...The University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China Division of International Business China and the World Trade Organization P13608 Module Outline Module Convenor: Dr Chieh Huang AB Room 379 chieh.huang@nottingham.edu.cn Office hours: Monday 10:30-12:30 10 credits TB329 Tuesday 2-4 PM 10 weekly two-hour lecture/seminars The course is taught by way of lecture/seminars which are two hours in length. The form of the lecture/seminars will be flexible, depending on the topic under consideration. Students are expected to participate fully in discussions in lecture/seminars and to have read all the set Essential Reading before class. Credits: Lecture Venue and Times Method of Delivery & Frequency on Class: Method and Criteria of Assessment: 100% Coursework (5000 words) Essay Submission Deadline is 4pm, Wednesday 27 November 2013 Topics: Please choose one area listed below and discuss its recent development in the context of China. You will need to narrow down your focus and set your own essay topic. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Non-market Economies in the WTO Energy Industry and the WTO Environment and the WTO Commentary on one WTO case involving China Self-selected topic upon approval (You are most welcome to decide a topic yourself. Once you decide to do so, however, you need to submit your topic and an one-paragraph abstract before 4pm 31 October. ) Module Aims: To give the students a broad knowledge of the multilateral trading system and China’s interaction with that system through...
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...Introduction to World Trade Organization (WTO) The WTO is the single international organization that is operating worldwide and it deals with the trading rules and regulation between the countries around the globe. The organization majorly supervises and opens up the trading activities that are taken place among the countries. There are the agreements and the negotiations that are signed by the number of the trading countries around the world and are approved within the WTO’s parliaments. The aim of the services provided by the WTO is to assist the manufacturers and the providers of the goods and services and the importers and exporters to carry out their business. The WTO is administered by its member governments. All the chief decisions are carried out as a whole by all the member ministers or by the ambassadors or delegates of WTO. The meeting among the ambassadors is regularly carried out in Geneva. The organization is also highly concerned with the dispute resolution processes among the trading countries; therefore the organization enforces the participating countries to comply with the trading laws and rules that are set under the WTO agreements. Roles played by WTO There are various roles related to trading activities that are played by WTO. It is the responsibility of WTO to evaluate and regulate the national and international trade policies and to make sure that the established trade policies are consistent and are relevant and transparent through the surveillance...
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...* International law * The new millennium * International vs. national * Codification * Natural law * Sovereignty * International conflict Sources of international law * Judicial decisions and the teachings of the most qualified publicists in the various nations * International conventions * International customs as evidence of a general practice accepted as law * General principles recognized by civilized nations International treaties and conventions Treaties | Conventions | Considered more serious in scope and function than conventions (for example, peace treaties and border treaties) | Sponsored by an international organization | Must be ratified by the states involved | Negotiated issues are often included in the title | International customs General practices are accepted as law: * Majority of world states recognize the authority of international customs * Must provide evidence of general practice * Accepted as law even if they are not codified (if practiced consistently over time by a majority of world states and if the custom is based in universal morality) General principles of law * What general principles are recognized by all legal systems? * Natural justice * Due process Subsidiary and other sources of international law * Subsidiary Sources * Judicial decisions * Juristic writings * Other Sources * Arbitration * Acts of international...
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...RESPONSIBILITY: HOW NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS INFLUENCE LABOR AND ENVIRONMENTAL CODES OF CONDUCT Abstract • Concerns over the potential negative spillovers from globalization have resulted in increasing demands for multinational corporations (MNCs) to adhere to international standards and codes of responsibility. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have been important advocates for development and adoption of these standards and codes. • In this paper, we provide a brief review of the emergence of NGOs and their influence on debates about globalization, and a specific assessment of NGO efforts to promote stronger labor and environmental policies of multinational corporations. • We examine the role of NGOs in development and enforcement of twelve international agreements and codes of conduct addressing labor issues and environmental practices. We use findings from these cases and insights from international business and other managerial theory to develop propositions that explain the circumstances under which NGOs have more or less influence in developing and enforcing international codes. Key Results • We suggest NGOs will achieve the greatest impact on codes of conduct when: 1) they intervene early in the code development process; 2) they forge transnational coalitions with other organizations, including other NGOs, MNCs, and governments; 3) codes are devised outside of international organizations; and 4) the structure of the codes or...
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...The emergence of developed countries as major players in global business has made it more difficult for developing countries to succeed Contents The emergence of developed countries as major players in global business has made it more difficult for developing countries to succeed 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Global business of Developed Countries vs. Developing Countries 1 3. Role of International Organizations 2 4. Role of NAFTA 2 5. FDI and Global Business 3 6. Conclusion 4 References 4 1. Introduction Developing economies consist of a very diverse sort of group that includes some of large economies enjoying high economic growth rates like that of China, INDIA AND Brazil and many small economies having low rates of economic growth. The countries having high GDP growth among group of developing nations have remained able to sustain the negative impacts of financial crises very well as these were not that much affected by consequences of financial crises. There are few small or middle income economies that are quite rigid in a way that these nations depend on specific factors for development (Kose, 2013). Keeping in view the GDP growth rates of group of countries in a globe it cannot be said that developing countries do not have room for business growth but that fact is these do not have competitive advantage that can match those of developed nations and that is the reason I agree with the statement that “The emergence of developed countries as major players in global...
