...Diagnostic Kits, United States of America, 2014) The Role of DNA and RNA in the transmission of information within the cell Kristie French, BS, RN, PCCN Morganfield— Kentucky T: 270-952-5228 DD: 812-485-4649 E: kfrenc3@wgu.edu Summary This report has been prepared to discuss the role of DNA and RNA in the transmission of genetic information within the cell. The report is broken down into four sections in order to illustrate this information. Section 1 discusses and illustrates DNA replication at the biochemical level. This section includes a diagram that with representation of the components involved. Section 2 discusses and illustrates the role of the enzyme Ligase in the replication of DNA. Section 3 illustrates and discusses the role of mRNA in transcription and translation. Finally, Section 4 discussed the effects of RNA polymerase inhibition related to the poisonous effects of the death cap mushroom. Contents Summary 2 DNA Replication at the Molecular Level 4 Diagram 1: Process of DNA Replication at the biochemical level 4 Components of DNA Replication 4 The function of enzymes in DNA Replication 4 Enzymes involved in DNA Replication 4 The role of the ligase enzyme in the replication of DNA 5 Diagram 2: The role of the ligase enzyme in the replication of DNA 5 Components involved 5 The role of mRNA in transcription and translation 6 Diagram 3: The role of mRNA in transcription and translation 6 Components...
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...Action of enzymes as catalysts in biochemical processes * Enzymes acts as catalyst and increase the rate of all the chemical reactions. * Enzymes are also described by two properties like all other catalysts. It composed of two main functions. * The first function is that, they increase the rate of chemical reactions by without consumed themselves or undergo any change or alteration in the reaction. . ( Zemitec et,al 2008). * The second function is, they increase reaction rates without changing the chemical equilibrium between the reactants and products. ( Bhagavan et,al 2006). * The reaction between two substrates are catalyzed by enzymes. The enzyme brings a template upon which the two substrates are combined together in the proper position and make them to react each other. Deficiency in aldolase B and hereditary fructose intolerance * Hereditary fructose intolerance is a condition I which affects a humans ability to digest the fructose sugar. The incidence of hereditary fructose intolerance is 1to 2 in 20000 to 30000 individuals in a year worldwide. .( John .R.H 1996) * Hereditary fructose intolerance can be caused by mutations in the ALDOB gene. The ALDOB gene is responsible for making the aldolase B enzyme. The aldolase B enzyme is primarily seen in the Liver. This helps for the fructose metabolism. This enzyme is responsible for the further step in the metabolism of fructose, which breaks down the molecule fructose-1-phosphate into other...
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...may take hours rather than Potassium (K) increases Enzyme Activation minutes and is incomplete. crop yield and improves Enzymes serve as cataAs a result, plants with an quality. It is required for lysts for chemical reactions, insufficient supply of K are numerous plant growth being utilized but not conmuch more susceptible to processes. sumed in the process. They water stress. bring together other molecules in such a way Accumulation of K in plant roots prothat the chemical reaction can take place. duces a gradient of osmotic pressure that Potassium “activates” at least 60 different draws water into the roots. Plants deficient in enzymes involved in plant growth. The K K are thus less able to absorb water and are changes the physical shape of the enzyme more subject to stress when water is in short molecule, exposing the appropriate chemical- supply. ly active sites for reaction. Potassium also neutralizes various organic anions and other Photosynthesis compounds within the plant, helping to stabiThe role of K in photosynthesis is comlize pH between 7 and 8...optimum for most plex. The activation of enzymes by K and its enzyme reactions. involvement in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The amount of K present in the cell deter- production is probably more important in regmines how many of the enzymes can be acti- ulating the rate of photosynthesis than is the vated and the rates at which chemical reac- role of K in stomatal activity. When the sun’s energy is...
