...possessed; ‘we should not move away from water, food and other necessities to lead to such a multitude of men to death’. As a result of the lack of resources, death and disease were colossal issues, especially as there was already a lack of men due to a downturn in crusading appeal, leaving the Latin troops somewhat outnumbered. The lack of support lead to momentous failures in the first and second crusade and therefore men not wanting to risk their lives and livelihood for what they believed to be an imminent death. This compared with Saladin, who was only growing in power in the build up to the Battle of Hattin in the year 1187, becoming king of Egypt and seizing control of Damascus. This power is supported within Source 1, where William of Tyre states ‘a man of humble antecedents and lowly station now holds under his control all these kingdoms’. This illuminates the disbelief and frustration the Latins felt at being gradually defeated by Saladin, having no power to reverse the lack of support, lack of money and his rising popularity and power. Having lost a lot of support for the crusade due to the misadventures of the first and second crusades, not even the promise of remission of sins from Pope Urban III aided the rallying of troops and therefore,...
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...The First Crusades lasted from 1096-1099. The “Siege of Ma’rrat” occurred during the months of October to December in 1098. It was the most infamous event that occurred in the city of Ma’arrat al-Numa. The city is located in the northwestern part of Syria and is also referred to as Marrat al-Numaan. The Siege of Ma’rrat or Ma’arra (also known as the Massacre of Ma’arra) was led by two knights Bohemond of Taranto and Raymond de Saint Gilles. Their armies were called the “Crusaders” who were mostly French and Norman knights sent by Pope Urban II to conduct raids on the city of Ma’rrat and seize the Holy Land from the Muslims. The Crusaders built a siege tower which enabled them to seize the top of the walls of the city on December...
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...The crusade notes By: Travis Finney Date: 4-8-13 Decline of Byzantium * Muslim saliqus won an important victory at manzikert in 1071. Byzantium factions then turned on each other in civil war allowing the saliqus almost free rein in Anatolia. * The Byzantium emperor asked Pope Urban 11 to help him against the Muslim’s. Pope Urban 11 * Urban’s speech would help launch the first of several crusades. Reasons for the crusades * The Pope hoped to unite the entire eastern Mediterranean and the divided Christian faith under the banner of the Latin Church. * Italy with large navies supported the crusades for commercial gains and trading routes. * The Byzantine Empire was in severe decline and no longer could act as a butler between the Muslim east and the Catholic west. * Christian pilgrims visiting the holy sites in Jerusalem began experiencing increased harassment and danger. The First Crusade * The word “Crusade” comes from the Spanish Crusade which means “marked with the cross” * The first Crusaders met the Muslim forces and won victories at Nicaea on June 19, 1097 and Anita on June 3, 1098. * By June 7, 1099 after a three year campaign 12,000 of the original 30,000 crusaders reached Jerusalem. * On July 15, the crusaders went over the city walls and unleashed unbridled carnage. Moslem counter attack * Most of all the crusaders returned to Europe after freeing Jerusalem creating a manpower shortage. * Moslem...
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...she was to be buried. | In a fit of rage, Balian kills his half-brother, retrieves the crucifix and flees the village. | b. Balian blamed himself for the deliberate self-murder of his wife and for killing his half-brother, the town priest of Ibelin. | He decided to go to Jerusalem with his father, Godfrey, and other crusaders to gain forgiveness and redemption for him and his wife. | c. Godfrey, father of Balian and baron of Ibelin, came across his son and wanted to make up for his loss as a father to the troubled young man. | Assisting Balian in his journey towards Jerusalem, Godfrey brought his son into his group of knights and taught him how to fight. | d. Raynald of Chatillon, owner of Kerak, massacred a Muslim trade caravan. | Saladin, leader of the Muslim forces, advanced on Kerak, Raynald's castle, to punish him for his crime. | e. The heir to the throne and eventually, king of Jerusalem, young Edward, was accidentally found to be a leper like his predecessor. | Out of pity and great love, his mother, Princess Sibylla, poured a killing substance into the child’s ear while lounging with him, ending his life. | 2. Compose a letter addressed to one of the movie’s characters. Dearest Sibylla, A good day to you, Queen of Jerusalem! We are most honored to be able to address this letter to you, Your Highness, given our lowly standing in our society which culture is a whole lot different from yours. However, despite this difference in our ways and beliefs,...
