...Exp Econ (2009) 12: 87–92 DOI 10.1007/s10683-008-9197-1 Measuring conditional cooperation: a replication study in Russia Benedikt Herrmann · Christian Thöni Received: 29 August 2007 / Accepted: 30 January 2008 / Published online: 10 April 2008 © Economic Science Association 2008 Abstract We replicate the strategy-method experiment by Fischbacher et al. (Econ. Lett. 71:397–404, 2001) developed to measure attitudes towards cooperation in a one-shot public goods game. We collected data from 160 students at four different universities across urban and rural Russia. Using the classification proposed by Fischbacher et al. (2001) we find that the distribution of types is very similar across the four locations. The share of conditional cooperators in our Russian subject pools is comparable to the one found by Fischbacher et al. in a Swiss subject pool. However, the distribution of the other types differs from the one found in Switzerland. Keywords Conditional cooperation · Replication · Russia JEL Classification H41 · C91 · C72 We are grateful for the invaluable research assistance provided by Sergei Zorya, Lena Gerasimenko, Michael Belaev, Jevgenji Maslukov, Alexei Bibikov and Valerie Kowalenko. We also would like to thank the Universities of Agricultural Sciences Brijansk (Kokino), Samara (Ust-Kinel), the Belgorod State Technical Academy of Building Materials, and the All-Russian Distance Institute of Finance and Economics (ARDIFE) in Kursk for supporting us with the necessary...
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...Karl Marx’s ideas and later his books had great influence on Russia and eventually Soviet Union. There is no perfect political party or system, but Marxism appealed to Russian people more than any other system and eventually became a “guide” for the life after Tsars. To understand why Marxism played such a major role in Russian history, we will discuss historic events that led to the end of Tsarist Russia and discuss both sides of the argument – for and against Marxism. By the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th, Russia was not a great Empire it used to be. Country was falling behind Europe in every aspect – economy, military and industrialization were not on par with the western world. Poverty and no glimpse of “brighter future” for lower class, or should we just say poor people, was working against Nicholas II and his reign. Throughout its history Russia was mostly an agricultural country, but with the need of industrialization and further development at the turn of the 20th century, the necessary for Marx’s ideas class was rising – proletariat, or working class. Working hours and conditions were unbearable across all industries and with work demand being way higher than available positions – pay was minimal, since there was the next guy who was willing to work for anything at all. Population was growing with anger and desire for change, but not necessarily overthrowing the Tsar. But since nothing was being done, and bourgeoisie was getting richer – landowners...
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...India-Russia Relations Relations with Russia are a key pillar of India's foreign policy and Russia has been a longstanding time-tested partner of India. Since the signing of “Declaration on the India-Russia Strategic Partnership” in October 2000 (during the visit of President Vladimir Putin to India), India-Russia ties have acquired a qualitatively new character with enhanced levels of cooperation in almost all areas of the bilateral relationship including political, security, trade and economy, defense, science and technology and culture. Under the Strategic Partnership, several institutionalized dialogue mechanisms operate at both political and official levels to ensure regular interaction and follow up on cooperation activities. During the visit of Russian President to India in December 2010, the Strategic Partnership was elevated to the level of a “Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership”. Political Relations: Annual Summit meeting between the Prime Minister of India and the President of the Russian Federation is the highest institutionalized dialogue mechanism under the Strategic Partnership between India and the Russian Federation. So far 14th Annual Summit meetings have taken place alternatively in India and Russia. The last (14th) Annual Summit was held in Moscow on 21 October 2013 when PM Dr. Manmohan Singh visited Moscow and had a meeting with President Putin. A Joint Statement “Deepening the Strategic Partnership for Global Peace and Stability” was adopted during...
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...Economic analysis Russia has the 9th largest economy in the world by nominal GDP (2097 billion USD) and the 6th largest by purchasing power parity. Since the end of Soviet Union in the early 90’s, Russia had developed a high-income economy with abundant natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas. The state has strengthen his dominance in the aerospace industry, mining, and oil and gas industries, but the budget remains heavily dependent on exports of natural resources, especially hydrocarbons which represents more than 16% of the national. Russia is also the 6th biggest producer of oil with Gazprom and finally the 2nd largest oil export of the world. As we can see on this map, actually oil and gas is brought from many part of the territory by pipeline and is routed in many countries of Europe and near East. According to the Us Energy Information Administration, in 2011 France imported more than 200 thousands barrels per day, and Germany about 700 hundreds of barrels per day, which represent one third of the German consumption in oil and gas. The independence of much European country into Russian gas and oil is one of the main strength of this new economy, it lead to an positive exchange balance and better and strong relationships as we know, with country like Germany, Netherlands and finally China. It is essential in order to analyze Russian economy, to understand that the labor force is not only based on industry force because this last sector represents 37...
