Free Essay

Rural and Regional Development

In:

Submitted By Houghton5
Words 2380
Pages 10
REGIONAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Since the early 1990’s consecutive Australian governments have recognised the importance of regional development to relieve the effects of urban sprawl and to bridge the gap between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. In Australia, the role of regional development has traditionally been driven by both state and local governments. This said, the Commonwealth Government has consistently offered support and leadership in addressing regional challenges and promoting economic development. While Commonwealth intervention makes sense in terms of financial capacity, this intervention has often resulted in unnecessary and costly overlap and duplication between national, state and local governments. A national framework adequately funded, resourced and linked specifically to each local government would provide a more sensible approach to achieving long-term sustainable outcomes for regional communities.
In 2008 the Commonwealth Government set up 55 Regional Development Australia (RDA) Committees to bring together national, state and local bodies and provide a united and consistent approach to regional Australia. This assignment will review the role and effectiveness of RDA Committees in addressing economic, environmental and social change in regional Australia and thereby question the effectiveness of government in the delivery of regional development. In doing so, the assignment highlights the importance of local programs (based on community participation and engagement) in ensuring effective and long lasting implementation of regional development strategies. In discussing these concepts some of the challenges which the Far North Queensland and Torres Strait RDA Committee face in the pursuit of effective regional development outcomes will be highlighted and dissected.
Regional Development in Australia
Regional development can be influenced by a number of different factors including ‘natural resource endowments, human and financial capital, infrastructure, markets, industry diversification, leadership, local institutional capacity, and entrepreneurial activity’ (Buultjens,2012). The overall objective of regional development intervention is to utilise these factors in pursuit of the most efficient outcome and attempt to influence growth and development. In Australia, ‘the appropriate role of government in facilitating this development, has attracted considerable interest and debate for many years’ (BTRE,2003), largely because planning for regional development is difficult and each level of government in Australia contributes to regional development differently, for example: * State government intervention in regional areas has remained consistent and has been primarily driven through infrastructure development and service delivery i.e. health and education. Rather than offer funds through a specific policy or program, the State’s responsibility to provide adequate health care and education services forms an important contribution to regional development.

* As collector of 75% of public sector revenue, ‘the Commonwealth government is probably the only tier of government in Australia with the necessary resources to sustain a coherent and viable program of long-term regional development’ (Beer,2000). As well as payments to regional localities, through Federally Assisted Grants the Federal government indirectly contributes to regional development through programs such as disaster recovery and the National Broadband Network (NBN). These types of programs support economic and business growth, social connectedness, liveability and infrastructure development.

