronary heart disease is 37 % lower for those consuming nuts more than four times per week compared to those who never or seldom consume nuts, with an average reduction of 8·3 % for each weekly serving of nuts. The evidence for a causal relationship between nut consumption and reduced risk of coronary heart disease is outlined using Hill’s criteria for causality and is found to support a causal cardio-protective relationship. Nuts: Cardiovascular: Coronary heart disease: Diabetes: Cohort studies: Causality: Hill’s criteria Nuts have constituted a part of mankind’s diet since pre-agricultural times (Eaton & Konner, 1985), providing a complex food...
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...Cardiac – Coronary Artery Disease/Acute Myocardial Infarction Topic: Cardiac – Coronary Artery Disease/Acute Myocardial Infarction 1 Cardiac – Coronary Artery Disease/Acute Myocardial Infarction Table of Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................3 Patient’s profile..............................................................................................................4 Pathophysiology...............................................................................................................................5 Clinical manifestations...................................................................................................................6 Short of breath and ‘light headed’...................................................................................................6 Nauseous and uncomfortable feeling...............................................................................................6 Crushing substernal chest pain .......................................................................................................6 Modifiable and Non-modifiable risk factors.................................................................7 Laboratory tests results and ECG findings................................................................................7 ECG (Electrocardiogram)....................................................................
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...Coronary Artery Disease The term heart disease is used to describe various types of heart conditions. Heart disease is the leading cause of deaths in the United States. It is also a leading cause in disability in the United States. More than 616,000 Americans die each year because of heart disease (National Center 2012). In 2010, all cardiovascular diseases together projected to cost $444.2 billion according to the American Heart Association (National Center 2012). In the United States, coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common heart disease. Coronary heart disease can cause heart attacks, angina, heart failure and arrhythmias (CDC 2009). The coronary arteries are the first blood vessels that branch off from the ascending aorta on the heart. They supply blood to the atria, ventricles and septum of the heart. These arteries supply oxygenated and nutrient filled blood to the heart muscle. They consist of a right and left artery that surround the heart anterior and posterior (Bailey 2012). Coronary artery disease occurs when there is a buildup of plaque in the arteries. The plaque that builds up is made up of cholesterol deposits (CDC 2009). With the buildup of the plaque, the lumen of the arteries narrows over time (CDC 2009). When this process happens, it is known as atherosclerosis (CDC 2009). Atherosclerosis is a serious condition because it can lead to angina or discomfort. The most common symptom a person can experience is chest pain or discomfort because...
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...individuals and their environments and the wider forces that shape health. However, this essay is going to focus health promotion on coronary heart disease .In this context, the role of health promotion is in the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases like coronary heart disease. Heart disease comes in many different forms. The most common type of heart disease in Britain and in other Western countries is coronary heart disease (CHD). Coronary heart disease (CHD) also known as ischaemic heart disease, is the UK's biggest killer, causing around 82,000 deaths each year. About one in five men and one in eight women die from the disease. There are an estimated number of 2.7million people living with the condition and 2million people affected by angina, the most common symptom of coronary heart disease. In 1989, 92,480 men and 76,421 women died from coronary heart disease, an average of 460 people (the coronary prevention group, 1991). Coronary heart disease (CHD) is usually caused by a build-up of fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries around the heart (coronary arteries). The fatty deposits, called atheroma, are made up of cholesterol and other waste substances. The build-up of atheroma on the walls of the coronary arteries makes the arteries narrower and restricts the flow of blood to the heart. This process is called atherosclerosis. The risk of developing atherosclerosis is significantly increased if the individual has a high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol level...
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...Clinical Assignment: Cardiovascular Risk Factors Introduction The American Heart Association has identified several risk factors that greater your chance of developing coronary heart disease and heart attack. Major risk factors are those that research has shown significantly increase the risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Risk factors are divided up into modifiable and non-modifiable as outlined below. Patient Profile My patient on 03/31/2011 was M.M., who is a 55 year old Caucasian male who presented to UMC on 03/26/2011 with a chief complaint of shortness of breath, light headed, and pain in the left ankle. I choose M.M. as he had an admitting diagnosis of COPD exacerbation, syncope, and a medical history for being hospitalized with congestive heart failure (CHF), obstructive sleep apnea and COPD, and is currently a smoker. Risk Factors Age: According to the American Heart Association (AHA), over 82% of people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 or older. Age is the most important risk factor for developing CAD in women. When compared with men, women are, on average, 10 years older when they have CAD. (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010). At older ages, women who have heart attacks are more likely than men are to die from them within a few weeks. M.M. is 55 years old, so this risk factor does not directly apply to him right now. Sex: According to the AHA, men have a greater risk of heart attack than women do, and...
