...Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Introduction Displaced people fall on new life struggle by losing their social capital and network due to river bank erosion (Field observation). For this reason, in this study, the research problem was loss of social capital, network and role of safety net of the displaced people by River Bank Erosion (RBE). The main objective of this study was to measure the loss of social capital including network due to RBE, to explore the changing situation (social, economic and political) that displaced people face due to loss of social capital including network by RBE, to discover how do displaced people create new social capital including network and to assess the role of safety net to meet present crisis. In the context of socio-economic, geographical and ecological condition, the social capital including network and safety net is more important tool to meet any natural crisis. In this study village, the displaced people lost their material object as well as social capital and network. That’s why this study has focused on social capital including network and safety net programs in the context of river bank erosion. In this research problem, the word social capital has been considered as relationships, connections, links, and affiliations among displaced people and network has been referred as an informal relationship among persons, individuals and groups and safety net has been referred as the roles/programs of government and non government organizations...
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...Introduction The river jamuna enters in bangladesh at nageshwari upazila of Kurigram district in the name of Brahmaputra. The average width of the of the river within bangladesh is 11.8 km. Bangladesh is a land of many rivers, and heavy monsoon rains. Therefore, the country is subject to inundation by overflow from the riverbanks due to d r a i n a g e cong e s t i o n ,rain fall run-off, and storm-tidal surges. Some 30to 35 per cent of the total land surface is flooded every year during the wet monsoon . These normal floods are considered a blessing for Bangladesh-providing vital moisture and fertility to the soil through the alluvial silt deposition. Only abnormal floods are considered disastrous, i.e., the high-magnitude events that inundate large areas, and cause widespread damage to crops and properties. During the peak flow season (July, August and September), most of the rivers overflow their banks, and deposit silt on the flood plains providing vital moisture and fertility to the soil. Thus, the normal floods are considered a blessing for Bangladesh. Only abnormal floods are considered disastrous, i.e., the high-magnitude events that inundate large areas. Causes of Devastating Floods · Excessive rainfall in the catchment area · Synchronization of the peak water levels of all the major rivers of Bangladesh. · Sometimes solar eclipse retards the outflow of water drainage by raising the tidal level. · Earthquakes cause tectonic anomaly in the Himalayan region and...
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...We carried out our investigation on the River Harbourne in the south west of England in the county of Devon. The river is approximately 18km long which runs south easterly. It is situated amongst a rural catchment area with small settlements. Our investigation was looking into the downstream changes of the River Harbourne. Investigating how the width of the channel will increase we will use linear and stratified sampling. To collect this data, we used a tape measure to show the change in lateral erosion and how increasing lateral erosion is due to a decreasing gradient which therefore makes the sediment and river flow cut into the river side's widening the river. We measured this data in metres. We measured, using the tape measure, across the surface of the river from bank to bank. We found that this chosen method was simple to use and, the data we collected from it was easy to record. Although this proved to provide us with the width data, we found that the tape measure results could not be deemed as accurate as it had many limitations; the tape measure was not always torte therefore, not providing us with reliable data. Further, we did not always take the measurements exactly from bank to bank providing us with unreliable data. Lastly, we found that external disturbances, such as people measuring knocking into it disrupted readings and therefore again providing us with unreliable data. Although, we did try to ensure that we had some data accuracy and reliability by having...
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...could also be defined as condition of overflowing rivers or water, especially over land not usually submerged. In other words flood is said to have occurred when there is excess water surpassing the limits of it confines. In Ghana flood is one of the most devastating natural disasters which impact negatively on the life and properties of people. For example property worth 265,186,423 million cedis was destroyed according to government authorities. Nationwide NADMO indicates that 19,755 people are affected of which 6,586 are children. Health authorities confirmed 16 deaths,7 in Accra,3 in Kumasi,2 in Takoradi and 1 in Cape Coast and two others.-16th July ,2009,(DREF OPERATION NO.mdrghoo2 Glide no. FL-2009-000132-GHA. 16 July, 2009) CAUSES OF FLOOD There are two main causes of flood. These are The natural causes and the human causes. NATURAL CAUSES OF FLOOD A) High rainfall. Heavy rains raise the water level. When the water level gets higher than the river bank or the dams, the water forces its way out from the river often leading to a condition of flooding. b) Snow melt. The alarming effect of global warming is leading to increase in temperature higher than the temperature of many years ago. The ice caps melt in spring, therefore these water find its way into the sea. As a result of this, the sea level is raised leading to flooding. 3) Relief. Flooding often occurs in the lowland. This is because rivers flow more slowly in the low-lying areas. If the water...
