...of Linguistics and Translation Department of Theory and Practice of the English Language Intercultural Communication Project Stereotypes of gender roles in Egypt and Russia Written by: Elena Yakusheva Group: LIE – 503 Chelyabinsk, 2014 Table of contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3 Part one GENDER STEREOTYPES THEORY. …………………………….........6 1.1 Stereotypes: definition and functions…………………………………………..6 1.2 The gender concept……………….. ………………………………………….10 1.3 Gender stereotype: types and functions……………………………………….14 Conclusions on part one………………………………………………...…….......20 Part two. STEREOTYPES OF GENDER ROLES IN EGYPT AND RUSSIA….21 2.1 Research method on the stereotypes of gender roles in Russia and Egypt........21 2.2 The interpretation of the results of the research in Russia……………………21 2.3 The interpretation of the results of the research in Egypt……………………..24 2.4 The comparison of the results and its reasons………………………………...25 Conclusions on part two…………………………………………………………..29 Resources………………………………………………………………………….30 Online resources…………………………………………………………………..32 Appendix………………………………………………………………………….33 Introduction The questions connected with features of a sex of the person and his or her psychological and social distinctions, are among recently the most discussed in society. Today the role of the man and the woman undergoes considerable changes. This problem excites many modern scientists-psychologists and sociologists, such as Henri...
Words: 8717 - Pages: 35
...The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/1756-6266.htm Situating the subject: gender and entrepreneurship in international contexts Fidelma Ashe University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK, and Gender and entrepreneurship 185 Lorna Treanor Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to offer a perspective to further the understanding of gender entrepreneurship. This paper considers the situatedness of the gendered entrepreneur within diverse international contexts marked by different constitutions of gender identities and networks of power, both within the context of contributions within this special issue but also more broadly within the field of gender and entrepreneurship research. Design/methodology/approach – The authors adopt a feminist perspective and analyse the different framings of identity within gender and entrepreneurship literature and their contributions to our understandings of the concepts of both power and gendered identities. Findings – The paper finds that power and identity are configured in different contexts in ways that open arenas for future analysis. Originality/value – The paper highlights the importance of considering masculinities within gender and entrepreneurship research offering support for further analyses of entrepreneurial masculinities by examining two studies that expose entrepreneurial masculinities as shifting subjectivities...
Words: 8127 - Pages: 33
...In nineteenth-century Russia, the woman question emerged as a prevalent topic for debate. It questioned women’s gender roles within society. The increase in women’s agency within the public sphere during the eighteenth century, brought on by Peter the Great’s reforms, changes in property laws, salon culture, and charity, engendered the woman question in the nineteenth century and influenced responses to it. Four responses to the woman question emerged: the feminist response, the nihilist response, the radical response, and the reactionary right response. Each of these responses reacted to or built upon preceding responses, each broadening the scope of the next. The feminists drew on eighteenth-century charity to shape its response that women’s...
Words: 1445 - Pages: 6
...Gender stratification has been a hot topic as of late, and for good reason. The issues surrounding the wage gap include less pay for women, the lack of opportunity for employment and promotion for women, and the gendering of certain jobs that a demised more suitable for women or men. But, there are some steps being taken to counter this. While many parents, including Professor Stehle, are using forms of gender-neutral parenting, there are also efforts being made on larger scales.Engineering is generally considered a man’s job, but The Women and Minority in Engineering (WME) program at OSU is providing outreach to women and minorities in order to broaden recruitment and the interest in engineering. Women Engineering Their Future, Saturday...