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...International commodity agreement From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia An international commodity agreement is an undertaking by a group of countries to stabilize trade, supplies, and prices of a commodity for the benefit of participating countries. An agreement usually involves a consensus on quantities traded, prices, and stock management. A number of international commodity agreements serve solely as forums for information exchange, analysis, and policy discussion. USTR leads United States participation in two commodity trade agreements: the International Tropical Timber Agreement and the International Coffee Agreement (ICA). Both agreements establish intergovernmental organizations with governing councils . International Coffee Agreement The International Coffee Organization (ICO) is the main intergovernmental organization for coffee. ICO exporting members account for more than 97 percent of world coffee production, and its importing Members, are responsible for around 80 percent of world coffee consumption. The ICO makes a practical contribution to the world coffee economy and to the improvement of living standards in developing countries by facilitating intergovernmental consultation and coordination regarding coffee policies and priorities, by encouraging a sustainable world coffee economy, by initiating coffee development projects to add value and improve marketing, by increasing world coffee consumption through innovative market development activities, by promoting...
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...are similar and closely related to that of international marketing. As a result, the increased globalization over the years has brought an increase in many problems associated with global trading including ethical ones. (WTO, 2011). As indicated by World Trade organization in 2011, there was significant expansion in world trade from 1950 to 2000. This increase was documented to be over twenty-fold with foreign direct investment and exports playing a significant role. This increase in world trade in the middle to late 20th century also saw small businesses increasing their investments in cross border trading. This resulted in an increase in the average yearly outflow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from about $25 billion in 1975 to a record $1.3 trillion in 2000. (UN, 2001). This means that there were a great number of business people with different social and cultural backgrounds doing business in other areas of different geographical, political, legal, social and cultural environments. The challenges that confronted these business people working in these different environments with its associated social and cultural problems created a platform for indulgence in ethical problems and other issues. (Dagdelen, Elibol & Yucel, 2009). Cross border trade experienced a great change and increase getting to the end of the cold war and this resulted in significant changes in the rules and conditions “governing the conduct of international business and this brought about several ethical...
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...References 29 Consultant Report 3 32 Introduction 32 Human Resource Theories and Current Market Place Trends 34 Human Resource Theories 34 Current Market Place Trends 38 Strategies to Be Implemented For the Next Ten Years 40 Recommendations 41 Conclusion 42 References 43 Consultant Report 1 Introduction The term ‘trade union’ is referred as an association which includes variety of members consisting of both workers and union leaders among others, integrated to defend and endorse the universal interests. Trade union acts as a weapon for the labourers or workers to fight for their own rights against the management of an organization. The prime objectives of a labor union may include bargaining about wages and provisions of working circumstances, legalizing the relations in between workers and owner, taking necessary actions for implementation of the policies of communal bargaining, elevating new demands on behalf of the employees and finally settling down the criticisms among others. Trade unions were primarily initiated in Europe rather it became popular in many other countries during industrial revolution. Moreover, a trade union may be of varied forms such as house union, company union, general union, industrial union and craft union among others (BIS, n.d.)....
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...The twenty-first century is a period of unprecedented change in organizations. The popular Business press constantly documents organizational restructuring, reengineering, downsizing, and other assorted changes. Even during the robust economy of the late 1990s, many large Companies were shedding jobs at an incredible pace. Terms such as downsizing and rightsizing may suggest a one-time fix, but many experts view this as an ongoing process for organizations of the future (Richman, LS, 1993). So what is organizational change? Organizational changes are departures from the status quo for smooth trends (Huber, GP, 1995). It is the process of altering or modifying the current state in terms of behaviors or functions (Harrington, N, 2008). The forces of change are everywhere, they can be found within the organization itself and they can be found in the external environment. The internal environment is affected by the organization’s management policies and styles, system and procedures as well as employee attitudes. The external environment is affected by political, social, technological and economic stimuli outside of the organization that causes changes (Benowitz, EA, 2011). Why do organizations change? Organizations change for many reasons but there are six broad forces that bring about change: workforce changes, such as diversity; technology changes, such as mobile computing; economic changes, such as stock market fluctuations; competitive factors, such as mergers and acquisition...
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...Through the global interconnectedness among people, globalization has been appeared. Globalization refers the integration of global economies, societies and cultures through the communication, transportation and trade. During this period of this process, one question has been raised whether is globalization bad or good? And according to this question, it is proved that globalization is playing a fundamental role to make progress to many sections including economies, culture and religion, public services and living standard, and technology. In economics, Globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies. It shows the market expansion and integration, and it is an unchangeable tendency for international economic development. In economy, globalization is playing a significant role to make advancement to this sector over the world. Globalization has created widely the international economy, integration of markets and the flow or movement in the world, all of which make escalations in global movement. There are many importance of globalization on economy for many years. Improvement in technology has a essential effect in decreasing the costs of transportation, communication and commodity also lowering the price of data processing and information storage. There is a sign of the modern technology like electric...