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...The worst affected areas were those along the banks of the Burnett River and the Fitzroy River. The areas around the Fitzroy River flooded and forced a thousand people out of their homes in Theodore. A series of floods hit Queensland, Australia, beginning in December 2010. The floods forced the evacuation of thousands of people from towns and cities. At least 70 towns and over 200,000 people were affected. Damage initially was estimated at around $1 billion before it was raised to $2.38 billion. Queensland is a state located in the northeastern part of Australia. Queensland’s devastating floods are the result of heavy rains caused by two normally unconnected weather phenomena La Niña, a periodic interaction between the Pacific Ocean and the Earth’s atmosphere to the east of Australia. An unexpected flash flood caused by a thunder storm raced through Toowoomba's central business district. Water from the same storm devastated communities in the Lockyer Valley. A few days later thousands of houses in Ipswich and Brisbane were inundated as the Brisbane River rose and Wivenhoe Dam used a considerable proportion of its flood mitigation capacity. A flash flood occurs when heavy rain falls onto waterlogged ground. Rain cannot soak in because tarmac and concrete surfaces are impermeable rocks, this means that they will not allow water to pass through so it runs down into the river. The river rises dramatically and bursts its banks, flooding valley floor. To prevent a flood...
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...should we think of water as a limited supply? Our entire planet is covered with 75 percent water. It is implausible to believe that countries would go to war over water as they have for oil. Due to rapid economic growth, China is increasingly becoming a water stressed country as it faces two major problems with its water resource management: water pollution and water shortage. The water crises needs to be examined in finite terms as its quantity and quality continues to have a strangle hold on China. “China’s economic boom has, in a ruthless symmetry, fueled an equal and opposite environmental collapse. In its race to become the world’s next superpower, China is not only draining its rivers and aquifers with abandon; it is also polluting what’s left so irreversibly that the World Bank warns of catastrophic consequences for future generations.” (Larmer 2008, 153) Rapid economic growth and along with an increase in population is fueling environmental degradation and is becoming increasingly detrimental to its current and future economic growth in China. The gap between economic growth and environmental degradation is widening as water scarcity becomes a serious threat to China’s sustained economic growth. As the population increases the demand for water will also increase, therefore the government will have to make tough political and economic choices as its citizens, farmers and industries compete for China’s limited water supply. This tug of war has posed...
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...of the river. 3. To investigate the impact of humans downstream. methodology On this field trip we went to Wag Water River. We use material such as rulers, stop watch, sketches and description of sites was made; method of observation was used to see how humans use the river for various reasons. Along the river channel group of student did the following at different points; Velocity: we measure the velocity of the river atleast three times to get an accurate measurement, we calculate the average. The velocity of the river was measured with a half filled bottle of water placed in the water at a given distance of 30m for some seconds (velocity=distance/time (seconds).The stream was also measured before and after tributary to show effect of tributaries, and deposit load which affects flow of the river stream and this was calculated by (cross section x velocity), then we compare the stream discharge at different sites and accounted for the differences. After we did that we also measured the depth of the river, we used the meter rule for this measurement, for every meter we measured the depth then we find the average. Rock samples were also taken to classified as: very angular, angular, sub-angular, sub- rounded, rounded and well-rounded and measured with a meter. Hence fort the student identifies bed loading at the three different across the width of the channel (atleast fifteen for each stop). WHEN: November 29, 2012 Where: We went to Golden spring, Toms River and Board...
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...look at the history of past great human societies trials and tribulations. For example, take a look a look at the history of Egypt and the Nile Valley civilizations. According to our course readings, Keita (2007) feels these ancient civilizations “were defined by the rich alluvial soils that annual floods deposited along the Nile banks and in the delta and the flood plains”. These annual floods gave rise to the development of these early civilizations by cultivating ingenuity, such as a rudimentary calendar, in which these civilizations could plan their years around cultivating the rich fertile land, and in turn, produced goods for these societies to make use of. This lead to the immigration of other societies to the area in order to flourish. With these immigrants came the process of diffusion. According to a PowerPoint created by our readings, diffusion can be defined as a geographic way of describing the way things spread [ (R. Whiting, 2014) ]. As course mentor Robert Whiting, of General Education Social Science states in his PowerPoint presentation, almost anything people think, make, or do can be diffused to another society and that people often change or adapt things to their own situations [ (R. Whiting, 2014) ]. Diffusion works off of a three step process that includes the origin, the transmission, and lastly, the replication. A perfect example of this would be the diffusion of the chariot from the Hyksos invasion into Egypt during the 18th century. As stated earlier...
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...live in the creek by getting rid of the oxygen they need and by killing the plants which the organisms might use for their habitats. These chemicals can come from industries which humans build along rivers because rivers make it easy to transport goods. Another human activity which can affect water quality is mowing the grass and plants by river or creek banks. Mowing can cause the banks of the creeks to erode which might cause the river banks to collapse. This can again, affect the organisms, water flow patterns and plant life in the creek, which will then affect the water quality too. Fertilizer is a big chemical which...
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...1600 basicwords Upper about 2200 basicwords Answer keys Answer keys for the Exercises section can be found at www.macmillanenglish.com Introduction 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 History of London Placesto Visit Tiavelling in London Shopping London ar Night Information and Advice ) 1t 22 25 28 34 Exercises 36 Introduction London is the biggestcity in Britain. Over seven million History of London people live and work in London. London is also one of the most important cities in the world. It is a centre for businessand tounsm. There are many exciting things to do in London. The city has got some of the best theatres and museums in the world. There are a lot of places to go at night. It is a fun city! This book begins with a brief history of London. Then we will look at things you can see and do in London today. The Romans The Romanscame to Britain in AD 43. They built a t o wn o n t h e Riv e r T h a m e s . T h e v c a l l e d t h e t o w n Londinium. Soon, they built a bridge over the river. Londinium grew bigger. Ships came to the town from all over Europe. The Romans built roads from Londinium to other p a rt s o f B...
