...The Rwandan Genocide (1994) Name Grade Course Tutor’s Name Date Outline: 1. Introduction A. Definition of genocide B. Overview of the genocide 2. The Historical Rivalry between Hutu and Tutsi A. Background of Hutu and Tutsi B. Effect of the West in Rwanda 3. The Massacre A. The mass killings B. The Perpetrators C. Women and Children in the genocide 4. The Aftermath A. Tutsi Government B. Economic Recovery C. Physical and Psychological effects 5. Conclusion A. Personal Opinion B. Recommendations Introduction The genocide concept comprised two words, genos, a Greek word meaning tribe or race and cide a Latin word meaning killing of pointed out by Polish Jurist Raphael Lemkin. According to the definition agreed upon on the United Nations Genocide Convention, the term means “Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious groups, as such: Killing members of the group; Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group” (Hinton 3). The Rwandan genocide involved group killings and physically harming individuals in a specified ethnic community. It is the worst occurrence in the modern history. Rwanda...
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...discrimination or Clashes between the groups. After World War 1, Belgium overtook Rwanda as a colony and established the Tutsis as the natural born leaders of the Nation. The once peaceful lifestyle that existed in Rwanda was no more, As all Tutsis were given Identity cards to distinguish them from the Hutu Subclass. During this period racial tensions mounted as the Hutus were oppressed. During the 1950s, the Tutsi Elite began to strive towards independence and lash out against the centralized belgian rule in Rwanda. In an attempt to silence this movement, the Belgian Government shifted their support towards the Hutu Majority who lacked experience in domination. Soon after, with the Communist nations in the United Nations supporting Rwandan Independence, Clashes between the weaker Tutsis and the now Dominant Hutus broke out. In 1959 without intervention from either the UN or the Belgian Government, Hutus began to Burn down Tutsi villages, and kill freely. This conflict left an estimated 300 Tutsi Civilians dead. In the Early 1960s, Belgium began to replace most Tutsi tribal chiefs with Hutus, resulting in an uneven balance within Rwanda. With the Hutu Majority in Power, the systematic...
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...The Contributing Factors of the Rwandan Genocide In the novel Left to Tell: Discovering God Amidst the Rwandan Holocaust by Immaculèe Ilibagiza, she describes the horrifying experience she encountered in the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Rwanda was made up of three different groups: A Hutu majority; a Tutsi minority; and a very small amount of Twa, a pygmy-like group of forest dwellers. Ilibagiza was a student a college during the genocide, in which about 800,000 died in 100 days including Ilibagiza’s mother, father, and two brothers. Ilibagiza’s story is an extraordinary experience to the power that gave her the strength during that horrific time. Some of you might wonder: What factors might contribute to a victim being able to survive a genocide? A person must preserve strong faith with the ability of accepting forgiveness while the violence continues. Preserving faith during a difficult time can be challenging because of the constant violence happening all around. “I entered my special place through prayer; once inside, I prayed nonstop, using my rosary as an anchor to focus my thoughts and energies on God” (95). Ilibagiza managed to conserve strong faith by searching within herself, constantly praying and also meditating every day; for the moment she was in hiding, in the priest’s bathroom she focused on her faith and building her relationship with God, meanwhile Ilibagiza prayed for many hours each day and also experienced religious visions. While in hiding Ilibagiza and the...
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...Tiyler Sims English 102 Fischer: 8:00 a.m. Sometimes in April Response “Thousands Died, Many Knew, Millions did Nothing” Raul Peck’s Sometimes in April, unlike the other films, focused on the guilt of the world as the genocide unraveled as well as the pain felt by the families that tried to survive. The movie depicts the struggle of a man’s family, personally, and their fight to get out of the country. We basically see how they are directly affected by the mass murder. The idea of the main character, Augustin, allows for the audience to feel the pain most families felt. As opposed to Hotel Rwanda and Paul’s happy/hopeful ending, Augustin’s pain remains even years after the war between Hutu and Tutsi. The director used Augustin as a tool to show the audience what resources lacked in the country to protect the thousands of people that were slaughtered. The film also portrays the real horror that must have been felt by the thousands hiding in ditches and swamps all across the country. It was eye-opening to have the movie take place in two different locations: Rwanda and America. We see the fear and the struggle in Rwanda, while witnessing the apathy and nonchalance of America to assist in preventing, if not ending the slaughter(s). While being much more explicit and striking than Hotel Rwanda, the audience is moved to be biased against America’s lack of concern toward the incident. According to University for Peace, Augustin’s agreement to witness his brother’s trial...