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...What significance did The Great Patriotic War have on Russia in the period of 1941-1945? On June 22 1941, Germany launched Operation Barbarossa; an full scale military invasion against Russia; forcing her entry into The World War causing devastating consequences in all of Russian society, as well as her domestic economic and political affairs throughout 1941-1945. The war featured social effects; the ‘war of annihilation’ of the Russian citizens by Germany in pursuit of Moscow and the increased need of unity and patriotism domestically, economic effects; the complete transition to Russian war time economy to fuel the war and the devastation of Russian industries, however it was the consolidation of Stalin’s communist leadership that was to reign the most significant in terms of its domestic impact but also its lasting effect. The Great Patriotic war forced the Russian economy to transition into a war time economy to fuel the war effort. The final one and a half years of the 3rd five year plan saw a shift into a wartime economy as the Germany invaded Russia; increasing economic mobilisation and increased its PPP usage towards supplying the front with more resources, even more efficiently than Germany due to the war economy. By 1943 60% of Russian output was devoted to its war effort, keeping Soviet army and navy adequately supplied with rearmaments, food, and fuel throughout the war. Through propaganda, Russian labour production shifted importance from developing the economy...
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...Country Analysis: Russia MBA Fall 2015 International Management in Sport and Entertainment Table of Contents Country Analysis: Russia 1 Introduction 1 Economic Environment 1 Political and Legal Environment 2 Culture 2 Conclusion 6 Country Analysis: Russia Introduction Russia is the world’s largest nation, covering 6,5 million square miles, with a population of 143 million people recorded in 2014. Russia borders European and Asian countries as well as the Pacific and Arctic oceans. In order to make a decision, concerning the market expansion of an organization into Russia, the economic environment as well as the political and legal environment will be analyzed with a focus on the cultural aspects. Economic Environment Russia is one of the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), which are projected to be the fastest growing emerging economies, with a combined GDP of $16 trillion. With a GDP of $2.6 trillion, Russia is a leading exporter of natural gas and oil and is the fifth largest economy in the world. Services are the largest sector of the economy and accounts for 58 percent of the GDP. The most important segments in services include wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods. This represents 17 percent of total GDP; public administration, health and education (12 percent); real estate (9 percent) and transport storage and communications (7 percent). Industry contributes...
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...deterrent effect, economic injustice of life imprisonment, and act of humanism. However, a large number of countries in the world have refused this type of punishment, in particular, Algeria, Tajikistan, Sri Lanka, Laos, Russia and others. They cite the following reasons: possibility of a miscarriage of justice, absence of addressing the causes of crime, contradiction to the international law standards. In the modern globalized world the international community faced faces with the active development of global problems such as terrorism, drug trafficking, corruption, etc. These problems stimulate the constant debate about the necessity to toughen penalties for dangerous criminals, in particular, people discuss the need for of the death penalty in states, where the law does not provide it as capital punishment. The Russian Federation is one of these states. It is the largest country in the world, and many criminal elements from neighboring less prosperous countries penetrate on its territory, they commit serious crimes in Russia and its citizens also organize or take part in crimes, the most dangerous crimes concern the high level of corruption . In this regard, the discussion on the introduction of the death penalty in Russia is very important. In my opinion, the study of the national peculiarities of this question is very interesting, so let us consider this issue in detail. On the one...
