Premium Essay

Roman Concrete Essay

Submitted By
Words 633
Pages 3
Introduction

The development of Roman concrete is of uncertain origin, but it’s one of the biggest reasons that Rome managed to build such massive structures and maintain such a massive empire, especially considering its use in long-lasting seaports and population-maintaining aqueducts. It was cheap, easily moldable, strong, portable, easily made, and could be used for mortar in addition to being used purely as a building material. Indeed, there are ports made of Roman concrete have been standing for over two thousand years (Yegül, n.d.). Add to this Roman arches, those large, vaulted things that utilized the strength of concrete and the ingenuity pioneered by the Sumerians to dissipate force out and across the curve of an arch, and the Romans were set to define …show more content…
Mostly made of concrete (and therefore oweing their very revolutionary and transformative existence to concrete), arches allowed both for the aqueducts that carried water into the ever-growing and ever-populating urban centers across the empire, and for the bridges spanning vast bodies of water necessary to quickly and efficiently carry Roman soldiers and officials to and from the various arms of the Roman empire (Kamm, 2008 pp 140-147). The structural integrity and engineering of the arch bridges is phenomenal, and uses a technique that distributes the weight on the top of the bridge out to the sides - it’s a technique still used in bridge-building today (NMSI, 2004). The arches were also frequently decorative, with a long history of Roman arches used to commemorate triumphs or other festive occasions. They were often unveiled in the name of this or that general, with pieces of earlier arches being reused in the construction of later ones. The tradition of constructing arches to commemorate great victories was carried on for centuries, including, famously, the Parisian Arc de Triomphe (Cartwright,

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Roman Civilization

...Bachelor’s Degree Selected essays on Roman Civilization Plebeian revolt There are a number of causes that led to the first revolt by the Plebeians. Some of the causes of the revolt are poor distribution of land, poverty among the Plebeians, and the harsh debt law that affected the plebs. This essay will discuss the causes of the first Plebeian revolt as well as the results of the revolt. One of the main causes of the plebeian revolt was the existence of poverty among the Plebeians. The poverty was a result of the actions of the Patrician, in some ways. What happened was that the Plebs assisted the Patrician to expel the kings from Rome and led to a republican state. The fight against the kings left the plebs in a very worse off condition. Since the patricians lived in the city, during the war their property would remain secure. The city was guarded by walls. However, since the plebs lived in the countryside, which was not guarded, their property was greatly destroyed during the wars. The plebs’ fields were destroyed as much as their property. The destruction of the property and fields was possible since the Plebs men were fighting in the wars leaving their homes unprotected. So, whereas the men were fighting during the wars their properties and fields were being plundered, making them very poor at the end of the wars. So the Plebs were not happy that their properties and fields were being destroyed by the enemies, when in fact they were serving in the Roman army for the sake of...

Words: 9212 - Pages: 37

Free Essay

Runons

...ENG-105 Rubric: Rhetorical Analysis of a Public Document Assignment |Criteria |% Value |1: Unsatisfactory |2: Less Than Satisfactory |3: Satisfactory |4: Good |5: Excellent | |% Scaling | |0% |65% |75% |85% |100% | |Content and Ideas – 60% | |Introduce and summarize the |20% |The introduction of the website is|The introduction of the website|The introduction of the website is |The introduction of the |The introduction to the website| |website | |not present AND the summarization |is not present OR the |present. The summarization of the |website is present. The |is present and elaborate. The | | | |of the website is missing. |summarization of the website is|website is present. |summarization of the website |summarization of the website is| | | | |incomplete. | ...

