...The role of Financial Market and Institution in the Economic Development of Bangladesh Financial market Financial market is created to satisfy particular preferences of market participants.Financial markets transfer funds from those who have excess funs to those who needfunds. That is they facilitate the transfer of funds from surplus unit to deficit unit .Because funding needs vary among deficit units, various financial markets have beenestablished. The primary market allows for the issuance of new securities, while thesecondary market allows for the sale of short term securities, while capital marketsfacilitate the sale of long term securities.The main participants of financial market can be classified as households, businesses andgovernment agencies. Those participants who provide funds to the financial markets arecalled surplus unit . Households are the main type of surplus unit. Participants who usefinancial markets to obtain the funds are called the deficit unit . Money market: Money market an integral part of the financial market of a country. It provides a mediumfor the redistribution of short term loan able funds among financial institutions, which perform this function by selling deposits of various types, certificate of deposits anddiscounting of bills, treasury bills etc. The participants in the money market are: thecentral bank, commercial banks, the government, finance companies, contractual savinginstitutions like the pension funds, insurance companies...
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...Change in the U.S. Banking Industry: The Role of Information Technology Sandra D. Cooke Economics and Statistics Administration Office of Policy Development Office of Business and Industrial Analysis June 1997 ESA/OPA 97-6 Structural Change in Banking: the Role of Information Technology Structural Change in Banking: the Role of Information Technology ABSTRACT Commercial bank investment in information technology (IT) equipment has grown rapidly, from $104 million in 1960 to more than $10 billion in 1994. These investments in “hard” technologies (computer hardware, software, telecommunications equipment, etc.) have been accompanied by increases in "soft" technologies, for example, complex financial innovations that were infeasible on a large scale without IT hardware. These developments, together with deregulation, are creating new competitors, new financial markets and instruments, and a new role for commercial banks as providers of financial services. This study documents how changes in information technology have affected the role of banks in financial markets and have influenced changes in the structure and performance of the U.S. banking industry. The analysis also covers new, fast-growing financial innovations linked to IT investment e.g., asset securitization and derivatives. IT’s effect on the banking industry has been positive. Increased competition has caused banks to lose traditional customers, but IT enabled the banks to offer new products, expand into nontraditional...
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...CEB 110017 Li Ying – CEB 110716 Yap Hong Zhen – CEB 110084 GROUP REPORT 1 GROUP REPORT 1 Table of Contents Question No. | Details | Pages | 1 | Describe the roles and functions of financial markets in Malaysia. | 1 | 2 | Identify four (4) relevant regulators in Malaysia. | 1 | 3 | Choose two (2) regulators identified in (2) above and justify your selection i.e. explain the reasons for your choice. | 2 | 4 | Explain the roles and activities of the two regulators that you have chosen. | 2 | 5 | Give examples of actual enforcement actions that have been taken by the regulators chosen in (3) above. | 3 | 6 | References | 4 | 1) Describe the roles and functions of financial markets in Malaysia. Financial markets are forums in which suppliers of funds and demanders of funds can transact business directly. There are two operations of financial markets, which are primary market and secondary market. Primary market is financial market in which securities are initially issued; the only market in which the issuer is directly involved in the transaction. The function of the primary markets is to facilitate the efficient allocation of funds. Secondary market is financial market in which pre-owned securities (those that are not new issuer) are traded. There are also two key of financial markets: a)...
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...What are the roles and functions of central banks? Why do they need Economic staff? How far should central banks get involved in data collection and areas such as seasonal adjustment, as well as economic analysis? Introduction Though Central Bank is viewed as one of the primary mechanisms of macroeconomic stabilization there are a number of arguments about other areas of Central Bank’s involvement. This paper will explore the different areas, including the role of Central Bank in effecting monetary policy and intervening body in exchange rate trades, Central Bank as a Last Lender Resort (LLR), and Central Bank as a regulatory body of the financial sector. Prior to further discussion, it is important to stress that the role of Central Bank and the scope of its involvement may vary due to the effect of different legislations and the presence of various stakeholders. Thus, US Central Bank does not act as a regulatory body of the financial sector (Driffill et al., 2005), whereas the intervention activity of Japan Central Bank requires the approval of other governmental bodies (Fujiwara, 2005). This paper discusses the importance of Central Bank's publications of economic forecasts and other information related to Central Bank's views of the further state of macroeconomic trends. The discussion shows that this information is highly important for other market players and forecasting agencies as it reduces the information asymmetry. The role of Central bank in macroeconomic stabilization ...