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...Scientific Poster – Genocide Rwanda 1994 Introduction: “The international community didn’t give one damn for Rwandans because Rwanda was a country of no strategic importance” – these are the words General Romeo Dallaire, Force Commander of the United Nations Assistance Mission For Rwanda (UNAMIR) used to describe the reaction and failure of the international community to the Rwandan Civil War and the genocide which erased roughly one tenth of the Rwandan population. Often described as one of the fastest, most brutal genocide in the history of mankind, it is nowadays also seen as one of the biggest, if not the biggest, failure of the UN to act according to what they obliged themselves to in paragraph one of article one of the UN charter. With this scientific analysis we aim at researching the (re-)actions of the UN and the incentives and motives that lead to them in order to explain how and why such a tragic event could happen under the eyes of the international community. However, to reconstruct how the civil war started one has to see the events in a historical context that dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. After possession of the colony Rwanda has been given to Belgium in the aftermath of World War I, the Rwandan population, until then peacefully living and working together, has been divided into “races” based on physical characteristics. This has been institutionalized by giving out different ID cards to “label” the status. Supremacy and the right to hold...
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...Midterm Reflection The topic I chose to write about for my midterm essay was the Rwandan Genocide. We learned about it in class but I was intrigued to learn more. Because of the time given in class and the fact that the overall midterm was split into multiple parts, I did not face many problems. But one challenge I originally had was my understanding of the topic. In the beginning of my research it was difficult to find a site that had the basics of the Rwandan history. I wanted to find something that would explain it easily from the very beginning and then I would find more academically inclined sites as I went on such as GALE, and Google Scholar. Typically, I found myself forgetting the difference between Hutu and Tutsi or why they became...
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...signs of these in the Korean War and the Rwandan genocide, and to what extent these took place. The Korean War is an example of interdependence because of the alliances formed between certain countries and organisations. Korea is divided up at the 38th parallel which for North Korea seemingly wasn’t enough land. They wanted to make it a wholly communist state, and to then move over to japan and take that also. They formed up with China (also a wholly communist state) to give them more of a driving force. South Korea couldn’t fight this battle on their own so the UN sent in troops from Britain, America and Australia to aid them. This battle was an end-to-end battle with both sides taking large chunks of the other side and vice versa. By the end of this nothing much had been changed except from the fact that 2.5 million civilians were killed or wounded; 990, 968 approx. South Korean’s (including Britain, Australia and America) were killed or wounded and 1,550,000 North Koreans were killed or wounded (Including The Soviet Union and China). The Rwandan Genocide is an example when interdependence was not present within a conflict. It was Generally the Tutsi tribe slaughtering 800,000 people from the Hutu tribe in retaliation to the shooting down of the Tutsi’s leader’s plane. President Habyarimana (the Tutsi’s leader who got shot down) was Rwanda’s current president at the time of this attack. The reason for this horrendous genocide was because the Tutsi’s were scared that...
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...There is many times in history when there was ethnically motivated violence. Some of those include, the Holocaust (the jews involved), and Richard Nixon. One of the most well known genocides in history would be the Rwandan Genocide (the Hutu’s and the Tutsi’s). The Rwandan Genocide caused fear to shape the identities of those around it because of violence, it caused the Tutsi’s to flea, and jealousy between the Hutu’s and the Tutsi’s. Violence was a big part of fear shaping people’s identity in Rwanda. The Rwandan Genocide was mostly the ethnic group (Hutu’s) murdering and causing violence to the Tutsi’s. According to the article, “Under the cover of war, Hutu extremists launched their plans to destroy the entire Tutsi civilization population.”...
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...16690 – Africa Research Bulletin National Security Nigerian-owned Dolphin Drilling, forty miles offshore. They were kidnapped by youths of the Bilabiri kingdom who accuse the company of refusing to negotiate on a range of issues. On June 6th, five Nigerian soldiers were killed in a raid on an oil field and five South Koreans were kidnapped. The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) said they might swap the hostages for a fellow activist and leader of the Niger Delta People’s Volunteer Force (NDPVF), Mujahid Dokubo-Asari, who the government refuses to release on bail. Again, the hostages were released two days later. On June 20th, two Filipinos were kidnapped and again released. In the first half of 2006, an average of more than four hostages has been seized monthly in the Niger Delta, an unprecedented rate of kidnappings since the first stirrings of violent protest in the early 1990s in the region that produces most of Nigeria’s oil. The two Filipino hostages brought to 29 the number of oil workers seized and released since January in the increasingly volatile region. Armed and equipped with speedboats, militants operating by surprise have blown up pipelines and installations and seized foreign oil workers in the last months before retreating into the maze of creeks and rivers that make up the 70,000 sq km delta. Nearly all onshore operations to the west of the Delta, one half of the entire oil region, have been shut down. The attacks have cut Nigeria’s daily...
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...= Huntington’s Disease = Huntington’s Disease Pedigree Worksheet Name ____________________________________ I 1 2 II 1 2 4 5 3 6 7 8 III 1 2 3 4 5 1. Which members of the family above are afflicted with Huntington’s Disease? _________________________________ 2. There are no carriers for Huntington’s Disease- you either have it or you don’t. With this in mind, is Huntington’s disease caused by a dominant or recessive trait? ____________________________ 3. How many children did individuals I-1 and I-2 have? _______________________________________________ 4. How many girls did II-1 and II-2 have? ______________ How many have Huntington’s Disease? ________________ 5. How are individuals III-2 and II-4 related? ________________________ I-2 and III-5? _________________________ 6. The pedigree to the right shows a family’s pedigree for Hitchhiker’s Thumb. Is this trait I I dominant or recessive? _______________________ 1 1 2 2 7. How do you know? _________________________ ___________________________________________ II II 2 2 1 1 4 4 3 3 8. How are individuals III-1 and III-2 related? ________________________ III III 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 9. How would you name the 2 individuals that IV IV have hitchhiker’s thumb? ___________________ ...