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...Ancient Civilizations The first civilizations in history were developed in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Hurrapan and China some 5,000 years ago. All receive the name of river civilizations because they were developed on the banks of major rivers: the Tigris and the Euphrates in Mesopotamia; the Nile in Egypt; the Indus in the Hurrapan civilization; and the Yellow River in China. The banks of these rivers were occupied lands very fertile and easy to water, causing a great development of agriculture. The economic growth produced major changes; the population increased and the small villages grew into large cities with many thousands of inhabitants. A civilization is a complex culture in which a large number of people share several common elements. Historians have identified some basic features of the civilization, most of which is obvious in the civilizations of Mesopotamia, Hurrapan, China and Egypt. These include: (1) Urban revolution; the cities become the principal points of the political, financial, social, cultural and religious development. (2) Religious structure characteristic; the gods are considered crucial to the success of the community, and professional religious classes; as administrators of the property of the gods and they regulate relations with the gods. (3) New political structures and military; arises an organized government bureaucracy to meet the administrative demands of the growing population, while armies are organized to acquire domains and power. (4) A...
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...of Water and Irrigation .....................5 2.1.2 Flood Related Legislative Arrangement ............................................................ 5 2.1.3 Disaster Management......................................................................................6 2.2 History of floods in Kenya ....................................................................................... 6 2.3 Location: Areas affected by floods .......................................................................... 7 2.4 General Characteristics of floods ............................................................................. 9 2.5 Factors contributing to vulnerability to floods and causing flood disasters in Kenya10 2.6 Flood Situation in the River Basins...
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...hazards is unequal with greatest loss of life and property in the developing part of the world. This is not because of greater hazard frequency but simply because of greater vulnerability. Therefore, the people in the developing countries are at high risk than those of developed countries. Combining the risk factor the natural hazard can be defined as the probability of a change in the natural environment of a given magnitude occurring within specified time period in a given area while the associated risk is the consequent damage or loss of life, property and services. The frequency of major hazard appears to have increased since 1960 and the number of people killed each year has decreased at a rate of about 6% and the loss or property has also decreased steadily. This has taken place owing to increased awareness and better hazard management. The increase in the frequency of hazard can be assigned to such factors as better global news coverage, increasing population, increasing urbanization and increasing natural degradation. Natural hazards are now being considered as of global importance and global efforts are being made to mitigate them. Major Hydrological & Atmospheric disaster in Bangladesh over 200 years The geographical location, land characteristics, multiplicity of rivers and the monsoon climate render Bangladesh highly vulnerable to...
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...Great Flood Everyone has a place where they grew up, where they spent most of their life. Most people call it their hometown. Specifically, the hometown I’m talking about is Fulton, Illinois. Every hometown has a different story of how the town got to where it is today because every town started somewhere. This town started like any normal town, but flooding nearly destroyed it. Families were broken up and separated by the flooding. This brought the town together to build a stronger foundation. A “mountain” had to be built to stop flooding from occurring again. A flood can truly bring out a town’s heritage. This story depicts a series of pictures of what a few struggles can really do to a town and bring out the best from it. Looking at the first photograph, the audience gets a sense that it’s a body of water. This river is the Mississippi River and it separates Illinois and Iowa. Another name for the river is the Big Muddy. It is the largest river in North America. It flows from Minnesota all the way to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi is 2,340 miles from top to the bottom and is truly one of the nation’s most important assets ("Fun Facts - Experience Mississippi River."). It is a dominant feature in the Midwest. It has the fourth largest drainage watershed in the world. The river has a long history as well, and it has touched the lives of many people. The Mississippi River has many uses and purposes like boating and tubing as well as industrial reasons such as, carrying...
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...the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping, located in Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei province, China. The Three Gorges Dam is the world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity it can create up to 22,500 MW enough to power New York for 10 years. In 2012, the amount of electricity the dam generated was similar to the amount generated by the Itaipu Dam. This is the world’s largest dam as is located in Portugal. The dam as well as producing electricity protects 15 million people and 1.5 million acres of farmland in areas of the Yangtze River that are vulnerable to flooding. In order to do this, the water height of the reservoir upstream from the dam will change according to season. During the dry season, from November to April, the water level will be allowed to reach 185 meters above sea level, but during the flooding months, the water level will be reduced to 135 meters in order to attempt to contain flood waters. This is a great social, environmental and economic advantage of the dam because it stops major flooding that can kill millions it also protects 1.5 million acres of farm land and it doesn’t cost the government billions of pounds to repair damage to homes and farms. However for every reaction there is always an opposite and equal reaction and as such there were inevitable disadvantages of building the dam. For one The Three Gorges Project has a great influence on the environment and ecology of the reservoir area and the Yangtze River. The biggest...
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