* Despite ‘local government remaining the smallest and poorest tier of government in Australia’ (Hawker Report, 2003) their role in delivering regional development programs continues to grow. Local governments, particularly within Victoria and Queensland have taken a hands-on role in activities such as marketing, planning, tourism and investment attraction programs. To complement local initiatives, more and more local governments are pooling resources to take advantage of economies of scale, particularly with reference to regional tourism and industry.
The diverse nature of regions makes it difficult for national and state governments to provide an effective one-size-fits-all approach to regional development. Often where a ‘top down’ approach, with limited local engagement and commitment has been administered, ‘the result has been urban-centric policy responses inappropriate for regional settings’(Gray,2001). The bottom-up approach to regional development promotes community ownership and empowerment. It ensures that engagement, interaction and decision-making takes place on the ground, taking into consideration cultural, geographical, historical, social and environmental concerns. More and more local governments can be found pursuing their own, evolving agenda as they start to work with their neighbours, fostering growth across locality boundaries.
Regional Development Australia (RDA)
In 2008, the Rudd government set up the RDA framework; a network of 55 Committees established to bring together all levels of government and provide a voice for local communities. The RDA network was to build on the success of Area Consultative Committees (ACC’s) developed in 2005 by the former Howard government to promote regional stability and employment. Honouring its commitment to economic prosperity, the Rudd Labor Government sought to transition the ACC’s into Regional Development Committees.
The RDA Charter states that RDA forms a partnership between the ‘Australian, state, territory and local governments to develop and strengthen the regional communities of Australia. It will have a pivotal role in ensuring the long-term sustainability of Australia’s regions’(RDA,2013). RDA was established ‘to take on a broader role, to develop strategic input into national programs, to improve coordination of regional development initiatives and ensure effective engagement with local communities’(RDA,2013). The activities which RDA undertake include the ‘development of regional business growth plans and strategies, the provision of environmental solutions to support sustainability and the development of strategies to ensure social inclusion within regional communities’(RDA,2013).
RDA Committees consist of local leaders who work across government, business and community groups. They focus their attention on triple bottom line outcomes including economic, environmental and social issues which affect regional communities. Each committee has developed a Regional roadmap, which outlines strategies for driving the economic, environmental and social development of their region. This roadmap was developed in conjunction with key stakeholders, and sits as a strategy document above local government community plans.
While RDA’s operate as a collaborative partnership between all levels of government their structure and funding varies between different states and territories. The differences in structure are intended to reflect the different needs of Australia’s states and territories. In 2010, the Rudd government announced an increase in funding for RDA Committees including RDA grant funding to support infrastructure development in cross regional areas.
Far North Queensland and Torres Strait – A working example of RDA
In Queensland there are 12 RDA committees; one of which is the Far North Queensland and Torres Strait (FNQ&TS) RDA committee. The region covers 15.8 per cent of Queensland’s total area and is located between two of Australia’s natural world heritage areas the Great Barrier Reef and the Wet Tropics rainforest. The FNQ&TS RDA Committee is made up of 16 committee members representing 19 local government areas (LGA’s) including Aurukun, Cairns, Cassowary Coast, Cook, Croydon, Etheridge, Hope Vale, Kowanyama, Lockhart River, Mapoon, Napranum, Northern Peninsula Area, Pormpuraaw, Tablelands, Torres, Torres Strait Island, Weipa Town, Wujal Wujal and Yarrabah. Economic | Environment | Social | * High unemployment * Vulnerability of seasonal employment and dependence on tourism industry * Poor road infrastructure in the northern parts of the region * Limited job opportunities for remote communities | * Vast geographic area * Set between two world heritage listed areas * One of Australia’s most vulnerable regions to climate change | * Over 60 traditional owner groups occupy the region * Vast number of languages * Highest indigenous population in Australia * Significant populations in very small, remote locations |
FNQ&TS RDA faces a significant number of economic, environmental and social challenges including:

The FNQ&TS area is particularly challenging for RDA. As one of the largest RDA’s in Queensland, the tyranny of distance makes it almost impossible to monitor and engage with each of the 19 LGA’s. RDA staff rely heavily on the voluntary contribution of committee members and state and local government engagement which is often sporadic and financially constrained. Ongoing communication and interaction is required to gain trust and promote awareness of RDA to encourage local government and community participation. This takes time and given political lifecycles RDA can have difficulty convincing the region of its legitimacy and value.
Each area within the FNQ&TS RDA also presents vastly different challenges and aspirations and managing these complexities is difficult. The diverse nature of each of the individual communities represented makes it difficult for RDA to set a strategic vision which is representative of the social, environmental and economic challenges facing each region. The RDA roadmap has provided a strategic overview of the region however the broad scope of the document and the absence of operational detail does not provide tangible actions upon which local areas can focus their delivery.
The value of the RDA lies in the connections and flow of information that can be made between the three levels of government. The inherent challenge for all RDA’s include: * The diverse range of geographic areas making engagement and communication difficult; * The varying financial contributions between states, territories and regions creates an uneven playing field for each RDA; * While funding since 2010 has increased, financial contributions to specific on-the-ground programs have been limited; and * The lack of marketing and media promotion needed to establish a profile and provide credibility.
There are a number of obvious changes which could be immediately implemented to improve the value of RDA including the establishment of a clear and coherent communication strategy to increase awareness, providing financial contributions based on geographical coverage (to encourage travel within and between regional and remote communities) and the development of set of clear key performance indicators to measure the impact of RDA. Producing a measurable outcome will establish the real value of RDA and ensure that policy is not politically but results driven.
Conclusion
Regional development is necessary to build resilient and strong regional communities. Whilst governments recognise the need to pay attention to regional issues, ‘their engagement tends to be inconsistent, piecemeal and opportunistic rather than strategic and comprehensive’(Beer,2006). The ideals of RDA Committees are sensible however local, on-the-ground leadership is imperative to achieving successful regional development. Nation states, providing a one-size-fits-all approach to regional development, are unable to deliver value for money and sound economic, environmental and social planning. Such planning is needed for local communities to deliver regional development and ensure a sustainable outcome for their area. Both national and state governments would be better placed supporting infrastructure development, service delivery and providing financial support to localised development programs delivered by local government. .