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...transport in blood * Immunoglobulins – involved in immune system responses Fibrous proteins is a protein with an elongated shape. Fibrous proteins provide structural support for cells and tissues. There are special types of helices present in two fibrous proteins α-keratin and collagen. These proteins form long fibers that serve a structural role in the human body. Fibrous proteins are distinguished from globular proteins by their filamentous, elongated form. Also, fibrous proteins have low solubility in water compared with high solubility in water of globular proteins. Most of them play structural roles in animal cells and tissues, holding things together. Fibrous proteins have amino acid sequences that favour a particular kind of secondary structure which, in turn, confer particular mechanical properties on the proteins. Examples: * Keratins – found in wool, feathers, hooves, silk, and fingernails * Collagens – found in tendons, bone, and other connective tissue * Elastins – found in blood vessels and ligaments * Myosins – found in muscle tissue * Fibrin – found in blood clots Enzymes * Enzymes serve a wide variety of functions inside living organisms. They are...
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...The Role of DNA and RNA Transmission of information within the Cell GRT1 Introduction DNA and RNA play a significant role in cell growth through the necessitation of the cell replication processes. DNA is tasked with the responsibility of holding the code that constitutes an organism. Similarly, RNA is responsible for the execution of the gene code written in the DNA code. Additionally, it is responsible for the ultimate proliferation of the original DNA code. In a broad view, DNA is made up of a sequence of nucleotides that shape up to form a double helix. Through transcription, the sequence of the DNA is transferred into mRNA by the aid of enzymes. The message encoded in the mRNA is then translated into a sequence of amino acids then into proteins by ribosomes. Generally, DNA is responsible for storing gene information while RNA is tasked with the responsibility of turning the information into a functional form (Omoto & Lurquin, 2004). A. DNA replication at biochemical level DNA replication is imperative for the growth of organisms through cell division. The process involves the division of two strands in the genome where a replica of genetic information is carried. The two strands of the DNA are first separated into two strands from which complimentary strands are generated. Each strand of the of the original DNA molecule befalls a template for new molecules (Hall, 2011). Two major enzymes are responsible for this process; DNA polymerase III and RNA...
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.... Peroxidase (PO) Peroxidases is a multipurpose stress sensitive enzyme (Thakker et al., 2013) that catalyses the oxidation of variety of substrates, mainly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The H2O2-dependent reaction catalyzed by Peroxidases results into the condensation of phenolics to lignins (Thakker et al., 2013), thereby removing the toxic H2O2 from tissues (Lebeda et al., 1999). The key function of PO is lignin biosynthesis (Bruce & West, 1989) in plants. Lignins add strength to the cell wall creating physical barriers against the pathogen in the host tissue (Almargro et al., 2009; Thakker et al., 2013). The enzyme is also involved in deposition of phenolic compounds into cell wall during resistance in plants (Graham & Graham, 1991) thereby related with plant...
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...Biochemistry Task 4 GRT1 208.5.4-01, 03-05, 5.5-02, 04-07 Western Governors University Biochemistry Task 4 GRT1 208.5.4-01, 03-05, 5.5-02, 04-07 A. Case 1: Hereditary Fructose Intolerance A1. Role of Enzymes in Processes Enzymes are proteins that carry out chemical reactions. They bind to substrates, which are basically substances that need to be broken down and changed into something else. When the enzyme and substrate bind, they form the enzyme-substrate complex. An enzyme will act in a specific way on the substrate that it is bound to in order to change it into a product, and at the end of the process, the enzyme is unchanged and ready to bind to the next substrate. An enzyme acts as a catalyst, something that lowers the energy required to complete a chemical reaction (activation energy) without itself being changed. (Hudon-Miller, 2012) In the case of fructose breakdown, an enzyme called fructokinase is responsible for splitting fructose into fructose 1-phosphate, a six-carbon fructose. Another enzyme called aldolase B splits fructose 1-phosphate into two three-carbon molecules, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde. These products are then able to enter the glycolysis pathway to be converted to pyruvate, which is essential for the citric acid cycle and the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for cellular energy. A2. Deficiency in Aldolase B A hereditary deficiency in aldolase B could be caused by mutations in the ALDOB gene. An aldolase...