Words: 1268 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Pantheon vs Parteon

...Final Essay History of Architecture I Pertinent Events of the Antiquities One of the most pertinent events of the antiquities came after the end of the longest civilizations. Where the Greeks had to reinvent themselves; from the surviving fragments of classical antiquity; Egypt. Where the Romans preserved and imitated the ideals of the Greeks. Thus came the building of two great structures. The Greek Parthenon and the Roman Pantheon. With their similarities and their differences in both designs. Both the Parthenon and Pantheon were originally designed as temples. The Pantheon borrowed much of its exterior from the Greek temples one of them being the Parthenon. Both had eight columns to support the pediment. Both were used as religious worship to their Roman Gods and the Greek Goddess Athena. While both illustrate geometric precision, they are stylistically different. The Parthenon is a Doric style temple made from marble, with a limestone base. Consisting of one rectangular floor and its eight Doric columns in front and back. The Doric wasn’t only a column but a order. The Doric order with a series of triglphs and metopes on the entabutus of the upper levels. While the Pantheon was built using several materials such as marble, granite, concrete, and brick had two circular rooms with a hemispherical dome above, supported by massive granite Corinthian style columns. Thus the two most important great pertinent events during the classical era were the Romans and the...

Words: 278 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Montaigne

...the suffering it brought upon the natives. Citing the case of Martin Guerre as an example, he believes that humans cannot attain certainty. His skepticism is best expressed in the long essay "An Apology for Raymond Sebond" (Book 2, Chapter 12) which has frequently been published separately. We cannot trust our reasoning because thoughts just occur to us: we don't truly control them. We do not have good reasons to consider ourselves superior to the animals. He is highly skeptical of confessions obtained under torture, pointing out that such confessions can be made up by the suspect just to escape the torture he is subjected to. In the middle of the section normally entitled "Man's Knowledge Cannot Make Him Good," he wrote that his motto was "What do I know?". The essay on Sebond ostensibly defended Christianity. However, Montaigne eloquently employed many references and quotes from classical Greek and Roman, i.e. non-Christian authors, especially the atomist Lucretius. Montaigne considered marriage necessary for the raising of children, but disliked the strong feelings of romantic love as being detrimental to freedom. One of his quotations is "Marriage is like a cage; one sees the birds outside desperate to get in, and those inside desperate to get out." In education, he favored concrete...

Words: 399 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Communication Plan

...ENG-105 Peer Review Worksheet: Rhetorical Analysis of a Public Document Part of your responsibility as a student in this course is to provide quality feedback to your peers that will help them to improve their writing skills. This worksheet will assist you in providing that feedback. Name of the draft’s author: Saffiyah Khan Name of the peer reviewer: Annette Brown Reviewer After reading through the draft one time, write a summary (3-5 sentences) of the paper that includes your assessment of how well the essay meets the assignment requirements as specified in the syllabus and the rubric. This paper talked about the attempt the CDC tries to make the disorder simple. How the parents of children who are affected by the disorder don’t understand it and often try to hide the fact that their child has a disorder. The CDC tries to make it understandable that the common folks and the parents of children who suffer can understand this. This paper talked about the attempt the CDC tries to make the disorder simple. How the parents of children who are affected by the disorder don’t understand it and often try to hide the fact that their child has a disorder. The CDC tries to make it understandable that the common folks and the parents of children who suffer can understand this.             After a second, closer reading of the draft, answer each of the following questions. Positive answers will give you specific elements of the draft to praise; negative answers will indicate areas in need...

Words: 1009 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Anglo-Saxon Tradition of Christianity

...did the Roman tradition of Christianity finally triumph in England? Many have argued that collision between the Celtic and Roman churches in England was inevitable. The Celtic Church held concepts of episcopacy that “were fundamentally different from that of the Roman Church”. For example, under the organisational structure of the Celtic Church, the abbot’s authority was paramount. In contrast to this was the Roman Church, where the bishop was the central figure in the diocese. The most striking issue between the two churches was in relation to ecclesiastical practise. The Celtic Church practised a different form of baptism; tonsure and most notably deviated in their calculation of Easter. One of the earliest examples of this conflict came when St. Augustine met the British bishops in 603. Here, he succeeded in offending the British by refusing to rise upon their entrance, showing that he did not think of his Celtic counterparts as equals. The Easter discrepancy was addressed at the Synod of Whitby in 664. King Oswy of Bernicia, the bretwalda of Northumbria, is reported to have declared that “he would rather be on the side of St. Peter, who held the keys to heaven, than that of St. Columba”. His decision at the synod to accept the Roman method of calculating the feast of Easter marked an end to the rival Celtic tradition. It brought the Church in England closer together by accepting Roman organisation. Despite the advent of the Synod of Whitby, the triumph of the Roman tradition...

