...Harappan Civilization (also known as Indus Valley Civilization) Submitted By: Sharad Thakran 1919 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Discovery and history of excavation 3. Chronology 4. Geography 5. Early Harappan 6. Mature Harappan a. Cities b. Authority and governance c. Technology d. Arts and crafts e. Trade and transportation f. Subsistence g. Writing system h. Religion 7. Collapse and Late Harappan 8. Legacy 9. Historical context and linguistic affiliation Introduction The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India (see map). Along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia it was one of three early civilizations of the Old World, and of the three the most widespread. It flourished in the basins of the Indus River, one of the major rivers of Asia, and the Ghaggar-Hakra River, which once coursed through northwest India and eastern Pakistan. At its peak, the Indus Civilization may have had a population of over five million. Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley developed new techniques in handicraft (carnelian products, seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze, lead, and tin). The Indus cities are noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large...
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...Proceedings of the National Seminar on River Valley Civilization of Chhatisgarh & New Research in Indian Archaeology.Raipur,C.G. p.227 to 244 CULTURAL ASPECTS OF THE TRIBAL ART IN CENTRAL INDIA: A CASE OF THE BODY DECORATION OF THE BAIGA TRIBE Dr. Basanta Kumar Mohanta1 Dr. Mohan Lal Chadhar2 Abstract The tribal arts, crafts and architectures are one of the most fascinating parts of their culture. The knowledge of this art is a hereditary one which transmits from generation to generation through oral tradition. The art of tattooing or body decoration is widely found among the tribal of India in general and the tribals of Central India in particular, which is treated as an integral part of their life and culture. Baiga is one of the Particularly Venerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) of Central India, known for their traditional method of treatment and shifting cultivation. They live in a particular forested area of Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh, identified as “Baigachawk” and its neighbouring area. Both the male and female Baigas are very fond of body decoration. Besides, the female members like to decorate their body with different kinds of tattoos, known as Godna. Each of these tattoos has a specific cultural significance and tattooed at a particular age and a specific location of the body. It is related to their religion, belief system, health care practice, body decoration, social status, wealth etc. In this present paper an emphasis has been given on the importance...
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...1)What does the study of humanities involve? What is the relevance of humanities in architecture? 1.The study of humanities involves academic disciplines that study human culture and history. The humanities include ancient and modern languages ,literature, philosophy, religion, and visual and performing arts such as music and theatre. We learn about distant cultures or past cultures. Through the exploration of humanities we learn how to think creatively and critically to reason and ask questions. These efforts preserve the great accomplishments of the past help us understand the world we live in and give us tools to imagine the future. 2.What are the broad divisions of human history? Write a brief on each. Prehistory (meaning "before history", or "before knowledge acquired by investigation", from the Latin word for "before," præ, and historia) is the span of time before recorded history or the invention of writing systems. Prehistory refers to the period of human existence before the availability of those written records with which recorded history begins. More broadly, it can refer to all the time preceding human existence and the invention. The term "prehistory" can refer to the vast span of time since the beginning of the Universe, but more often it refers to the period since life appeared on Earth, or even more specifically to the time since human-like beings appeared.[4][5] In dividing up human prehistory, prehistorians typically use the three-age system, whereas scholars...
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...Water drainage techniques, materials, processes and maintenance (Name of Student) (Name of Institution) Water drainage techniques, materials, processes and maintenance Under ordinary conditions rain water seeps into the ground and forms underground water. Most of the water that falls as rain soaks into the ground or gets carried away by rivers. But in urban areas, the built environment alters the natural drainage of water, with hard surfaces increasing both the rate and amount of rainwater that turns into run-off. And it has to go somewhere. Traditional piped ‘drains’ have a limited capacity to cope with the high levels of surface water generated by extreme rainfall events. And, when the capacity of one or more parts of the drainage system is exceeded, the worst happens. For example, in the floods of June 2007, extreme rainfall in the Midlands and the north of England led to large-scale urban flooding, with over 55,000 properties affected: two thirds of these were from surface water run-off overloading drainage systems. In addition to flood risk, large amounts of surface water run-off can cause water quality problems. As water runs over hard urban surfaces, it picks up pollutants that are washed into water courses. For example, run-off from roads contains heavy metals and hydrocarbons which can seriously impact on water quality. A well planned drainage infrastructure helps to manage water run-off by preventing domestic...