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...who your personal bank might report to? Do you ever wonder exactly why are economy is in debt, how major business fail, or just exactly where does the bank get their money from or who what our country imports or exports? Well, the financial market is responsible for regulating all that you may have had questioned. The financial market is the electricity to our economy and without them, what would you do if the bank did not have your withdrawal available for you? Financial markets serve a purpose of creating a system for people to understand what controls their economic behavior. The market economy sets guidance as our economy revolves around goods and services. The main question is what purpose do financial markets serve? The financial market acts as a liaison between consumers and goods or services. To be more specific, the financial market would be the middle man- customers, finance, and goods/services. Take for example; a business wants to promote their product on a commercial- which might cost thousands of dollars. Financial intermediaries, like banks, will get involved and transfer capital by pulling savings from many consumers who might bank with this bank (Florida Internationl University, 2008, p.3). This process in return will create a new asset- a loan. Once the bank charges the interest rate and pays their portion of interest rate to the Federal Reserve, the bank then makes profit of the company that is borrowing money from them. The financial market helps aid the economy...
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...The Role of the Bank of England in Financial Market Regulation The Bank of England plays a vital role in financial market regulation. It achieves financial market stability by undertaking the following roles: Deciding the interest rates In order to maintain financial stability, keeping the interest rate at minimum variation is vital. The Bank undertakes monetary analysis in order to achieve financial stability. It also buys and sales securities in the money markets to control interest rates and thus the rates of inflation. Managing of the foreign reserves In order to ensure settlement of international debts, the bank of England actively manages the foreign exchange reserves of the UK. High international debts can negatively impact on the financial market of England. Implementation of domestic monetary policy The bank of England actively regulates the supply of money in the financial market through the use of financial policies to ensure optimum money circulation in the economy. This is achieved by the Monetary Policy Committee that meets every month to assess the economic condition and take appropriate action. (Capie,1994). Issue of coins and notes The bank of England is responsible for issuing new coins and notes to the economy. The Bank monitors the economic condition to assess if it’s prudent to issue the notes and coins. Regulating the UK banking system The Bank of England in partnership with Financial Service Authority and the UK Treasury plays a role in regulation...
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...Should the central bank play some role in bursting asset bubbles? This is a contentious issue that has been discussed for a long time. Some argue in favor of the view that central banks should burst bubbles. But, in their view, monetary policy should respond to asset bubbles in a cautious and moderate manner in order to avoid economic distortions. Some others argue against the role of central bank in bursting bubbles. They say bubbles generally arise out of some combination of irrational exuberance, jumps forward in technology and financial deregulation, for which the connection between monetary conditions and the rise of bubbles is tenuous. However, the central bank is at the centre point in this debate. The recent crash in the stock market in Bangladesh is also associated with some policies of the central bank. The aim of this article is to analyse the following two aspects: (i) whether the monetary policy response was appropriate to the rise and the recent collapse of the bubble, and (ii) whether the behaviour of financial institutions was optimal to the policy response. Commercial banks have been involved heavily in the stock market business in the last few years. Allowing merchant banking has exaggerated the situation. They became the key player in the stock market. Undoubtedly, any policies to control banks' exposure to the stock market could have significant impact on the capital market. Monetary easing during last two or more years (money supply was more than 22 percent...
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...It is generally recognized that financial system plays a catalytic role in the process of economic development. The financial system of any nation is a function of the size of its economy. A growing economy places more responsibilities on the financial sector to mobilize the needed capital to facilitate production, generate employment and income. An economy that does not experience growth on sustained basis is likely to have a very passive financial sector as there are no incentives for investment. Through the process of growth, financial system offers a wide range of portfolio options for savers and issuable instruments for investors, a function often referred to as financial intermediation (Oke, 2000). The Nigerian financial system comprises of various institutions, markets and operations that are in the business of providing financial services. These institutions can be broadly categorized into money and capital markets. While money market is a market in which short term financial instruments are traded, the capital market on the other hand deals with long term transactions. The major players in the money market are the banks and discount houses. The intermediation role of banks ensures the mobilization of idle funds from the surplus units to the deficit sector. Since independence, the financial sector has been on the increase. Today, Nigeria has about twenty strong banks and a well-functioning stock market. Other financial institutions like insurance companies, finance companies...