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...In the years following the violence that shook Rwanda and the world in 1994, there have been many attempts to explain, or at least understand, the nature of the human tragedy known as the Rwandan genocide. Most accounts describe how two rival ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi, were engaged in a bitter dispute culminating in 1994. During a period of less than three months, widespread torture and brutality resulted in 500,000 to 800,000 (mainly Tutsi) deaths.[1] After over three years of civil war following an invasion of mainly Tutsi refugees from neighbouring Burundi, a series of negotiations resulted in the adoption of the Arusha accord, which called for the eventual sharing of power between the invaders (known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF) and the former regime of Hutu President Juvénal Habyarimana, and his party, the Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND). The widespread killings, mainly committed by the interahamwe, a group of Hutu extremist militias, began after the plane carrying President Habyarimana was shot down on the night of April 6, 1994. In the months that followed, the international community essentially turned a blind eye to the bloody massacre that was to unfold in the Rwandan anarchy. It seems no overstatement to portray the Rwandan genocide of 1994 as a “failure of humanity,” to use the words of the commander of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), Canadian General Roméo Dallaire.[2] There is a distinct danger, however...
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...acknowledge what had happened in Rwanda as a genocide, rather than a tribal war. Gourevitch develops his message exceptionally with the use of pathos, prominently. Gourevitch typically incorporates his pathos with stories from other people. The stories that Gourevitch included in his memoir are essentially the diaries of the victims of the Rwandan Genocide who are not able to allow their voices to be heard because most likely, a Hutu extremist might come and kill them. These stories give the reader knowledge of how the genocide was like and how some never got the justice that they were expected to get. The stories mainly show that what had happened in...
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...ARNAUD NDIZIHIWE Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on Soldiers, Communities, Societies From War Participation MARCH 2012 TABLE OF CONTENT PROLOGUE PART I POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Part II: IMPACT ON THE INDIVIDUAL Part III: IMPACT ON FAMILY Part IV: IMPACT ON THE COMMUNITY PART V: OVERCOMING POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER PART VI: DISCUSSION BIBLIOGRAPHY Post-Traumatic stress Disorders on Soldiers, Communities, Societies from War Participation Prologue A few years back when I was in Rwanda, it was no longer surprising to a attend a memorial ceremony and each time, all of a sudden, some women would start screaming:"They are coming for me!" as if they were being chased to death or men losing control and start shouting at another group of people:"You murderers!". We were used to this phenomenon but a newcomer would certainly creep out. For me, their reaction is perfectly understandable and tough I view it from my country's perspective and experience, post traumatic stress disorder is a global sociological and psychological issue that needs to be addressed. Conflicts inciting violence are still going on, some have ended but a large number of war survivors and victims are still haunted by the memories, they have experienced the worst situations humanly possible and if the issue is not addressed properly, trauma can be perpetual...
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...The Rwandan Genocide The people of Rwanda “saw things that no one can describe- some of the worst the world has ever seen.” In the years after the genocide, many people could not deal with or think about the issue. It was too hard for them to remember. Moreover, many people were consumed by all of the hurt they were feeling. The Rwandan Genocide was a very rough and important part of history that changed the path of the country (Makombe 63-64). Before the Genocide, Rwandans had struggled for independence. This happened in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In 1962, however, Rwanda became independent (“Rwandan Genocide”). Despite speaking the same language and following the same traditions, there have always been...
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...years since the Rwandan civil war, but Rwanda, a small rural nation in central Africa, is still coming to terms with its violent past. Significant ethnic tensions between the two Rwandan tribes – the Tutsis and the Hutus, had been brewing for decades. The Tutsis, despite being the minority, controlled Rwandan economy and politics for centuries - one of the reasons why the Hutus were taught to hate Tutsis from birth. In 1994, fueled by hate media, tensions between the two Tribes rose to an extreme. The result: a full-scale civil war. Today, although Rwanda has made progress, the country is still in recovery. Rwanda is still in the process of rebuilding its country and healing its shattered society. Historically, the Rwandan genocide was one of the International community’s greatest failures. With the world focused on Yugoslavia, few acknowledged the tensions that were brewing in Africa. Approximately 2,000 United Nation (U.N.) troops were on the ground when the genocide began, but after the deaths of 10 Belgium soldiers and the Rwandan Prime Minister, the number was reduced to a mere 270. By refusing to acknowledge that Rwanda needed more troops, the U.N. and the International community were not able to prevent one of the most horrific genocides of the 20th century. Despite the U.N.’s failure however, the Rwandan genocide was historically, a turning point for the United Nations. The U.N. acknowledges the incident, and made reforms to prevent further genocides from occurring...
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