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...Russian Standard Vodka’s Case Questions: 1. Understanding the sources of brand equity: What are the sources of brand equity of the Russian Standard brand? Why was the brand able to enjoy such rapid success in Russia? One of the main reasons for Russian Standard’s rapid success in its home country in the early 1990’s was Roustam Tariko’s deep knowledge of Russia; its history, culture, and through these, its then current state and consumers. He had the general know-how of the market in the country: Tariko, the founder of the company himself started off by importing foreign liquor brands to the post-soviet era country, where such novelties were still hard-pressed to find. By filling this market gap he got to not only reach incredible levels of profitability, but also hone his merchandising skills and network vastly, before moving from importing to founding his own company, Roust Holdings. Unlike the foreign liquors and spirits Tariko had imported, he wanted to create something “more local” that would resonate with the patriotism of the country. Truly, Russian Standard vodka came to represent upper-class Russian vodka, “strongly associated with the country”, as the case mentions. Additionally, to quote the case study text: “People bought Russian Standard because it was unmistakably Russian and looked reliable.” In other words, a good marketing mix was created for the product. The packaging, pricing, and promotion in addition to the product itself were cleverly planned and...
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...PEREVOZNAYA, Russia — Stretching from Lake Baikal to the Sea of Japan, the first trans-Siberian oil pipeline is to run 4,150 kilometers - more than three times as long as the trans-Alaska pipeline. At a cost of $15.5 billion, it looms as modern Russia's biggest infrastructure investment, President Vladimir Putin's answer to the Trans-Siberian Railway of the czars. Because China and Japan both rely on the Middle East for about 85 percent of their oil imports, both economic giants competed fiercely over what could be the world's longest and most expensive oil pipeline. Trumping China with a more generous financing offer, Japan, the world's second-largest oil importer, hopes that the pipe, 1.2 meters, or four feet, in diameter, will bind it to Russia, the world's second-largest oil exporter. It may be a decade before the 2,580-mile pipeline is completed. But the line would represent an increase of about one-third in Russia's oil pipeline export capacity and would signify a major Russian shift toward the Pacific, where oil could be sold to any country, including the United States. The project faces major hurdles. There are no guarantees that there will be enough oil to fill the pipeline, although Russia has as much as 67 billion barrels of untapped oil reserves along the pipeline route. When the oil reaches the Sea of Japan, there are no public commitments binding Russia to sell it to Japan, whose ports are only a day's sail away. And Russia's last-minute switch of the...
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...Lovisa Björcke 900313-‐0961 Cross-‐Cultural Management Summer Course Assignment 4: Case Study – IKEA: entering Russia Introduction This case study describes IKEA’s entrance on the Russian market and the many obstacles the company was faced with. As IKEA’s Russian country manager Lennart Dahlgren stated; everything that was not assumed to be a problem turned out to be a problem and everything that was assumed to be a problem was in fact not one. IKEA dealt with many problems relating to culture during the launch in Russia but dodged them all surprisingly well. I believe that the most important factor why IKEA could solve these problems was because of their smart way of adapting their concept to the Russian market and because of the company’s strong organizational culture. Below I will present the main problems I have identified and ...
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...During the semester we have studied several torn cultures, in case we are going to study Russia, we use the term of “torn culture” when a country has experience major assaults on the core values of their cultures. In other words when a country have been separated from their cultural roots that have nourished them for decades. According with GP, Russia has been severed from its social, economic and cultural roots four times in the whole history of Russia, and by these events we call Russia a torn culture. The first period was in the 12th century when the Russia was invaded for the Tartars and Mongols during long 400 years. Peter the Great began to westernize Russia, by this action the second period was initiated. In this second period we have several changes, facilitation of Russian Navy to trade in the landlocked nation by the defeat of the Swedes, which they were they chief enemy. Also constructed Saint Petersburg out of swamp land to connect Russia by land with the West. The Russian Revolution began bringing with the third period to Russia, this began in 1917, and the results were dramatically different in the bad way to Russia, the results affected socially, economically, and culturally. World War II is when Russian army lost more soldiers than other nations. By this event the economy became extremely weak, most of the Russian resources went into military and atomic weapon affecting dramatically the economy; Christian Orthodox churches were destroyed and religion worship...