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...Kent Weeks, along with other Egyptologists, leads viewers into ancient temples and tombs—including the resting place of Pharaoh Ramesses II’s lost children—some recorded on film for the first time. Epic in scope, Egypt Beyond the Pyramids demonstrates that as archaeologists uncover more about the past, their discoveries yield more questions than answers. Curriculum Links Egypt Beyond the Pyramids is appropriate for middle and high school classes in world history, ancient history, and art history. National History Standards Egypt Beyond the Pyramids fulfills the following National Standards for History: Historical Thinking 1 (Chronological Thinking), 2 (Historical Comprehension), 3 (Historical Analysis and Interpretation), 4 (Historical Research Capabilities), World History, Era 2. EGYPT BEYOND THE PYRAMIDS THE HISTORY CHANNEL CLASSROOM PRESENTS EGYPT HOUR 1: MANSIONS OF THE SPIRITS Egypt Beyond the Pyramids: Mansions of the Spirits takes the viewer on an exploration of the magnificent temple of Karnak, home to the Egyptian god Amun; the wonderfully preserved temple of Seti I, dedicated to the cult of Osiris; and the colossal mortuary temples of Queen Hatshepsut and the Ramesseum. The New Kingdom temples originally functioned as the dwelling places of the ancient...
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...South America GEA1000 Josslen Leonard South America GEA1000 Josslen Leonard...
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...COR 130 Individual Research Paper The Aztecs and the role of Human Sacrifice The Aztec was a culture that dominated the Valley of Mexico in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. All the Nahua-speaking peoples in the Valley of Mexico were Aztecs, while the culture that dominated the area was Tenochca. At the time of the European conquest, they called themselves either "Tenochca" or "Toltec," which was the name assumed by the bearers of the Classic Mesoamerican culture, stated in Manuel Aguilar-Moreno’s book, Handbook to Life in the Aztec World. Sadly, many of the Aztec didn't survive after the arrival of the Europeans. But during the earlier years, the Aztec became one of the most advanced civilizations because of their religion, war, and agriculture. The Aztecs gained an infamous reputation for their bloodthirsty human sacrifices with explicit tales of the beating heart being ripped from the still-conscious victims, decapitation, skinning and dismemberment. All of these things did happen but it is important to remember that for the Aztecs the act of sacrifice was a strictly ritualized process that gave the highest possible honor to the gods and was regarded as a necessity to ensure mankind’s continued prosperity. The Aztecs were not the first civilization in Mesoamerica to practice human sacrifice; human sacrifice was practiced to some extent by many peoples in Mesoamerica and around the world for many centuries. But it was the Aztec empire that really took the ritual...
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...HIST Y AN PHILO PHY TORY ND P OSOP Y OF S ENCE SCIE E COMM MON CO OURSE IN ENG E GLISH BBA (I Seme A ester) BA/BS (IV Se Sc emester) 2011 A dmission onwards o UNIV VERSI ITY OF CAL F LICUT SC CHOOL OF DI L ISTANC EDU CE UCATIO ON Calicut Universi P.O. M ity Malappur ram, Kera India 673 635 ala, a 106 School of Distance Education UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION BBA (I Semester) BA/BSc (IV Semester) Common Course in English 2011 Admission onwards HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE MODULE I & II Prepared by : House No. 21 “Pranaam” Keltron Nagar, Kolazhi, Thrissur Ms. GAYATHRI MENON .K MODULE III & IV Prepared by: Ms. SWAPNA M.S. Department of English K. K. T. M. Govt. College Pullut, Thrissur Dr. Anitha Ramesh K Associate Professor Department of English ZG College, Calicut © Reserved 2 Scrutinised by : Layout: Computer Section, SDE History and Philosophy of Science School of Distance Education Contents MODULE I ANCIENT HISTORY OF SCIENCE 1. Introduction 2. Origins of Scientific Enquiry 3. European Origins of Science 4. Contributions of Early India 5. Science in China 6. The role of Arabs in the History of Science MODULE 2 7. Science in the Middle Ages MODULE 3 MODERN SCIENCE 8. Newton and After 9. The Advancing Frontiers: Modern Medicine to Nanotechnology MODULE 4 PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 10. Basic concepts in the Philosophy of Science 11. Some Issues in the Philosophy...