Words: 2193 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Humanities Comparison

...Architectural sculpture, on the other hand, is the term that makes use of the sculpture by either an architect or sculptor. In many occasions, the use of architectural sculpture has been a component for many builders within the history and also almost virtually in each corner of the globe except the pre-colonial Australia (Encyclopædia Britannica 4). This essay will present a description of the sculpture, a relief sculpture, and an architectural design as well as samples of each. Sculpture photo and its description A sculpture is a three dimensional form of artwork that is created from many different mediums, such as stone, rock, marble, metal or wood. Some sculptors may create by carving while others may use a type of assembly process. . I am comparing the above sculpture with the roman sculpture Doryphorus (Spear Bearer)( Sayre, Henry M., and Henry M. Sayre. "Page 63." Discovering the Humanities. Boston: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2013. N. pag. Print.) The two sculptures vary in many ways. Doryphorus is made of marble, while the above sculpture is simply concrete. Doryphorus stands at 6’6” while above is only about 3’. Both sculptures depict the use of contrapposto, this was developed by “Greek sculptors to dramatize the stories narrated in the decorative programs of temples and sanctuaries.”( Sayre, Henry M., and Henry M. Sayre. "Page 63." Discovering the Humanities. Boston: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2013....

Words: 772 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Functionalism-Sullivan, Lecorbusier

...each building, a definite explainable relation between the form, the development of each building, and the causes that bring it into that particular shape; and that the building, to be good architecture, must, first of all, clearly correspond with its function, must be its image as you would say." Functionalism as an architectural principle can be traced back as far to the Vetruvian principles of Greek and Roman structure. For Louis Sullivan as well as Le Corbusier form was a mere manifestation of functional principles including the practical considerations of use, material, and structure and not by a preconceived picture in the designer's mind. Born in 1856 Louis Sullivan, deemed by some to be the "father of modern architecture," is credited with the creation of a wide variety of structural masterpieces all of which subscribe to his archetypal description and notion that "form ever follows function". Implicitly connected to Sullivan's principle of functionalism was his description of an organic quality that as he states is the very basis of life itself. Taken from his essay "The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered," first published in Lippincott's, March 1896, Sullivan states, " It is the pervading law of all things...

Words: 923 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Microsoft

...Essay Outline: Introductory Paragraph: * Topic Sentence: One of the most debated topics in Canada’s relatively short existence is whether this country lacks a concrete national identity. * Briefly defining “National Identity”: A nation’s identity primarily consists of “common points” which the majority of citizens within that specific country can relate with * Point #1: the two cultures (the English and the French) that help create the foundation of this nation have been involved in a conflict with each other though out the history of the country. * Events such as the 1837 Rebellion, the Quiet Revolution and the late 20th century referendums all prove the negative tension between the 2 dominant cultures of Canada. * Point #2: the multiculturalism Canada is known for turns out to be one of the primary reasons why Canada hasn’t yet developed a strong national identity. * Thesis Statement: The combination of Canada’s cultural roots failing to coexist through its history and the significant amount of multiculturalism this country possesses makes it impossible for Canada to have one true national identity. * Closing sentence: the effects of these factors shows today, as the majority of people both inside and outside of Canada fail to recognize a consensual concept within the country, that could be concretely characterized as Canada’s national identity. Body Paragraph #1: * Topic Sentence: Perhaps one of the most critical reasons why Canada’s...