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...Chapter 29 The Monetary System TRUE/FALSE 1. In an economy that relies on barter, trade requires a double-coincidence of wants. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 29-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Barter MSC: Definitional 2. Joe wants to trade eggs for sausage. Lashonda wants to trade sausage for eggs. Joe and Lashonda have a double-coincidence of wants. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 29-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Barter MSC: Definitional 3. The use of money allows trade to be roundabout. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 29-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Money | Trade MSC: Definitional 4. Roundabout trade is beneficial for an economy. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 29-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Money | Trade MSC: Definitional 5. Money allows people to specialize in what they do best, thereby raising everyone’s standard of living. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 29-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Money MSC: Interpretive 6. When money functions as a unit of account, then it cannot be commodity money. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 29-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Money MSC: Interpretive 7. Demand deposits are balances in bank accounts that depositors can access by writing a check. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 29-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of money TOP: Demand deposits MSC: Definitional 8. According to economists, a collection of valuable jewels is not money. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 29-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: The Study of economics...
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...Mission To build Prime Bank Limited into an efficient, market driven, customer focused institution with good corporate governance structure. Continuous improvement in our business policies, procedure and efficiency through integration of technology at all levels. Vision To be the best private commercial bank in Bangladesh in terms of efficiency, capital adequacy, asset quality, sound management and profitability having strong liquidity. Objective For our customers: • To provide the most courteous and efficient service in every aspects of its business • To be innovative in the development of new banking products and services For our employees: • By promoting their well-being through attractive remuneration and fringe benefits. • By promoting good stuff morally through proper staff training and development, and provision of opportunities for career development. For our share holders: • By forging ahead and consolidating its position as a stable and progressive financial institution. • By generating profits and fare return on their investment. For our community: • By assuming our role as a socially responsible corporate citizen in a tangible manner • By adhering closely to national policies and objectives thereby contributing towards the progress of the nation Strategy PBL has consistently remained focused on efficient customer service by providing wide range of product and services. PBL focused on our diverse products and services. Our customer group range...
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...Exchange (FOREX) 4 2. Features of Foreign Exchange (FOREX) 5 3. Forex categories: 5 4. Main participants in the foreign exchange market 6 4.1. Foreign exchange dealers 6 4.2. Financial and non-financial customers 7 4.3. Central banks 7 4.4. Brokers 8 4.4.1. In the Over-the-Counter Market 8 4.4.2. Voice Brokers 8 4.4.3. Automated Order-Matching or Electronic Broking Systems 8 4.4.4. In the Exchange-Traded Market 9 CHAPTER II: Situation of currency market in Vietnam 9 1.Roles of the SBV in controlling the currency market 9 2. Some basic features about the currency market in Vietnam from 1991 to 2011 12 2.1. The currency inter-bank market in Vietnam 12 2.1.1. The introduction of currency inter-bank market in Vietnam 12 2.1.2. The role of inter-bank transactions 14 2.1.3 The organization and operation of the currency market in Vietnam 15 2. Transactions in the parallel market and dollarization in Vietnam 15 2.1. Transactions in the parallel in Vietnam 15 2.2. Dollarization in Vietnam 16 3. Some description about the derivatives in Vietnam’s currency market 17 3.1. The introduction of derivatives in Vietnam 17 3.2. Changes of exchange rate. 19 CHAPTER III: SOLUTIONS 23 1. Shut down the black market 23 2. Implement a semi-peg system 23 3. Resort to forex surrender 24 4. Increase the compulsory reserve ratio (CRR) 24 ...
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...An Overview of the Malaysian Banking Sector FINA0501 ASIAN FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS TERM PAPER LEE JUNHONG, JEREMY 2010540826 I. Introduction Malaysia has been an important player in the Asian economy since the early days of independence, and even before that, as a British protectorate. It is currently the third largest economy in Southeast Asia, and is the 28th largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity according to the World Bank. Malaysia has also successfully diversified its role by focusing her economy on both the traditional sphere of primary agricultural produce as well as being a hub for light manufacturing in consumer durables and electronics. Strong economic planning and farsighted vision by both the government and central bank has been instrumental in maintaining a strong growth rate of her economy; her combined year on year growth since independence in 1957 has averaged 6.6%, which is no doubt a stellar record and one of the highest in Asia. The financial institutions and their functions have been instrumental in this success, and this paper will strive to highlight the strengths and weaknesses, as well as a general overview of the Malaysian banking sector. I. Historical background The earliest beginnings of the banking sector in Malaysia dates back to the early 19th Century under British influence and the expatriate (mainly British) merchant communities. The Straits Settlements comprising of Singapore, Malacca and Penang were administered...