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...Renetta Hamrick 3/5/13 The Crusades The crusades were military expeditions launched against the Muslims by the Christians in an attempt to regain the holy land. They took place between 1095 AD and 1291 AD. It was one of the most violent periods in the history of mankind. The crusades did not accomplish much during their time. The crusades were unnecessary because many people were raped and killed, there was only one successful crusade, and they ultimately weakened the empire. The crusades caused great pain to families, Jewish communities and more. For instance, “the crusades ended their campaign in 1099 by slaughtering some 30,000 Muslims and Jews in Jerusalem.” They are considered to be the most violent, because innocent people were killed. Many different types of weapons were used to accomplish these tragic events. The blood from the children that were killed was mixed with the leavened bread of Passover. There were seven different crusades. Even though, the first crusade was successful in the holy war, many Muslims were slaughtered. The second crusade was launched in the 12th century. They lost many battles and were ambushed. The third crusade destroyed a chain of cities along the Mediterranean. The fourth crusades had financial difficulties, so they took Constantinople and plundered it to get money. The fifth, sixth, and seventh crusades were the same as the others- they were launched and did not accomplish much. Overall, there are many reasons...
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...The Fundamental causes of the Crusades Derek A. Shuman The ancient World had the territorial Peleponesian war between Athens and Sparta. After that, the Persian swept in and conquered much of Greece, along with the rest of the Mediterranean area. Alexander retook possession of Greece, (along with much of the Mediterranean). Then came the Romans, who also conquered Greece, (along with much of the Mediterranean). But after the fall of the Roman Empire, the Eastern Mediterranean fell into the hands of the Muslims. So, since 638 AD, Jerusalem had been governed by Muslims. The Muslim Caliphs were, at heart, capitalists, and they tolerated Christian pilgrims because the tourist money helped the economy. But then, in the 1070s, Turks (who were recent Muslim converts) conquered these Holy Lands and mistreated the Jews and Christians, not realizing how useful their good will (and money) could be. The Byzantine Empire was also threatened by the Turks. Emperor Alexius asked the pope for assistance. Pope Urban II, a skillful orator, seeing an outlet for the violent energy of Christian knights, made an urgent speech calling for them to take back Jerusalem. Thousands responded, resulting in the First Crusade. Dates and Leaders of the Crusades: Urban II made his speech calling for Crusade at the Council of Clermont in November, 1095. He combined the idea of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with waging a war against the infidels. When he also promised complete absolution past present and future...
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...Salahuddin Ayubi/Saladin- The Arabian Knight Saladin Arabic in full SALAH AD-DIN YUSUF IBN AYYUB ("Righteousness of the Faith, Joseph, Son of Job"), also called AL-MALIK AN-NASIR SALAH AD-DIN YUSUF I (b. 1137/38, Tikrit, Mesopotamia--d. March 4, 1193, Damascus), Muslim sultan of Egypt, Syria, Yemen, and Palestine, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, and one of the most famous of Muslim heroes. In wars against the Christian crusaders, he achieved final success with the disciplined capture of Jerusalem (Oct. 2, 1187), ending its 88-year occupation by the Franks. The great Christian counterattack of the Third Crusade was then stalemated by Saladin's military genius. Saladin was born into a prominent Kurdish family. On the night of his birth, his father, Najm ad-Din Ayyub, gathered his family and moved to Aleppo, there entering the service of 'Imad ad-Din Zangi ibn Aq Sonqur, the powerful Turkish governor in northern Syria. Growing up in Ba'lbek and Damascus, Saladin was apparently an undistinguished youth, with a greater taste for religious studies than military training. His formal career began when he joined the staff of his uncle Asad ad-Din Shirkuh, an important military commander under the amir Nureddin, son and successor of Zangi. During three military expeditions led by Shirkuh into Egypt to prevent its falling to the Latin-Christian (Frankish) rulers of the states established by the First Crusade, a complex, three-way struggle developed between Amalric I, the...