Bibliography

Adams, W.M 2006, The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in the Twenty-first Century, Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, 29–31 January 2006.

Beer, A 2000, ‘Regional Policy in Australia: Running out of Solutions?’ Chapter 10 (pp 169-194) in Pritchard, B. and McManus, P. (ed.) Land of Discontent, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney.

Beer, A, Haughton, G & Maude, A (eds) 2003, Developing Locally: An International Comparison of Local and Regional Economic Development, The Policy Press, Bristol.

Blakely, EJ & Green Leigh, N 2009, Planning Local Economic Development: Theory and Practice, SAGE Publications, California, Fourth edition.

Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics 2003, Government Interventions in Pursuit of Regional Development: Learning from Experience, Working paper No 55.

Buultjens, J, Ambrosoli, K & Dollery, B 2012, ‘The Establishment of Regional Development Australia Committees in Australia: Issues and Initiatives for the Future’, Australasian Journal of Regional Studies Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 182-205. Collits, P 2004, ‘Successful Cities and Regions: The Search for the Regional Development Holy Grail’, Regional Science Association International, Wollongong.

Collits, P 2006, ‘Great Expectations: What Regional Policy Can Achieve in Australia’, Australian Farm Policy Journal, Vol. 3, No. 3, August.

Dale, A & Newman, L 2008, ‘ Social Capital: a necessary and sufficient condition for sustainable community development?’ Community Development Journal, 45:1, pp. 5-21.

Dawkins, C 2003, ‘Regional Development Theory: Conceptual Foundations, Classic Works and Recent Developments’, Journal of Planning Literature, Vol. 18, No. 2, November.

Eversole, R. and Martin, J 2005, Bridging the Development Gap: Community and Industry Development in Rural Australia. Sustaining Regions, 5(1), pp. 23-31.

Gray, I, and Lawrence, G 2001, A Future for Regional Australia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Greenwood, D, Holt, R & Power, T 2010, Local Economic Development in the 21st Century: Quality of Life and Sustainability, M.E. Sharpe, New York.

House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics, Finance and Public Administration (The Hawker Report) 2003, Rates and Taxes: Fair Shares for Responsible Local Government, The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.
Jackson, T 2007, ‘Mainstreaming Sustainability in Local Economic Development Practice’, Local Economy, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 12-26.
Jepson, E, Haines, A 2003, ‘under sustainability’, Economic Development Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 45.

Kates, RW & Parris, TM 2003, 'Long-term trends and a sustainability transition', PNAS, vol. 100, no. 14, pp. 8062–8067.

Lamb, J & Leach, K 2011, ‘The Credit Crisis: A Golden Opportunity to Extend Localisation and Stimulate Genuinely Sustainable Local Economic Development’, International Journal of Green Economics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 204-12.

Local Government Association of Queensland 2006, Incorporating Economic Development into Local Government Planning, Author, Brisbane.

Maude, A, Beer, A & Pritchard, B 2003, Developing Australia’s Regions, UNSW Press, Sydney.

Meadow,D,Randers,J. & Behrens, W 1972, The Limits to Growth, Universe Books, New York.

Newman, P. & Jennings, I 2008, Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems: principles and practices, Island Press: Washington DC, pp 8-30

O’Connor, K, Stimson, R & Daly, M 2001, Australia’s Changing Economic Geography: A Society Dividing, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

Regional Development Australia 2013, Online version accessed on 12 April 2013 at http://www.rda.gov.au

Schellnhuber, H, Block, A, Cassel-Gintz, M, Kropp, J, Lammel, G, Lass, W, Lienenkamp, R, Loose, C, Lüdeke, MKB, Moldenhauer, O, Petschel-Held, G, Plöchl, M & Reusswig, F 1997, 'Syndromes of Global Change', GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 18–33.