Words: 1161 - Pages: 5
...Andy Weber Dr. Guerra American Literature 28 October 2014 Conformity Versus Individuality in “Bernice Bobs Her Hair” Anyone who might read the short story “Bernice Bobs Her Hair” by F. Scott Fitzgerald might analyze it and immediately take note that it is a story with a strong central focus on societal norms of the early 20th century and how those norms begin to change, especially among women of era. In “Bernice Bobs Her Hair,” we observe as the story’s central characters—a pair of young women—challenge the traditional gender roles set upon them by society, and in doing so, challenge the idea of conformity itself. Clearly this reflects the actual mindset of young women who lived during this time, as the 1920’s is particularly known as a time when women truly began to break societal norms and expected roles. But while the theme of identity and feminism seems clear to us, there also appears to be an underlying message that contrasts with this initial idea. Although “Bernice Bobs Her Hair” is a story about progression and escaping from societal norms, it leaves us with the strong notion that society is ultimately more comfortable with conformity. Some of the more obvious themes found within this story include those such as feminism and identity, which easily go hand-in-hand with one another. Feminism is a particularly interesting theme in this story because of the timeframe in which it takes place. As stated before, the early 20th century saw a drastic cultural change in...
Words: 1573 - Pages: 7
...Self-Understanding – The individual’s cognitive representation of the self, the substance and content of self-conceptions. It is a social cognitive construction. (i.e. a 12 year old boy understands that he is a student, football player, family member, and a video game lover) Abstraction – What the person actually is. Idealism – Positive characteristics of one’s self, and/or what they desire to be like. Differentiation – Adolescents are more likely than children to note contextual or situational variations in describing themselves. Adolescents are more likely than children to understand that they possess several different selves, each one varying in some degree according to a specific role or context. The Fluctuating self – The self continues to be characterized by instability until late adolescence or even early adulthood Maladjustment – A strong discrepancy between the real and ideal self Possible Self – Alternate to the idea of maladjustment. What the individual might become, what they want to become, and what they are afraid of becoming. Self-Comparison – Comparison of self to peers. Adolescents are more likely than children to use self-comparison in evaluating themselves; however their willingness to admit that they engage in social comparison for this purpose declines during adolescence because they view these acts as socially undesirable. Self-Consciousness – Adolescent’s friends are often the main source of reflected self-appraisals, the social mirror into...
Words: 2962 - Pages: 12
...By Josephine Asher Confessions of a young anti-feminist By Josephine Asher Is the pursuit for gender equality sucking life out of relationships? Instead of harnessing the different qualities of men and women to energise us, we are striving to make men and women equal. More women are joining the battle for the CEO’s chair and pursuing dominance in their homes and communities. But in the process they’re becoming more like men. And men are becoming… well, less like men. Renowned Australian neurosurgeon Charlie Teo believes men and women have different roles “set not only by society but set by physiology”. “The current trend is for dads to be more hands on. But for all we know it may be proven in a hundred years time that that may be a negative thing for the upbringing of children,” he said recently on Seven’s Sunday Night program. “They’re there to be protective. A man has to have a good job; he has to do well at school so he can get a good job and support his family. A woman has to be loving and caring,” he said. As a 29-year-old single woman, many of my peers don’t appreciate my traditionalist views. I’d rather dodge a flying pair of high heels thrown at me in anger than pin a man under a pair of mine. Feminism has achieved victories for women, but could it be at the expense of femininity, chivalry and attributes of the opposite sex that instinctively attract us to each other? In his book The Way of the Superior Man, David Deida describes attraction between the...
Words: 1065 - Pages: 5
...A)Violence against Women -Wrestling with manhood -Violence is connected to manhood (real men invite confrontation, trash talk) -Fear and respect go hand in hand -Bark like a dog (subordination of women is part of the “man” package) -Comparison to women as a challenging idea (you are a “bitch”) -Chyna becomes so strong, she is stripped of femininity (later rejects public image) -violence as “deserved,” even really crazy awful sexual violence (“bark like a dog”) -“...it's only entertainment.” -Sex Trafficking (Trade) B)Gender, Beauty, Normalization -Wolf, beauty as a prerequisite for success for women -“girls learn that stories happen to 'beautiful' woman but don't happen to women who aren't beautiful” -beauty as a market and product -the female body as a constant -Kaw, Asian Americans (3% of pop., 6% of cosmetic surgeries), most likely ethnicity to get c. surgery -encouragement of self hatred -pressuring women to conform to standards of normality -media representation of Asians as “sleepy, dull, uninterested” -origins in facial reconstruction at WWI -now used to “fix” completely natural features -Valenti, beauty as a “shut the fuck up” tool -beauty is a distraction -women are too ugly or too pretty to be consequential/deserve public attention -Bordo, Slender Body -double bind: producer v. consumer -moral coding: fat is seen as lazy, thin as control -cultural...