Words: 1262 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Eastern Matrix

...religion.Mary Daly: religion reflects patriarchy | The problem of evilArguments of godFaith and resounding | Saint AnselmGauniloSt. Thomas Aquinas | What is religion?Is there true evidence of a god?Is there a heaven and hell? | | | | | | | Eastern and Western philosophy are similar but different in many ways. Eastern philosophy includes the various philosophies of ancient China and India, but can also include Islamic, Jewish, and Persian philosophies. Western philosophy refers to the philosophies developed by the ancient Greeks and Indians. There are many differences between Eastern and Western philosophy. One is the east uses concepts by intuition while the west uses concepts by postulations. Another is the west wants logical concrete proof while according to the east reality is known by intuition. The eastern philosophers are primarily practical while the western philosophers are primarily theoretical. The west is concerned basically with the modern world while the east is concerned with the ancient and past world. Lastly eastern philosophy relationship with religion is integration while western philosophy relationship with religion is opposition. There are many similarities between eastern and western philosophy. The first one is both deal with god in relationships. They also deal with beliefs. Lastly the both talk about religion. A real life situation where eastern philosophy has influenced western philosophy is yoga. Yoga is a systematic approach to spiritual...

Words: 503 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Why Was Socrates Regarded as a Man of Virtue?

...Why was Socrates regarded as a man of virtue? Why was Socrates regarded as a man of virtue? Socrates: Man of Virtue (470-399 B.C.E.) Socrates proposed the theory of value in which there are two sorts of good: virtue and happiness. Both are unconditional goods. But happiness is a "self-generated" good in that it "derives its value strictly from its inherent properties;" whereas virtue is an "other-generated" good in that it derives its value from happiness, precisely from its conduciveness to happiness. Virtue is an instinct in all humanity which can be aroused through self-examination. This universal truth is accessible to everyone who thinks and question. Socrates assumes that any person with whom he talks has the resource to answer his question correctly, that is, that no specialist knowledge is required. Socrates thought that knowledge is virtue, and virtue leads to happiness. It makes sense to think that moral people know what morality is. If you know right from wrong, then you might be able to choose to do what you know to be right. It also makes some sense to suspect that our beliefs about right and wrong influence our decisions. If we believe its right to help a drowning child, then it would be fairly shocking to decide not to do so—and it would less surprising when we decide to help the child. It is quite a shocking statement to say that virtue always leads to happiness. Criminals commit crimes that hurt others to help themselves. To think that their crimes would...

Words: 7161 - Pages: 29

Free Essay

Owl for Paper Formatting

...4/11/2016 Purdue OWL Welcome to the Purdue OWL This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue (https://owl.english.purdue.edu/). When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice at bottom. Contributors:Elyssa Tardiff, Allen Brizee. Summary: This resource describes why outlines are useful, what types of outlines exist, suggestions for developing effective outlines, and how outlines can be used as an invention strategy for writing. Four Main Components for Effective Outlines Ideally, you should follow the four suggestions presented here to create an effective outline. When creating a topic outline, follow these two rules for capitalization: For first­level heads, present the information using all upper­case letters; and for secondary and tertiary items, use upper and lower­case letters. The examples are taken from the Sample Outline handout. Parallelism—How do I accomplish this? Each heading and subheading should preserve parallel structure. If the first heading is a verb, the second heading should be a verb. Example: I. CHOOSE DESIRED COLLEGES II. PREPARE APPLICATION ("Choose" and "Prepare" are both verbs. The present tense of the verb is usually the preferred form for an outline.) Coordination—How do I accomplish this? All the information contained in Heading 1 should have the same significance as the information contained in Heading 2. The same goes for the subheadings (which should be less significant than the headings)...