Scott, A (ed) 2002, Global City-Regions: Trends, Theory, Policy, Oxford UP, Oxford.

Sorensen, A 2000, ‘Regional Development: Some Issues for Policymakers’, Parliamentary Library, Research Paper No 26.

Stilwell, F 1992, Understanding Cities and Regions: Spatial Political Economy, Pluto Press, Sydney.

Stimson, R, Stough, R & Roberts, B 2006, Regional Economic Development: Analysis and Planning Strategy, Springer, Second edition.

WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development), 1987, Our Common Future. The Brundtland Report. London: Oxford University Press.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Regional Banks

...REGIONAL RURAL BANKS The Narasimham committee on rural credit recommended the establishment of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) on the ground that they would be much better suited than the commercial banks or co-operative banks in meeting the needs of rural areas. Accepting the recommendations of the Narasimham committee, the government passed the Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976. A significant development in the field of banking during 1976 was the establishment of 19 Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) under the Regional Rural Banks Act‚1976. The RRBs were established “with a view to developing the rural economy by providing, for the purpose of development of agriculture, trade, commerce, industry and other productive activities in the rural areas, credit and other facilities, particularly to small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers, artisans and small entrepreneurs, and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto” . * Objective * Functions * Regional Rural Banks in India * Regional Rural Banks in Tamil Nadu RRBs established with the explicit objective of Top * Bridging the credit gap in rural areas * Check the outflow of rural deposits to urban areas * Reduce regional imbalances and increase rural employment generation The main objectives of setting up the RRB is to provide credit and other facilities‚ especially to the small and marginal farmers‚ agricultural labourers artisans and small entrepreneurs in rural areas. Each RRB will...

Words: 987 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Urbanization And Urbanization

...addressed. Universities (i.e. Renmin University) in China seek to overcome the past tendency to research on urbanization issues as discrete problems. Their goal is to identify feasible options by which urbanization will grow through localization. Universities in China will use their expertise to strengthen their engagement in contributing to rural policy development. In China the spatial policy framework approach provides the opportunity to deal with uncoordinated and unbalanced regional development. Government is the sole decision maker and often the facts are suppressed by the...

Words: 891 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Regional Disparity in Agricultural Credit

...| REGIONAL DISPARITY IN AGRICULTURAL CREDIT | | | Arvind Kumar Jha | PGDMA 1206 | | ABSTRACT The Eleventh Five year plan makes specific focus on the inclusive growth of the economy. It implies that the growth process that experienced over the years were not sufficiently inclusive of all. Although there had been substantial reduction of poverty over past few decades during the five year plans, the core content of the rural poverty remained intractable. In fact, upto Ten Five year plan envisaged balanced regional development and equality and employment. But the growth of population and urban biased industrial development have left out the backward section of population and the rural sector in general un-addressed. The agricultural credit policies and the economic reform in general aim to have positive influence on the total volume of institutional credit. However, the rural banking system in India made tremendous quantitative achievement by neglecting the qualitative aspects of the credit delivery system. The inequalities in the banking system across the regions and social classes persisted. Hence, it is mandatory to understand the regional disparity in the distribution of agricultural credit. In context to Agricultural credit, Southern Region (Rs.101659 crore) dominated the other region Northern Region (Rs.69630 crore), Central region (Rs.45988 crore) Western region (Rs.61613 crore), Eastern Region (Rs.26760 crore)and Northeastern region(Rs.2436...

Words: 2533 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

Nabard, R.B.I, Sidbi

...for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is an apex development bank in India having headquarters based in Mumbai (Maharashtra)[3] and other branches are all over the country. The Committee to Review Arrangements for Institutional Credit for Agriculture and Rural Development (CRAFICARD), set up by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) under the Chairmanship of Shri B. Sivaraman, conceived and recommended the establishment of the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD). It was established on 12 July 1982 by a special act by the parliament and its main focus was to uplift rural India by increasing the credit flow for elevation of agriculture & rural non farm sector and completed its 25 years on 12 July 2007.[4] It has been accredited with "matters concerning policy, planning and operations in the field of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in rural areas in India". RBI sold its stake in NABARD to the Government of India, which now holds 99% stake.[5] NABARD is active in developing financial inclusion policy and is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion History NABARD was established on the recommendations of Shivaraman Committee, by an act of Parliament on 12 July 1982 to implement the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act 1981. It replaced the Agricultural Credit Department (ACD) and Rural Planning and Credit Cell (RPCC) of Reserve Bank of India, and Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC). It...