Words: 1763 - Pages: 8
...the bizarre reality of the woman playing second fiddle to man. This play opens with Chandan changed into Dan in order to absolve himself from the guilt of killing his sister. He has to bear the brunt of his grandfather’s and mother’s cruelty .He considers himself responsible for his sister’s death. In this play Dattani plays with the idea of female infanticide that is prevalent among the Gujratis and also suggests Patel`s hegemonic patriarchy when he insists that proper division in the gender roles be made Tara gives us a glimpse into the modern society which claims to be liberal and advanced in its thought and action. In a society which claims that its mothers are educated today and have `Devis` like Durga, Kali, Saraswati , Lakshmi etc whom not only women but men also pay obeisance , differentiate between a male child and a female child. All the propagandas of equality between male and female, equal opportunities to women in all the fields are belied. Dattani’s deep preoccupation with gender issues leads to the emergence of the idea of the twin side to one`s self –quite literally embodied in one body and the separation that follows Mahesh Dattani mentioned in one of his interviews with Lakshmi Subramanyam: ``I see Tara as a play about the male self and female self. The male self is being preferred in all cultures .The play is about the separation of self and the resultant angst` Erin Mee writes in the note of the play,``Tara centres on the emotional separation that grows...
Words: 2893 - Pages: 12
...Power Distance Index (PDI) This refers to the degree of inequality that exists – and is accepted – between people with and without power. A high PDI score indicates that a society accepts an unequal, hierarchical distribution of power, and that people understand "their place" in the system. A low PDI score means that power is shared and is widely dispersed, and that society members do not accept situations where power is distributed unequally. Application: According to the model, in a high PDI country, such as Malaysia (100), team members will not initiate any action, and they like to be guided and directed to complete a task. If a manager doesn't take charge, they may think that the task isn't important. PDI | Characteristics | Tips | High PDI | * Centralized organizations. * More complex hierarchies. * Large gaps in compensation, authority and respect. | * Acknowledge a leader's status. As an outsider, you may try to circumvent his or her power, but don't push back explicitly. * Be aware that you may need to go to the top for answers. | Low PDI | * Flatter organizations. * Supervisors and employees are considered almost as equals. | * Delegate as much as possible. * Ideally, involve all those in decision making who will be directly affected by the decision. | 2. Individualism Versus Collectivism (IDV) This refers to the strength of the ties that people have to others within their community. A high IDV score indicates weak interpersonal connection...
Words: 1735 - Pages: 7
...1d. Social Issues and Implications Very often when discussing the body, it is in reality a discussion on the symbolic systems- the structures and effects of class, race, or gender, practices of sport, or organizational principles of sociality (Latimer, 2009). According to (Latimer, 2009) bodies fit in with cultural and economic mores” as “body practices are socially constructed along the fault lines of gender, class, age and ethnicity. This is likely because one's appearance often is a reflection of their habits and mindset, and thus their social class culture and race. Through one's’ physical appearance, skin colour, hair color and build are all signs of their race and culture. The behaviours and dressing on the other hand would identify one's’...