Words: 1193 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Become a Cric

...Maps The Six Types of Writing Prompts Jane Shaffer Writing Terms Writing a Thesis Statement Writer’s Signal Words 1 4 5 6 7 8 11 Things NEVER to Do in an Essay 12 MLA Guidelines and Style Sheet Sample Essay Formatting Guide to Formatting Essays Using MS Word Revising and Proofreading Essays JBHS Proofreading Symbols Proofreading/Editing Worksheet MLA Quoting and Citation Guide Quote Integration FAQs Work Cited Page Why Did I Get This Grade? JBHS Academic Honesty Policy List of Resources and References Academic Honesty Contract 14 15 © JBHS English Department 2009 19 27 28 30 32 33 35 38 40 43 44 Glossary of Writing and Research Terms Annotated Bibliography: Includes a summary and/or evaluation of each of the sources used for researching a topic. Audience: Those whom you want your writing to reach. A writer needs to choose the appropriate words and style for his or her intended audience. Body Paragraph: Makes up most of an essay and has three main parts: a topic sentence, concrete detail/commentary, and a concluding sentence. Citation: [also known as parenthetical or in-text citation] Names a source and page number for text which quotes from, uses specific details from, or paraphrases source/research materials used for the writing of an essay or research paper. Claim: [also point or argument] A statement a writer makes that presents his main point or idea, the argument he/she is trying to prove. A thesis is the...

Words: 10668 - Pages: 43

Premium Essay

Lawrence

...The Poetry of Seamus Heaney BA Course. Spring 2013. Ferencz Gyozo. Student: Raquel Franco. Relation between past and present in Heaney´s poetry. KINSHIP Seamus Heaney frequently looks back to the past to try to understand or highlight the present. It shows up in his early poems as Digging where he tries to come to terms with his previous generation, with his father and his grandfather who earned a living cutting turf and cultivating the fields. Heaney feels already the need of making sense of his past, his ancestors and his present self, Between my finger and my thumb/ The squat pen rests./I´ll dig with it. This duality between present and past it also clear in others poems of his first collection Death of a Naturalist as in Follower where the poet juxtaposes the past when he followed his father´s steps trying to emulate him and the present when it is his father who stands behind him, But today/It is my father who keeps stumbling/Behind me, and will not go away. And of course past is also present in other poems of that same collection as Blackberry-Picking, in which Heaney´s uses a childhood memory to reflect about the impossibility of beautiful moments to perdure, or Mid-Term Break, in which Heaney returns to a traumatic event of his childhood, the death of his younger brother which tragically taught him about the lightness of life and the definite losses that we are exposed to. But If we can affirm that the past is an almost omnipresent element in...

Words: 1926 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

I'M Just Here

...Division of Fine Arts, Speech and Commercial Music Northwest College ARTS 1303 – Art History I CRN 42838 – Spring 2015 SPBR Campus - Room 602 / 8:00-9:30am / T,R Credit:3 / 3 hour lecture course / 48 hours per semester Course length : 16 weeks/ Type of Instruction Traditional (Face-to-Face) Instructor: David Swaim Instructor Contact Information: Email: david.swaim@hccs.edu Phone: (713) 718-5674 Due to changes in the state core curriculum this syllabus is subject to change!!!! Office location and hours SPBR room AD4 hours: 7:15-8:00 am and as per class discussion Please feel free to contact me concerning any problems that you are experiencing in this course. You do not need to wait until you have difficulties or have received a poor grade before asking for my assistance. Your performance in my class is very important to me. I am available to hear your concerns and just to discuss course topics. Feel free to come by my office anytime during these hours. Course Description This course is a global investigation of the styles and methods of artistic production covering Prehistoric through Gothic periods. Media studied include: drawing, painting, sculpture, architecture, printmaking, textiles, ceramics, and metal arts. Using this framework, universal themes are studied within their historical, political, economic, theological, sociological, and ethnic contexts. Prerequisites Must be placed into college-level reading and college-level writing Academic...

Words: 5954 - Pages: 24