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...territories and matching the previously “immortal” Saladin throughout the expedition. They managed to gain a highly useful treaty with him. These successes were met with substantial failures though, including the death of the German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa whilst crossing Anatolia and the return of Philip II to France to deal with internal threats. However, the Crusaders took the port of Acre as well as taking Cyprus from the Byzantines. Overall I would say the Crusade failed because they did not retake Jerusalem, but the Crusader’s achievements were still considerable considering how tough the task was originally, and the fact they were fighting a full strength Muslim army. A major success of the second Crusade was how well prepared the Crusade troops were thanks to Richard I’s vast preparation. Richard was an experienced soldier and he knew exactly what was required for a successful Crusade. As soon as he was crowned king in 1190, he channeled all his resources (Normandy, Aquitaine etc) towards applying the Crusader’s with what they needed to be successful. Richard knew just how tough it was to even get to the Holy Land, let alone reclaim it and attention detail ensured that there were enough supplies to prevent ‘unnecessary deaths’ due to famine and starvation. He was also incredibly aware of the issues that the prior two Crusades faced, which were limited financial resources. To combat the limited finances the ‘Saladin tithe’ was introduced. This was a tax for which all...
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...Final Paper The Crusades were military campaigns controlled by the Catholic Church throughout the Middle Ages. In 1095 the Byzantine Emperor Alexios the first, from the city of Constantinople, sent one of his ambassadors to Pope Urban the second located within Italy. His ambassador pleaded for military help against the growing Turkish Empire and viewed them as a threat. The Pope answered by sending Catholic soldiers to fight in the First Crusade. The initial objective was to gain pilgrims access to the holy sites in the Holy Land that at the time was under Muslim occupation. His larger goal was to reunite the Eastern and Western branches of Christianity after they had split in 1054. The pope remained as head of the united Church, and carried out the crusades insuring a complex 200-year struggle. The Crusades kept all of Europe in a bloody war for two centuries. The crusades cost Christians alone millions of lives (from 2,000,000 to 6,000,000 according to various sources), Many of the Crusaders were fast with suffering or some resulted in crime by looting and sacking cities. The Crusades had a major effect on Western civilization. Western society had to come to terms with its inferiority to the advanced cultures of the Eastern civilization., Western Europe's economy exploded as the trade networks expanded and moved even more eastward. The East brought riches and gems from the East back to Europe. The impact the Muslims had on the Europeans was huge in the areas of advancement...
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...1. First the crusade was in the near East and involved in Anatolia, Levant, and Palestine. They had a military that was aimed to reclaim the Holy Land in which the Muslims conquest had acquired. Pope Urban ll launched the crusades in hopes of fulfilling the 1095 Byzantine Emperor Alexius l request which was gaining help of the western volunteers and to come to his aid. 2. There were many different players during the first wave of the Crusades including Godfrey of Bouillon, the Medieval Frankish knight which in fact became the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. And after Frankish became King he abandoned the title as king. So crusaders had decisive victory. 3. With the newfound of Jerusalem the crusaders founded four other crusader states. The four states were: Kingdom of Jerusalem, County of Edessa, Principality of Antioch, and the County of Tripoli. At first the Muslims did not retaliate against the Crusader states and that was only because they suffered a great deal of internal conflicts. 4. After their differences were sorted out they were able to reunite under the leader ship of lmad al-Din Zangi. He planned to retake Edessa the first city of the Crusaders. So the crusade to it back in 1144 and the pope called for a second crusade. 5. Second crusade: the holy enthusiasm seized not only barons, knights, and the common people, but kings and emperors. Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany had to take the blood-red cross of a crusader. Conrad III., emperor of Germany...
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...Jaida Rodgers History A Impact of the Crusades The Crusades were a very important part of history. It has been said that The Crusades are what started the beginning of modernization. Not only were they what started the beginning of modernization, they also had many impacts on Europe. The four major areas of impact on Europe were in the Economic, Political, Social, and Religious parts. Though all the areas were impacted, not all were good impacts. One of the areas that will be focused on is the Economic area. The Crusades were very commerce. Commerce is the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale. The Crusades were always in demand for transportation for not only men, but their supplies as well, would always edge ship-building on, and also had the market extend for Eastern products in Europe. Cities that had benefitted from this are places such as Cairo, Alexandria, Damascus, and Mosul because of all the trade that had been happening with the Italian seaports across the Mediterranean Sea, they were making more money. Many believe that the Economic area was the most important part of the Crusades, but many believe that they are wrong and it is not one of the most important parts of the Crusades. The next area that will be focused on is the Political area. There were bad and good impacts on the Political impact of the Crusades. The Crusades actually took down aristocracy and wanted to show the importance of the kings and the people. It is said that many...