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...UNIT I DEFORESTATION CHAPTER 1 What is deforestation? Deforestation is the removal or damage of vegetation in a forest to the extent that it no longer supports its natural flora and fauna. In other words, deforestation can be defined as the transformation of forest land to non-forest uses where forest land includes lands under agro-forestry and shifting cultivation, and not simply closed canopy primary forests (FAO/UNEP, 1982). However, this definition does not include “logging”. More inclusive was Myers’s 1980 definition, where deforestation refers, “generally to the complete destruction of forest cover through clearing for agriculture … [so] … that not a tree remains, and the land is given over to non-forest purposes … [and where] very heavy and unduly negligent logging … [result in a] … decline of biomass and depletion of ecosystem services … . So severe that the residual forest can no longer qualify as forest in any practical sense of the world.” Alan Graigner (1980, AS quoted in Saxena and Nautiyal, 1997) asserts that selective logging does not “lead to forest clearance and does not constitute deforestation”, whereas Norman Myers (1980, 1993) thinks that logging is crucial because, although it may only affect a small proportion of trees per hectare, it damages wide areas and is the precursor of penetration by the forest farmers. For the purpose of this study, the FAO’s latest definitions (1993) will be used. The FAO defines forests as “ecosystems with a minimum...
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...and, since his time, most learned philological opinion has accepted that, in terms of language classifications, the common source of these tongues was what is now called proto-Indo-European. Its geographical focus was presumed to be the area around the Caspian Sea. It is also generally accepted that the eastern branch of the Indo-European family of languages is known as the Indo-Iranian whose first speakers called themselves Aryans. Whether the Aryans, speaking some variety of Indo-European languages, invaded or migrated into Iran and India from their original trans-Caspian homeland or had actually originated in India and moved outwards to Iran and lands further west is a subject of continuing controversy.[iii] The purpose of this paper is three-fold: firstly, to provide a background to the historical Aryans by summarizing the main conclusions of philological scholarship on their role in Indo-Iranian history in general; secondly, to examine how the Aryans became both...
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...Islamic Impact on City/Town Planning Course : Muslim Heritage and its Global Impact (Spring 2013) sec. 02 Date : 3/19/2013 Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE CITY 2.1. PRE-ISLAMIC PRECEDENTS 2.2. FORMATION OF URBAN MODELS 3. DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF THE ISLAMIC CITY 3.1. NATURAL LAWS 3.2. RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL BELIEFS 3.3. DESIGN PRINCIPLES STEMMED FROM SHARIAH LAW 3.4. SOCIAL PRINCIPLES 4. MORPHOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF THE ISLAMIC CITY 4.1. THE MAIN MOSQUE 4.2. SUQS 4.3. RESIDENTIAL QUARTERS -COURTYARDS 4.4. STREET NETWORK 4.5. WALL 4.6. EXTERIOR 4.7. ELEMENTS ABOVE THE STREET. 4.8. ISLAMIC EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR DECORATION 4.9. THE WAQF 4.10. WATER SYSTEMS 4.11. SERIAL AND CONTINUOUS SHAPES OF WATER 4.12. POLAR AND CLOSED WATER SHAPES 5. CONCLUSION 6. REFERENCES 3 4 4 4 6 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 14 15 18 19 20 |Page2 1. Introduction Man is a natural planner and all through history has planned for his own changing needs and for the needs of those around him. His towns and cities have been subject to continual 'progress' and 'modernization', evolving, adapting and assimilating new ideas and technologies. The changes came about through additions, alterations and adjustments to what was there before and in a way that continued to allow each place its own expression of culture and society. The infinite variety and diversity of mankind is identified by cultural preferences, modes of social behavior and interaction, rationale, intellect, beliefs, history...