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...GRT Task 1 A. DNA Replication * Helicase : An enzyme unravels the DNA * Primase : An enzyme synthesizes the RNA primers * DNA Polymerase I : An enzyme removes the RNA primer and puts in the nucleotides which make the DNA in the direction 5’ to 3’. * DNA Polymerase III : An enzyme catalyze the synthesis of the new strand in a 5´->3´ direction. * Topoisomerase : An enzyme can break and reform the bond in DNA B. The role of the ligase enzyme in the replication of DNA * DNA Polymerase I : An enzyme removes the RNA primer and puts in the nucleotides which make the DNA in the direction 5’ to 3’. * DNA Polymerase III : An enzyme catalyze the synthesis of the new strand in a 5´->3´ direction. * Ligase : An enzyme catalyzes the joining of Okazaki fragments into a single DNA strand. C. mRNA in Transcription & Translation * RNA Polymerase 1 : An enzyme recognizes and binds promoter * RNA Polymerase 2 : An enzyme transcribes the pre-mRNA strand * Ribozyme : Performing speacial biochemical reactions like protein enzyme D. Role of RNA polymerase inhibition in causing the poisonous effect of the death cap mushroom * The death cap mushroom is one of the dealiest poisonous mushroom in the world. It is fatal because of its toxic called alpha-amanitin. * α-amanitin has a high specificity for RNA polymerase II in the liver. By inhibiting this enzyme it prevents the formation of mRNA and stops protein synthesis...
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...Practical Applications of Enzymology Enzymes play a crucial role in our daily life. Our entire metabolic systems are bound with these enzymes. It also has applications in industrial fields. It helps in so many industrially important chemical reactions such as enzyme catalysis. And enzymes are used in medical field for making so many important medicines like antibiotics. Fermentation process using enzyme is an important thing in alcoholic beverages. In food and digestion Enzymes allow multiple chemical reactions that occurring in any second in the body of animals and plants. The enzymes allow the transformation of food into energy and facilitate variety of other important biological functions. Human enzymes meet one of the three fundamental functions. The largest of every types of enzymes, sometimes called metabolic enzymes, it helps in so many basic body processes, from breathing to thought. Some of this enzymes are dedicated to the maintenance of immune system , they protects from the diseases and others helps to control the effect of toxins like tobacco smoke transforming them into a form , body will eject it more easily. A second category of enzymes is in diet and it consist enzymes in raw foods that help in...
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...1. Introduction: Enzymes such as amylases, cellulases, xylanases and proteases are widely used in the industry for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, foods, beverages and confectioneries as well as in textile and leather processing, and wastewater treatment. The potential applications of amylases, cellulases, xylanases and proteases in biotechnology have already been reviewed. The majority of the enzymes used in the industry are of microbial origin because microbial enzymes are relatively more stable than the corresponding enzymes derived from plants and animals. With the recent advent of biotechnology, there has been a growing interest and demand for enzymes with novel properties. Considerable efforts have been devoted to the selection of...
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.... Biochemistry Task 4 GRT1 208.5.4-01, 03-05, 5.5-02, 04-07 Western Governors University Biochemistry Task 4 GRT1 208.5.4-01, 03-05, 5.5-02, 04-07 A. Case 1: Hereditary Fructose Intolerance A1. Role of Enzymes in Processes Enzymes are proteins that carry out chemical reactions. They bind to substrates, which are basically substances that need to be broken down and changed into something else. When the enzyme and substrate bind, they form the enzyme-substrate complex. An enzyme will act in a specific way on the substrate that it is bound to in order to change it into a product, and at the end of the process, the enzyme is unchanged and ready to bind to the next substrate. An enzyme acts as a catalyst, something that lowers the energy required to complete a chemical reaction (activation energy) without itself being changed. (Hudon-Miller, 2012) In the case of fructose breakdown, an enzyme called fructokinase is responsible for splitting fructose into fructose 1-phosphate, a six-carbon fructose. Another enzyme called aldolase B splits fructose 1-phosphate into two three-carbon molecules, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde. These products are then able to enter the glycolysis pathway to be converted to pyruvate, which is essential for the citric acid cycle and the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for cellular energy. A2. Deficiency in Aldolase B A hereditary deficiency in aldolase B could be caused by mutations in the ALDOB gene. An...