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...How far was Saladin able to unite the Muslim world from 1174 to 1187? The battle of Montgisard * In 1177 the Crusader kingdom was facing the prospect of a succession crisis. King Baldwin IV was a leper and could not leave an heir. His sister Sibylla had been left widowed and pregnant by William of Montferrat, and the nobles of the kingdom began to seek another suitable husband. At the same time, Philip of Alsace, Count of Flanders, arrived on pilgrimage, and demanded that Sibylla be married off to one of his vassals. Philip and Baldwin also planned an alliance with the Byzantine Empire for a naval attack on Egypt; but none of these plans came to fruition. * Meanwhile, Saladin planned his own invasion of the kingdom from Egypt. Learning of Saladin's plans, Baldwin IV left Jerusalem with, according to William of Tyre, only 375 knights to attempt a defense at Ascalon, but Baldwin was blockaded there by Saladin, who, again according to William of Tyre, had 26,000 men. Accompanying Baldwin was Raynald of Chatillon, lord of Oultrejordain, who had just been released from captivity in Aleppo in 1176. Raynald was a fierce enemy of Saladin, and was the effective commander of the army, with King Baldwin too ill to command it personally. Also with the army were Odo de St Amand, master of the Knights Templar, Baldwin of Ibelin, his brother Balian, Reginald of Sidon, and Joscelin III of Edessa. Another Templar force attempted to meet Baldwin at Ascalon, but they were also besieged...
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...The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a number of crusades that attempted to recapture the Holy Lands, called by Pope Urban II in 1095. It started as a widespread pilgrimage in western Christendom and ended as a military expedition by Roman Catholic Europe to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquests of the Levant (632–661), ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099. It was launched on 27 November 1095 by Pope Urban II with the primary goal of responding to an appeal from Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who requested that western volunteers come to his aid and help to repel the invading Seljuk Turks from Anatolia. An additional goal soon became the principal objective—the Christian reconquest of the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and the freeing of the Eastern Christians from Muslim rule. During the crusade, knights, peasants and serfs from many regions of Western Europe travelled over land and by sea, first to Constantinople and then on towards Jerusalem. The Crusaders arrived at Jerusalem, launched an assault on the city, and captured it in July 1099, massacring many of the city's Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. They also established the crusader states of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa. The First Crusade was followed by the Second to the Ninth Crusades. It was also the first major step towards reopening international trade in the West since the fall of...
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...Shirkuh eventually died subsequently and Saladin took over. When Saladin took over he turned against the Christians and destroyed them. ● The outrage from the defeats lead to leaders starting the third crusade. In 1191 Crusaders defeated Saladin at the battle of Arsuf, this would be the only battle in the third crusade. In 1192 a treaty was signed that the Kingdom of Jerusalem would be reestablished ● When Pope Innocent III called for a fourth crusade the crusaders had to abort their mission and deal with Byzantine emperor. The Byzantine emperor tried to submit the Byzantine church but Rome met with stiff resistance. In response the Crusaders Declared war on Constantinople and destroyed the Byzantine capital. ● The rest on the 13th century crusades weren't aimed at the muslims as much but more at anyone seen as an enemy to the Christian faith. In the fifth crusade, Crusaders attacked...
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...They were forced to retreat after only four days. This will be a major discouragement for the Crusaders. They lost because of the attacks from the Seljuk Turks as they crossed Asia Minor. 7. June, 1187 Crusaders lost most lands they have conquered The crusaders have steadily lost ground to the Ayyubid sultan Saladin. The Saladin inflicted major damage to the Crusaders which made them lose the territory that they had gotten previously. They also lost Jerusalem which was a very important capture. 8. 1204 New Latin Empire to be established The warriors of the fourth Crusade have reached the walls of Constantinople where they brutally attacked the city. The Byzantine Christians were slaughtered by their coreligionists. And this is to be the site of a new Latin Empire. 9. 1213 Pope Innocent III to launch the fifth Crusade The aim of this crusade is to land on the coast of Egypt and head to Jerusalem. The Crusaders have taking the city of Damietta. But their advance was stopped by a failed attempt to take Cairo. 10. 1228 Jerusalem to be returned to Christians...
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