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... | 2.3 Evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organisation | | 3.1 Explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses | | 3.2 Illustrate the way in which market forces shape organisational responses using a range of examples | | 3.3 Judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected organisation | | 4.1 Discuss the significance of international trade to UK business organisations | | 4.2 Analyse the impact of global factors on UK business organisations | | 4.3 Evaluate the impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organisations | | Introduction Understanding the Business Environments hep us understand how an organisation or business runs and what manager roles are and what a stockholder is and how environment in the business or outside it may harm it or not. Employees will also play a really important role in a business and how the organisations businesses will also cause a problem. Understand the situation that the organisation will face and knowing the products that should be sold according to the customers needs and providing it according to the environment that the customers also live...
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... The East Asia’ Regional Economic Integration In the past twenty years, the East Asian economies realized the freedom of foreign trade and direct investment (FDI) because of the influence of GATT/WTO and APEC and as a result, it further promotes the economic growth of East Asia. The mutual economic dependence of each countries has increased a lot and therefore, close economic cooperation among Asian countries is necessary for healthy economic development. Many countries try to deepen their cooperation by establishing agreement and carrying out negotiation or discussion (Kawai 2004). Besides, the East Asian countries want to have their own institutions where they have vital voice in decision making after the financial crisis. As a consequence, the regional economic integration become an inevitable trend. The structure of this essay is organized as follows. The first part of this essay will discuss the driving forces of East Asia’s regional economic integration, including the failure of the WTO and APEC, and the financial crisis. The second part will illustrate how regional organizations of East Asia are developed in aspect of trade cooperation and financial cooperation and then followed by the difficulties in creating a regional economic union, such as the resistance from the United States and the great...
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...THE WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established and incorporated in January 1st 1995 at the amendment of the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) in 1994 with the aim of regulating international trade. The creation of this organization clearly underscored the acceptance and commitment of trade liberalization by most of the international communities. Upon signing and ratifying the WTO Agreement, each member state of the WTO committed itself through a series of agreements to ultimately liberalize its trade in goods, services and trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. Each member state signed the WTO Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes as well as the Agreement relating to the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). This action required member states to periodically subject their national trade and economic policies for examination to ensure that their respective mandates are in keeping with the WTO’s commitments. (Strategic Plan of the Foreign Trade Division 2002). The expansion of trade has often played a significant role in the growth of the global economy since World War II, but it was not until the commencement of trade negotiations in the Uruguay Round in 1986, that multilateral trade deals tended to be limited to that of industrial countries. While developing countries benefited significantly from the growth in global trade, they were rarely active participants in the bargaining...
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...International Trade The topic on international trade can be very complex, and thus this paper is dedicated to some the aspects and issues involved in international trade. As an overview, this paper will include discussions on absolute and comparative advantage, factors which effect import quota, factors which effect tariffs, along with WTO and the role it has in international trade. The first benefit that can be gained from international trading is the opportunity of specialization. This means that a country can focus on producing the goods that they are best at, and can also sell it in a cheaper price. Afterwards, the host country can then trade this product to another which can hopefully offer a more expensive product. This kind of transaction involves comparative advantage. The main goal in international trading is basically produce a unique product that can be exchanged with a better and more expensive product from another country. The product to be exchanged should be something that is more costly for a country to produce on their own. This would mean that trading is still the more practical move. If almost all countries specialize on a certain product, then the entire world will never run out of high quality goods that will be revolving from country to country. Comparative and Absolute Advantage Comparative advantage and absolute advantage are easily associated when dealing with economic activities such...
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...are similar and closely related to that of international marketing. As a result, the increased globalization over the years has brought an increase in many problems associated with global trading including ethical ones. (WTO, 2011). As indicated by World Trade organization in 2011, there was significant expansion in world trade from 1950 to 2000. This increase was documented to be over twenty-fold with foreign direct investment and exports playing a significant role. This increase in world trade in the middle to late 20th century also saw small businesses increasing their investments in cross border trading. This resulted in an increase in the average yearly outflow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from about $25 billion in 1975 to a record $1.3 trillion in 2000. (UN, 2001). This means that there were a great number of business people with different social and cultural backgrounds doing business in other areas of different geographical, political, legal, social and cultural environments. The challenges that confronted these business people working in these different environments with its associated social and cultural problems created a platform for indulgence in ethical problems and other issues. (Dagdelen, Elibol & Yucel, 2009). Cross border trade experienced a great change and increase getting to the end of the cold war and this resulted in significant changes in the rules and conditions “governing the conduct of international business and this brought about several ethical...
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