Words: 5653 - Pages: 23

Free Essay

Essays on Economy

...Paper-I Principles of Geography Physical Geography i) Geomorphology : Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; Origin and evolution of the earth’s crust; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of the earth’s interior; Geosynclines; Continental drift; Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent views on mountain building; Vulcanicity; Earthquakes and Tsunamis; Concepts of geomorphic cycles and Landscape development ; Denudation chronology; Channel morphology; Erosion surfaces; Slope development ;Appl ied Geomorphology: Geohydrology, economic geology and environment ii) Climatology : Temperature and pressure belts of the world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmospheric circulation; atmospheric stability and instability. Planetary and local winds; Monsoons and jet streams; Air masses and fronto genesis, Temperate and tropical cyclones; Types and distribution of precipitation; Weather and Climate; Koppen’s, Thornthwaite’s and Trewartha’s classification of world climates; Hydrological cycle; Global climatic change and role and response of man in climatic changes, Applied climatology and Urban climate. iii) Oceanography : Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; Temperature and salinity of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits; Waves, currents and tides; Marine resources: biotic, mineral and energy resources; Coral reefs, coral bleaching; sealevel changes; law of the sea and marine pollution. iv) Biogeography :...

Words: 1084 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Migration

...Migration has been significantly reshaping the traditional social and economic structures of rural communities of this country. The livelihood activities of rural families are no longer confined to farming and are increasingly being diversified through rural-to-urban and international migration. With the development of trade and industry and the awareness produced by the mass media, rural poor are shifting towards the urban areas in order to improve their living standards and to search for better livelihood opportunities. The lack of employment opportunities in the rural areas and better employment prospects and infrastructure facilities in the urban areas motivate people to migrate to urban areas. In the rural areas, sluggish agricultural growth and limited development of the rural non-farm sector raises the incidence of rural poverty, unemployment and underemployment. Moreover, absence of non-farm employment, low agricultural production has resulted in a growth of seasonal migration. Seasonal migration is the migration for a limited period of the year when no farming activity is underway. As most of the high productivity activities are located in the urban areas, people from rural areas move towards town or cities with a hope to grab diversified livelihood opportunities. Migration primarily occurs due to disparities in regional development. The causes of migration are usually explained by using two broad categories, namely, push and pull factors. Studies conducted in...

Words: 885 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

China's New Concept for Development

...CHINA’S NEW CONCEPT FOR DEVELOPMENT Jiyao Bi1 INTRODUCTION In the first 20 years of the 21st century China is entering a new development stage to comprehensively build a prosperous society and to accelerate its modernization drive. China views these two decades as a period of great strategic opportunity which should be pursued vigourously. From an international perspective, peace and development remain the central themes of our era, and China is working to achieve this peaceful environment for development. From a domestic perspective, 25 years of economic reform and opening up have laid a solid basis for development, and China has achieved favourable conditions to accelerate development. However, opportunities are always accompanied by challenges. A key challenge for China is to adopt new thinking and ideas for development and make a new breakthrough in reform, so as to tightly grasp and make a full use of this opportunity to further promote its modernization drive. I. CHINA’S DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND ISSUES China has experienced rapid economic growth since the late 1970s when economic reform and opening policies was initiated. From 1978 to 2004, China’s GDP grew by a yearly average of 9.5 per cent, the highest levels of GDP growth in the world. China has successfully maintained its sustained and rapid economic growth in recent years by improving and strengthening macro-control policies. Confronted with the external shocks of the Asian financial crisis of 1997–1998 and...