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...Enzymology Overview Enzymology is a branch of science which is more to the study of enzymes. Researcher with their knowledge of enzymology can be applied in developing medications designing to replace the enzymes which the body cannot manufacture to make ways to use enzymes in manufacturing. Introduction: Enzymes Class | Catalysed Reaction | * Oxidoreductases | -For oxidation and reduction. | * Transferases | -Transportation of moieties:- methyl - glycosyl - phosphoryl groups. | * Hydrolases | -Catalysis hydrolytic cleavage. | * Lyases | -Addtition and subtraction of atoms. -Form double bond | * Isomerases | -Structural changes within a molecules | * Ligase | -Combining 2 molecules coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP | Enzymes is biologic polymer which can catalyse the chemical reaction. They can’t be destroyed, used up, or permanently changed while they involve in a reaction therefore the physical changes of enzymes will not be affected in a reaction. On the other hand excluding the catalytic of RNA molecules or ribozymes, enzymes are also made from protein. Additionally, every enzymes have their own specific function which makes them work more efficiently. Enzymes are also classify into several classification. Cofactor of Enzyme: Metal such as metal ion and small organic molecules such as Coenzyme is one of the groups of cofactors. Furthermore, if the both cofactors are tightly integrated together...
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...diagram, or series of diagrams, with clear labels, that demonstrates the process of DNA replication at the biochemical level. Click here to learn how to insert images into a Google Document. Check to see that you described the function of the enzymes (enzyme names end in “-ase”) as part of the labels for the diagram(s) and that you labeled the following: • DNA • replication fork • helicase- the helicase enzyme breaks up hydrogen bonds, which allows the DNA strand to unravel. • single-stranded binding proteins • leading strand • lagging strand • 5’ and 3’ ends of all DNA • primase- an enzyme that will create RNA Primer, creating a new strand able to bond to OH group. • RNA primer • DNA polymerase III- connects to one side of the exposed DNA chain reading from the 3’ to 5’ end. DNA polymarase III can only add from the 5’ to 3’ end of the newly developed strand of DNA. • Okazaki fragments (Wolfe, G, 2000). B. Insert your original diagram, or series of diagrams, with clear labels, that show the role of the ligase enzyme in the replication of DNA. Check to see that you described the function of the enzymes (enzyme names end in “-ase”) as part of the labels for the diagram(s) and that you labeled the following: • DNA • Okazaki fragments • DNA polymerase I- removes the leftover fragments of RNA primers and lays down the new DNA nuclotides....
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...original diagram, or series of diagrams, with clear labels, that demonstrates the process of DNA replication at the biochemical level. Click here to learn how to insert images into a Google Document. Check to see that you described the function of the enzymes (enzyme names end in “-ase”) as part of the labels for the diagram(s) and that you labeled the following: • DNA • replication fork • helicase • single-stranded binding proteins • leading strand • lagging strand • 5’ and 3’ ends of all DNA • primase • RNA primer • DNA polymerase III • Okazaki fragments (Borges, 2014) B. Insert your original diagram, or series of diagrams, with clear labels, that show the role of the ligase enzyme in the replication of DNA. Check to see that you described the function of the enzymes (enzyme names end in “-ase”) as part of the labels for the diagram(s) and that you labeled the following: • DNA • Okazaki fragments • DNA polymerase I • DNA ligase (Borges, 2014) C. Insert your original diagram, or series of diagrams, with clear labels, that demonstrates the role of mRNA in transcription and translation. Check to see that you described the function of the enzymes (enzyme names end in “-ase”) as part of the labels for the diagram(s), that you labeled the cellular locations of each process, and that you labeled the following transcription components in your diagram(s): • DNA • mRNA • RNA polymerase • nucleus ...
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...INTRODUCTION: Lipase also called as triacylglycerol acylhydrolaseis an enzyme known for its enormous applications for industry and diagnostics. Their basic activity is to convert fats into fatty acids and glycerol. These enzymes are water soluble in nature. They also convert polar solvents into more lipolytic substances. In 1856, a scientist name claude Bernard has identified lipase [1]. Lipases are serine hydrolases containing G-X1-S-X2-G sequences as the catalytic part of the particle, where G = glycine, S = serine, X1 = histidine, X2 = glutaminic or aspartic acid. Such structure is characteristic also for serine proteases. The knowledge of their 3-dimensional structure plays a significant role in designing and structuring lipases...
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