Words: 2763 - Pages: 12
...Systematic Theology II ___________________ by Peter Heikkinen February 17, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………..….1 SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………….1-3 EGALITARIAN EQUALITY…………………………………………………………..1-2 COMPLIMENTARIAN ROLES…………………………………………………….…2-3 CRITICAL INTERACTION……………………………………………………………………3-6 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………....6-7 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………....8 Introduction Within Christian controversial topics that divide the Church as a whole Woman in Ministry is one of the most divisive. The two main sides of this debate are; egalitarian’s who believe there are no role differences in gender to authority or teaching in the church biblically. The complementarian view also known as the traditional view holds that men have a position of authority before God in church teaching and authority in the church and home governing. James Beck gathers four New Testament scholars two for each side on the issue and sets out to show case two arguments for each side and room for rebuttal in consideration of the New Testament scripture dealing with woman in ministry. With my own view being that of a soft complementation; women have a role in teaching and authority in the home and church setting but man has positional headship of responsibility, this position will be defended with these arguments in this book and other scholarly sources in this paper. Summary Egalitarian Equality The beginning chapter...
Words: 2283 - Pages: 10
...Being a ‘Team’ Player: The Linguistic Alteration of Identity in Online Communities Dedicated to The Hunger Games In the first chapter of Gender and Language, Penelope Eckert and Sally McConnell-Ginet discuss how the connection between language and gender enables a “continual performance” of gendered interactions (33), which, in turn, enables “social reproduction” founded on the separate categories of male and female. They argue that language not only reflects gendered categories but “constructs and maintains these categories” (34). Being such strong categories, they claim it is “impossible” to escape gendered behavior and not influence others to give gendered responses (50). In a later chapter, Eckert and McConnell-Ginet discuss how “gender schemas and ideologies” are implied and interpreted (203). Using an example from a university setting, the authors illustrate their point that the assumption of gender may not result from “the particulars of our exchange but in familiar gender stereotypes” (204). If no specific clues or pronouns are given during the exchange of information, presuppositions relying on stereotypes often emerge. Not only do stereotypes and behavior fill the linguistic gaps, but the power in individual words alone is a cause for concern. Sally McConnell-Ginet explores this further in her article “Words in the World: How and Why Meanings Can Matter.” She argues that single words can carry multiple meanings in each use whether the speaker means them to or not...
Words: 2201 - Pages: 9
...countries. There are different ways of measuring this. Comparing annual or monthly earnings shows the difference between what both sexes “take home”, which is interesting from a sociological perspective. However we shall focus on the “gender pay gap”, defined as the “the relative difference in the average gross hourly earnings of women and men working full time”. This shows the difference between the actual “price” of women and men’s labor, taking into consideration the fact that men work more hours on average. How does the gender gap stand today? Despite differences between countries the gender pay gap remains a persistent characteristic of OECD labor markets. In 2006, women earned an average of 16% less than men, per hour worked. … Although we can see a slow but continuous drop over the past few decades in all countries In OECD countries, which are mainly liberal democracies that prone equality and economic efficiency, the difference in wages shouldn’t, theoretically, be directly linked to sex, but to productivity. With the convergence between the sexes, the difference in productivity should be disappearing, and yet the gender wage gap, whilst slowly declining, remains a reality. It is important to address the issue of the gender pay gap,...
Words: 3444 - Pages: 14
...My Gendered Life A role of any gender is based on a lot of factors such as region, religion, education, language, values, beliefs, attitude and personal experience. All these factors influence the way a specific gender would approach itself and the society. Male and female have been and are still the two biggest genders of our community. For a long time we have acknowledged males as the provider and females as a receiver. Based on this principle our ancestral societies have set up some trends, regulations, responsibilities and etiquettes. I was born in India in an extremely religious family. My parents are Hindus and our family followed the rules and norms accepted by the Hindu society. Growing up I saw my father as the worker and my mom as a care giver. My role as a boy was to take care of my sister, study hard and participate in as many sports I would like whereas my sister stayed home with my mother helping her with house hold activities. During social events women in India mostly wore Saris which are long Indian dresses that cover most of your body and young girls would wear Salwar Kameez which is similar to Sari except it is considered a little more western whereas men could wear anything they liked. At fairly young age I asked my mother once that why all the girls do not wear clothes like the actresses from Hollywood movies and she quickly responded in an upsetting tone that those type of clothes are too revealing and not accepted in Hindu society even though they...
Words: 652 - Pages: 3