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...excluding fuels (8.0%), food and live animals (5.0%). Imports: $55.4 billion (2009): food, medicine, manufactures. Major trading partners: U.S., Spain, Italy, Canada, Syria, Turkey, Jordan (2006). Communications: Telephones: main lines in use: 1.547 million (2005); mobile cellular: 10.9 million (2007). Radio broadcast stations: after 17 months of unregulated media growth, there are approximately 80 radio stations on the air inside Iraq (2004). Television broadcast stations: 21 (2004). Internet hosts: 3 Internet users: 36,000 (2007). Transportation: Railways: total: 2,272 km (2006). Highways: total: 45,550 km; paved: 38,399 km; unpaved: 7,151 km (1999). Waterways: 5,279 km (not all navigable); note: Euphrates River (2,815 km), Tigris River (1,895 km), and Third River (565 km) are principal waterways (2006). Ports and...
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...1967/OCCUPATION THE ARABS, TERRORISM & SECURITY: “NO SOLUTION” THE WALL/FENCE/BARRIER DELEGITIMIZING THE STATEHOOD DECLARATION BY PALESTINE THE IMPACT OF SCARCE WATER RESOURCES ON THE ARAB-ISRAEL CONFLICT CAMP DAVID FAILURE THE ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT IS CENTRAL TO THE MILITANTS’ CAUSE Abstract The notion of this research essay is to discuss the causes of the Israel-Palestine war. The first priority of the paper is to address the war in detail by describing the war. Another perspective that the essay will take in answering the causes of the Israel-Palestine war is to address the period of the war and how it emerged. The Israel-Palestine war is also denounced as the primary consequence that has formed the Israel-Arab war. The nature of the war is somehow a contagious form of war as it is fundamental in the creation of the upheaval of the Arab states conflict. The essay will also discuss the causes in the different sequence. This will be done by stating which cause took place before the following cause emerged. The principal ideology of the essay is to come to a founding cause that resulted to the war preceding other causes. Therefore the research paper will discuss the causes of the Israel conflict with the aim of establishing the causes that formed the Israel-Palestine war. The emergence of the Israel-Palestine war started when the Israel Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel on 14 May 1948, when the Arab League decided to intervene on behalf of Palestinian...
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...CHAPTER 1 | TOURISM | 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM Since the beginning of the time people have travelled In the early periods, people used to travel for food, water and safety or acquisition of resources (trade). But in the recent times, the word travel is also associated with pleasure or exploration. Now, Tourism is the business of providing travel, accommodation, food, entertainment to the people who are travelling for the purpose of either recreation and leisure or business. Tourism may be expressed as the processes, activities, and outcomes arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments, host communities, and surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and hosting of visitors. Hence, tourism is the movement of people (tourists) to a destination outside of place, where they normally live and work. Tourism is not only restricted to people (tourists) but it is also the movement of activities of the providers. For example, the services provided during the course of travel. Tourism is about involving people and knowing them better. It is not a short term process of but a long term relationship between the consumer (tourists) and provider of Tourism Service. Tourism is the collection of activities, services and industries that delivers a travel experience including transportation, accommodations, eating and drinking establishments, retail shops, entertainment businesses, activity facilities...
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...History of Thailand From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | | | | | | | | | | Thai people who originally lived in southwestern China migrated into mainland Southeast Asia over a period of many centuries. The oldest known mention of their existence in the region by the exonym Siamese is in a 12th-century A.D. inscription at the Khmer temple complex of Angkor Wat in Cambodia, which refers to syam, or "dark brown", people.[1] It was believed that Siam derived from the Sanskrit word syam, or "brown race", with a contemptuous signification. Sien in Chinese writings is the name for the northern kingdom that centered around Sukhothai and Sawankalok; but to the Siamese themselves, the name of the country has always been Mueang Thai.[2] The country's designation as Siam by Westerners likely came from the Portuguese, the first Europeans to give a coherent account of the country. Portuguese chronicles noted that the king of Sukhothai had sent an expedition to Malacca at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula in 1455. Following their conquest of Malacca in 1511, the Portuguese sent a diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya. A century later, on 15 August 1612, The Globe, an East India Company merchantman bearing a letter from King James I, arrived in "the Road of Syam".[3] "By the end of the 19th century, Siam had become so enshrined in geographical nomenclature that it was believed that by this name and no other would it continue to be known and styled."[4] Indianized...
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