Words: 6087 - Pages: 25

Free Essay

Impact of Urbanization

...find what they need, and living in city, it is often easier to find work. As we all know, China is a developing country, so urbanization can quicken our pace to catch up with the developed country, urbanization also create many opportunities the unemployed. So these conveniences make people’s life more comfortable and easy. The research is about The Importance of Urbanization on Our Future. 1.1 Definition Urbanization generally refers to gather population to urban areas and rural areas into urban areas. Urbanization is the inevitable result of social and economic development and social progress. A national or regional urbanization level, showing its social and economic development level because the city is the economic center of regional development, to promote the development of the regional economy, and improve the level of regional economy and promote the development of the city   2.0 Findings 2.1 Impact of urbanization on the economy Urbanization of economy is described as the regional concentration of population and produces or benefit various activities. Because of the large number of people to focus on urbanization area, there have been frequent exchanges of people and diversification, so as to provide a market for some activities and even broader room for profits。For example, the emergence of urban large - scale entertainment venues and facilities, and so on. More is of special significance, the layout and construction of public facilities because of the...

Words: 524 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

• " a Study of the Impact of Human Resource Practices in Regional Rural Bank of Mp

...• " A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF HUMAN RESOURCE PRACTICES IN REGIONAL RURAL BANK OF MP II (A) INTRODUCTION OF HRD According to Economic Theory, the factors of production are land, labour, capital, organization and enterprise to produce and distribute goods and services. These five factors can be further grouped into two broad categories, (i) land and capital and (ii) labour, organization and enterprise. The former category is passive in nature while the latter one is active. The inputs of this category may be largely termed as human resources working in the form of entrepreneurs, managers and workers. No amount of production of any good or service is possible in their absence. Even with the given factor - inputs (factors of production) of the first category, the magnitude of goods and services and their quality depend on the quality of such human resources. In the present day society, the need for well developed and qualified human resources is being felt very profoundly to successfully face cut-throat competition. This is because the modern commercial and industrial scenario is characterized by mega-sized organizations, global competitions, innovative and newer wide variety of goods and services and ever changing technology. In this situation, the development of human resources has assumed more significance so as to understand and use ever - changing technology and to do the job effectively and efficiently, eventually leading to...

Words: 4801 - Pages: 20

Premium Essay

Urbanization In Ethiopia

...1.1. Urbanization in Tigray Regional State Tigray regional state is one of from nine regional states of the country, located on the northern part of Ethiopia. The regional state covers atotal area of about 54569.25km2 and it was boarder by Eritrea in the north, amhara regional state in the south, afar regional state in the east and sudan in the west. The region’s climatic zones are lowland/kola/, temperate/weina dega/ & highland/dega/. Temperature is inversely related to altitude, with mean annual temperatures of 22°C to 27°C in the Lowlands and between 10° to 22°C in the Highlands up to 3,000 masl. The Region has a single rainy season of variable length between May and October. According to the projected census of 2007, the region has a total...

Words: 902 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

South-South Cooperation and Triangular Cooperation

...South-South cooperation for development 1. Introduction South-South Cooperation (SSC) and Triangular Cooperation (TC) are emerging forms of aid architecture far from the traditional “North-South” model. SSC, based on the attainment of internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, is meant to strengthen developing countries’ voice and their bargaining power in multilateral negotiations. It also gives them the opportunity to promote self-sufficiency among them and strengthen their economic ties. South-South cooperation has existed for at least sixty years. It has become much more prominent in the past decade. Many Southern countries have emerged as important actors in the global economy. Their exact contribution to development is hard to quantify. Yet, they have provided ample support, in terms of financial assistance, capacity building, skill and personnel exchange, and technology transfer. However, despite the fact that SSC can be more sustainable than traditional North-South cooperation allowing better adaptation to the country situation, in practice there is still no shared understanding on the very nature and goals of SSC. This is true on the basis of the various and sometimes divergent “interpretations” on SSC given by both emerging economies and developed countries. Some argue that South-South Cooperation should not be seen as a substitute for, rather a complement to North-South cooperation, while others argue that the two models...