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...------------------------------------------------- Financial System of Bangladesh The Financial System is a set of institutional arrangement through which surplus units transfer their fund to deficit units. At present the financial system in Bangladesh is mainly composed of two types of institutions like banks and non-bank financial institution (NBFIs). The formal financial sector in Bangladesh includes: (a) Bangladesh Bank as the central bank, (b) 48 commercial banks, including 4 Government owned commercial banks, 30 domestic private banks (PCBs) (of which 6 banks are operating under Islamic Shariah), 9 foreign banks (FCBs) (of which 1 bank is operating as Islamic bank); and 5 government-owned specialized banks (DFIs); (c) 28 non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) – licensed by the Bangladesh Bank); (d) 2 large government- owned insurance companies (life and general) and 60 private owned (17 life and 43 general) insurance companies; (e) 2 stock exchanges and, (f) some co-operative banks. Besides, a good number of semi-formal micro finance institutions (MFIs) also are operating in Bangladesh. Structure of Financial System: The main constituents of financial system are : i) Financial Institutions ii) Financial Instruments, and iii) Financial Markets. Financial Institutions The modern name of Financial Institution is Financial Intermediary (FI), because it mediates or stand between ultimate borrowers and ultimate lenders and helps transfer funds from one to another. The Financial system helps production...
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...Reserve Bank of India RESERVE BANK OF INDIA www.rbi.org.in ž¸¸£·¸ú¡¸ ¹£ö¸¨¸Ä ¤Îˆ RBI Central Office Building, Mumbai RESERVE BANK OF INDIA www.rbi.org.in ž¸¸£·¸ú¡¸ ¹£ö¸¨¸Ä ¤Îˆ 2 Contents Overview: Who We Are � Celebrating Our Platinum Jubilee � The Reserve Bank: Tradition and Change � Celebrating 75 years: Highlights Organisation and Structure: How We Operate � Management and Structure Main Activities: What We Do � Monetary Authority � Issuer of Currency � Banker and Debt Manager to Government � Banker to Banks � Regulator of the Banking System � Manager of Foreign Exchange � Regulator and Supervisor of the Payment and Settlement Systems � Developmental Role Research, Data and Knowledge Sharing: How We Communicate � Communicating with the Public � RBI Publications Addressing Current and Future Challenges Customer Service: How Can We Help You? 3 4 5 6 8 9 11 12 15 18 20 22 24 26 28 31 32 33 34 36 Overview: Who We Are The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the nation’s central bank Since 1935, when we began operations, we have stood at the centre of India’s financial system, with a fundamental commitment to maintaining the nation’s monetary and financial stability. 3 From ensuring stability of interest and exchange rates to providing liquidity and an adequate supply of currency and credit for the real sector; from ensuring bank penetration and safety of depositors’ funds to promoting and developing financial institutions and markets, the...
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...literature on the role of banks towards sustainable development and corporate financial performance. It outlines the various stakeholders and forces that influence the banks’ sustainability initiatives. This chapter also put together the relevant theoretical frameworks on CSR and sustainable banking, highlighting their relevance, strengths and weakness in fully understanding CSR and concepts. 2.1 Banks and their function in the economy The lending component of a bank results in money creation and thus, affects the total money supply of the economy. In extending credit, the Bank also indirectly affects the allocation of resources across sectors and may boost the growth of essential sectors of the economy. Moreover, banks are responsible of the large volume of money transactions in the market. Banks bridge the financial transactions across important players in the economy such as the government, international and local businesses, households and thereby create deficits and surpluses in the process (Jeucken 2004, p55). Banks thus play an important role in an economic system particularly through the financial market. In micro-economic terms, the existence of banks can be explained by the transaction cost approach (information asymmetries) which has two overlapping approaches: informational transaction costs and the theory of delegated monitoring (Freixas and Rochet 1998, cited by Jeucken 2004 p59). The first approach is related to the intermediary role of banks where they bridge...
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