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...Health Priorities Report Health Priorities Report yuliya sadaunichaya yuliya sadaunichaya Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been identified as a health priority area because it is major health and economic burden on Australia. It is one of the leading causes of sickness and death in Australia, although there are significant differences in the incidence and prevalence of the disease among population subgroups. CVD can be attributed to a number of modifiable risk factors. The nature of CVD Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to damage to, or disease of, the heart, arteries, veins and/or smaller blood vessels. The three major forms of this disease are: * Coronary heart disease – the poor supply of blood to the muscular walls of the heart by its own blood supply vessels, the coronary arteries * Stroke – the interruption of the supply of blood to the brain * Peripheral Vascular disease – diseases of the arteries, arterioles and capillaries that affect the limbs, usually reducing blood supply to the legs Cardiovascular disease is most evident as stroke, heart attack, angina, heart failure and peripheral vascular disease. Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of most of these conditions. This is the build-up of fatty and/or fibrous material on the interior walls of arteries. This build-up hinders the flow of blood to the body’s tissues and also acts to increase blood pressure. Often, the build-up occurs...
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...Heart disease is a serious problem in the United States; every 33 seconds, a person dies from Cardio Vascular Disease in the United States. It is the leading cause of death for both men and women. Every 20 seconds, one person has a heart attack in the United States. Every day, nearly 2,500 people die in the United States due to heart disease. (3,4) The heart is a vital organ, pumping blood, which carries essential oxygen and nutrients all around the body. As a powerfully active muscle, the heart needs plentiful supply of oxygen and nutrients. The heart has its own specific blood supply, the coronary arteries. There are two major coronary arteries the right and left located on the aorta. The amount of blood that flows to the heart is determined...
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...Prevention of Heart Disease : Prevention of Heart Disease What is Heart Disease? : What is Heart Disease? Heart : The most hard-working muscle of our body – pumps 4-5 litres of blood every minute during rest Supplies nutrients and oxygen rich blood to all body parts, including itself. Coronary arteries surrounding the heart keep it nourished with blood What is coronary artery disease? : What is coronary artery disease? Over time, fatty deposits called plaque build up within the artery walls. The artery becomes narrow. When this occurs in the coronary arteries, heart does not get sufficient blood, the condition is called coronary artery disease, or coronary heart disease Slide 4: Myth : fat deposits at old age! It starts from 2 years of age Are Other organs Affected? : Are other organs Affected? Brain stroke. Vascular Disease results in the stop of some organs. Coronary Heart Disease Angina MI (Heart Attack) Sudden Cardiac Death What are the symptoms of Coronary artery disease? : What are the symptoms of Coronary artery disease? No symptoms for long period Chest pain for short period on exertion also known as Angina or minor heart attack Myocardial Infarction or major heart attack-Severe chest pain, death of heart muscle, heart failure, irregular heart beats Sudden Death How Big is the Problem ? : How Big is the Problem ? No. 1 killer disease worldwide 12 Million deaths annually . Why Me ? : Why Me ? Genetic .Poor handling of fats and...
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...Cardiovascular Disease is comprised of many diseases. These include coronary heart disease, which refers to blockages of the arteries that feed the heart; peripheral artery disease, which refers to blockages of the arteries that feed the arms and legs; and carotid artery disease, which refers to blockages of the arteries that feed the brain. By feeding, I am referring to the supplying of blood to these aforementioned areas. Coronary heart disease, or coronary artery disease is the number one killer in the U.S. Over 600,000 people die yearly as a result of it; and that is only in the U.S. 7.4 million people succumb to coronary artery disease every year (World Health Organization, 2015). Coronary artery disease (CAD) costs U.S. tax payers over $100 billion dollars a year; this includes cost of medical care, medications, and loss of wages and work hours (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). CAD is not as common in third world countries. This is because the plaque that forms inside the arteries does so over many years and peoples from third world countries have shorter life spans than those in rich countries like the U.S. It is considered a chronic, or long-term, disease. Prevalence or commonness of CAD depends on many factors such as age, sex, race or ethnicity, and lifestyle and/or education. It is more common in persons aged 65 or older, but is not specific to that age group. CAD has been found to start as early as age two. It is more common in men than...
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