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...Russia and World Trade Organization Subject: International Business Professor: 梁学宏 Student: Kirilenko Viktoriia, vikir27@mail.ru Class: IB2013 Date: 13 December 2015 Table of Content Introduction…………………………………………………………………….3 Goals and Objectives of the Accession to the WTO……………………4 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Accession to the WTO………5 Conditions of Accession to the WTO……………………………………...6 * Terms and Conditions of Russia’s Accession to the WTO * Unfavorable Institutional Environment * Russia Does Not Have Effective Mechanism to Support Domestic Business * Phytosanitary Standards: Good Conditions and Poor Implementation * Sources of Growth of Exports to Russia Are Limited Overall Assessment of Impact of Accession to the WTO…………….10 * Missed Opportunities for Growth * The Overall Picture Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………13 References.……………………………………………………………………15 Introduction Russian economy can effectively develop only in close cooperation with international market of goods and services, in spite of huge potential and resources. It also required by the state reforms inside the country. However, World Trade Organization (WTO) states the rules of game on the international market, on time of international globalization. WTO unify about 160 countries and covers more than 95% of turnover of international trade. Russia should enter to WTO considering strategic...
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...How far does a study of 1855-1964 suggest that,following the revolution of 1917, the Russian people simply exchanged one form of authoritarianism for another? Once the February revolution brought an end to Tsarist rule, there was a strong belief that the introduction of the Provisional Government would lead to a more democratic Russia. However in deposing the Provisional Government, the October Revolution had removed any such hope. The totalitarian Government of the Communist Party continued and intensified many aspects of the Tsarist regime including use of the secret police and an intolerance for opposition and democracy in general. The communist regime were just as authoritarian as the Tsars before them. In terms of ideology the fall of Tsarism in 1917 was a significant event as Tsarist belief in total control and centralisation of power was replaced by the Provisional Government, who had introduced liberal reforms and aimed for a democratic Russia. Ideology came to have a far more significant impact under the communists. It was not completely absent under Tsarist rule as the Russification policy of Alexander III shows, however it had virtually no effect in comparison to Stalin’s purges. Even though the ordinary Russian citizen initially saw little difference between Nicholas II and the new Provisional Government, the authoritarian regime of the Tsar had not simply been exchanged for another in the short term. However in the long term Lenin’s Bolsheviks had seized power...
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...current and likely future situation. The recommendations aim to enhance FPEK’s existing competencies. This will add value to the both the company and its customers. Thus enabling FPEK to develop and sustain competitive advantage in the highly competitive branded products market segment of the packaging industry, in which it operates. 2 Environmental Analysis (700 words) 2.1 Transactional Environment Social Despite a projected decline in population of 10 million by 2010 [01.], Russia is seeing a rise of the middle class, which has now reached 4 million adults and children [02.]. This segment has a taste for westernised affluence, so is demanding higher quality, premium, healthy products and increased convenience from the retail sector. There is a strong need for organisations to address this demand by supplying more innovative products of higher quality to the market (such as premium-range yogurts and healthy snacks). Market It is estimated that the grocery market in Russia will reach $186 Billion USD by 2010 which will be good for WBD’s future in the dairy market [02.]. In urban centres especially, there is a shift towards food being sold in supermarkets so that by 2010, 45% of it will be sold there as compared to 28% in 2006 [04.]. These figures suggest that the future for WBD dairy lies with strategic customers, such as major supermarkets. Globalisation With an increase in globalisation, continued growth in GDP (5% per annum), a decrease in unemployment...
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...National Defence University, Islamabad Faculty of Contemporary Studies International Relations Department Research Paper SIGNIFICANCE OF PAK-RUSSIA RELATIONS: FOREIGN POLICY OPTIONS FOR PAKISTAN By: Arshad Mahmood, M.Phil (IR), NDU, Islamabad 20 November 2012 Submitted to: Dr Shaheen Akhtar Associate Professor Department of International Relations NDU, Islamabad SIGNIFICANCE OF PAK-RUSSIA RELATIONS: FOREIGN POLICY OPTIONS FOR PAKISTAN ABSTRACT Pak-Russia relations, viewing from a realist perspective, have not been built upon strong pillars of understanding each other’s interests and concerns which are most essential for establishing enduring bilateral ties. The history of their bilateral relations is simply a tale of misperception and misunderstandings. Both the nations despite having convergence of interests on various bilateral, regional and international issues and immense potentials in cooperation have never availed opportunities. In fact both, Pakistan and Russia had viewed each other through the prism of other states and with wrong perceptions. The changing international environment and internal and regional political dynamics of both the states have now provided another chance their elites to revisit their bilateral relations and lay down a foundation for a prosperous future. SECTION-1 INTRODUCTION Background 1. On 26 December 1991 the world witnessed the collapse of the first and the largest communist country - the Union of Soviet...
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