Words: 3037 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Regional Rural Banks

...INTRODUCTION The Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) were established in 1976 under Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976. RRBs are an integral part of rural credit system and are expected to play an increasingly important role in the development of, particularly, rural areas. RRBs are jointly owned by GoI, the concerned State Government and Sponsor Banks (27 scheduled commercial banks and one State Cooperative Bank); the issued capital of a RRB is shared by the owners in the proportion of 50%, 15% and 35% respectively. It is important that the RRBs function in a highly professional manner, embracing the technological advancements. The Government of India had taken a number of steps, including recapitalization support from time to time, to improve the functioning of the RRBs and their financial health. Considering the tremendous potential, due to their presence throughout the country, Government of India has initiated the process of restructuring of RRBs to improve their functioning, achieve the economics of scale and to ensure better managerial control. As a result the total number of RRBs, as on 31 March 2011, stood at 82. With a view to modernize and strengthen the technology up gradation and functioning of RRBs to compete and play a more meaningful role in the financial services sector RRBs are required to roll out Core Banking Solution (CBS) and their banking operations need to be functionally integrated with their sponsor banks. PERFORMANCE OF RRBs AS ON 31 MARCH, 2011 The...

Words: 776 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Learning

...skills for economic development. President, NA Nazarbayev to the strategic directions of development of the republic in the coming decade include education and science, the development of which crucially depend on the pace of economic, technical and technological progress, political development, the state of culture and spirituality in society. During the years of reforms undertaken bold steps to introduce innovations. So, with the adoption in June 1999. Law "On education" has a new model of the national education system, corresponding to the International Standard Classification of Education, recommended by UNESCO. In accordance with it, based on the principle of continuity and has 4 levels of education: - Pre-school education and training. - Secondary education. - Higher Education. - Post-graduate education. In this model, there is no such levels, as vocational and secondary education. Training and retraining of personnel, it also is not education levels, and are considered as basic forms of additional professional education. The education system WSO in the last 10 years has undergone significant changes. In the late 90's have been reducing the share of the actual level of funding, the closing (the "optimization"), a number of educational institutions, the crisis in the system as a whole. Currently, the system of education has entered a period of stabilization, which is characterized by extensive development of...

Words: 4000 - Pages: 16

Premium Essay

The Difficulty of Eu Policy Reform on the Example of Cap and Regional Policy

... UNIVERSITY OF KENT 2007-2008 There is something strange about European Union policies: they are always reformed and they always need to be reformed further. This is due to the fact that these reforms concern mainly the form and not so much the content. The seven objectives of the regional policy have been replaced by three objectives in the 2000-2006 budgetary perspective, which have themselves been converted into three principles for the 2007-2013 period but it did not leqd to any revolutionary change. The CAP has been reformed in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1999, and 2003, but the principle of protecting agriculture from market forces remained intact. Scholars, especially economists, often criticise this inertia claiming that real reforms are necessary to avoid huge economic costs and to ensure a long-term development. Why is it so difficult to reform EU policies? What are the factors encouraging these reforms and those leading to their lack? We have chosen the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the regional policy to tackle this question because they seem to be the policies which face the most difficulties to be reformed and because they represent together 80% of the EU budget which means that the reallocation of their costs would enable a greater dynamism of the Union. The first part, about the CAP, will be longer because the CAP is the example par excellence...

Words: 5528 - Pages: 23

Free Essay

Rural-Urbanmigration

...How Rural-Urban Migration Contributes to the Development of a Megacity: A case from Bangladesh  Abstract Like other developing countries, rural-urban migration is the prime reason of developing megacity in Bangladesh. It is the most important factor for rapid urbanization as well. Dhaka, the only megacity in Bangladesh, became a megacity having more than 10 million of population in 2001. Dhaka is the center of attraction of this region since 7th century and the development phase of this megacity can be categorized into five- Pre-mughal period, Mughal period, British period, Pakistan period and independent Bangladesh period. Although rural-urban migration plays the crucial most role to turn Dhaka from a city to megacity, it was not very significant during the first three  period. With the partition of subcontinent Dhaka became the capital of independent Bangladesh and huge numbers of migrants start to step into this city. Dhaka, the 9th largest of 21 megacities of the world, drags people towards it with several ‗forces of attraction‘. This study, on the rural-urban migrants residing over the slums of Dhaka city, finds that availability of jobs, easy access to informal economy, ‗Dhaka means Taka‘ conception and ‗illuminating Dhaka‘ are the prime forces of attraction of Dhaka megacity. Keywords:  Megacity, Dhaka, Rural-Urban Migration, Migration toward Megacity, Forces of  Attraction. Introduction Development of cities and urban centers as well is intrinsically related with...

Words: 4861 - Pages: 20