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Sales

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Verkoopfunctie: 1. Orders aannemen a. Interne aannemers b. Bezorgers c. Externe aannemers 2. Orders genereren a. Missionarissen 3. Orders in de wacht slepen a. Frontline verkopers i. New business ii. Zakelijke klanten iii. Consumenten b. Ondersteunend personeel i. Technische ondersteuning ii. Merchandisers Belangrijke eigenschappen verkoper:     Inlevingsvermogen Communicatieve vaardigheid Vastberadenheid Zelfdiscipline en veerkracht

Demotiverend in verkoop:    Voortdurende afwijzing B2B verkoop is vreemde omgeving, thuisfront klant Solo werk en vaak lange dagen

Rol van de manager in verkoop:       Doelstellingen Budgetteren Organiseren en planning Selectie, werving en training Motiveren Beoordelen

Planningsproces: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Doelstellingen formuleren Benodigde operationele activiteiten bepalen Organisatie voor implementatie Implementatie Het vergelijken van resultaten met standaarden Evaluatie en beheer (en weer terug naar 1)

Inside out planningsmodel: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Financiële doelstellingen Kosten Bruto winstmarge Marketingfondsen Toekenning op basis van prospects Communicatiekeuzes Implementatie

Outside in planningsmodel: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Verkoopdoelstelling voor huidige klanten Verkoopdoelstelling voor in database vastgelegde klanten/propects Verkoopdoelstelling voor niet in database opgenomen prospects Totale verkoopdoelstellingen Segmentenstrategieën Communicatieplan Testen Implementatie

Promotie-/communicatiemix:          Reclame Sales promotie Sponsorship Public relations Point-of-purchase Beurzen Direct marketing Personal selling E-communicatie

Deze is afhankelijk van: Type markt(b2b of b2c), fase koopproces(zie afbeelding), push en pull strategieën en fase PLC. Reclamefuncties B2B:     Reputatie verbeteren Bewustzijn stimuleren Vermarkten product Nieuwe leads

Reclamefuncties B2C:     Branding Merkimago Coördineren verkoop en reclmae Op de hoogte zijn

Zakelijk inkoop, model van Fisher:

Structuur: DMU, 6 rollen: Initiators, Beïnvloeders, Beslissers, Inkoper, Gebruikers, Gatekeeper. Proces: Het zakelijke besluitvorming: 1. Onderkenning van het probleem (behoefte) a. Op gebied van: uitbreiding, efficiëntere machines, technologie, kostprijsverlaging. 2. Vaststelling van de kenmerken, specificaties en hoeveelheid a. DMU stelt benodigdheden vast en verkoper sturen. 3. Zoektocht naar en kwalificatie van mogelijke leveranciers a. Long list of short list? 4. Verzamelen en analyseren van offertes 5. Beoordeling van de offertes en selectie van leveranciers a. Bijvoorbeeld vendor rating (denk aan lexicografisch etc). 6. Keuze voor een bestelprocedure a. iDeal, PayPal? 7. Feedback over prestaties en evaluatie Inhoud: Economische en psychologische criteria, bijvoorbeeld: Kwaliteit, prijs en kosten van de levencyclus, continuïteit van aanlevering, waargenomen risico, kantoorpolitiek en persoonlijke voorkeur. Factoren die invloed hebben op zakelijk koopgedrag:

Ontwikkelingen zakelijk aankoop: Just-in-time-inkoop, gecentraliseerde inkoop, leasing en strategische partnership.

Koopgedrag consumenten. Als verkoper gelden de volgende vragen:      WIE speelt rol in de verkoopbeslissing? HOE worden de producten afgenomen? WAT zijn de keuzecriteria? WAAR worden de producten afgenomen? WANNEER worden de producten afgenomen?

Verschil B2B met B2C wat betreft de DMU’s: B2B heeft gatekeeper er extra bij. Besluitvormingsproces consument: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Vaststellen behoefte, bewustwording probleem(herkenning) Verzamelen informatie Beoordeling mogelijke oplossingen Keuze voor geschikte oplossing (product) Beoordeling uiteindelijke beslissing

Factoren die besluitvorming beïnvloeden: Persoonlijke omstandigheden (denk aan demografische kenmerken en levensstijl), Psychografische factoren (denk aan behoeften, motieven, perceptie en attitudes), Sociale factoren (denk aan cultuur en sociale klasse). Selectieve processen in besluitvorming: 1. Selectieve blootstelling 2. Selectieve perceptie 3. Selectieve retentie

Taken van de verkoper:       Verkopen Prospecting Bijhouden klantdossiers Zelfsturing Klachten afhandelen Aanvullende service verlenen

Gevaren voor verkopers bij DMU is o.a. het gemak. Verder dient een verkoper goed voorbereid te zijn, producten te kennen, concurrenten te kennen en een presentatie voor te bereiden (denk vooruit). Er dient ook gekeken te worden naar de onderhandelingsposities:     Beschikbare mogelijkheden Hoeveelheid en kwaliteit van info Onderkennen van en voorzien in behoeften De druk op beide partijen

De 2x2-matrix van koopgedrag B2B en B2C:

Onderhandelingsscenario:

Concessieanalyse:      Prijs Afleveren Product Betaling Eventuele ruil

Verkoopomgeving, invloeden op verkoop:  Gedragsmatige invloeden o Groeiende klantenverwachting, meer professioneel ingestelde zakelijke inkopers, vermijden verkooponderhandelingen, globalisering en groeiende macht grote klanten. Technologische invloeden o Automatisering van de verkoopfunctie o Virtuele verkoopkantoren o Elektronisch verkoopkanaal Management invloeden o Direct Marketingtechnieken o Integratie van verkoop en management o Bijscholing





Kenmerken verkoopkanaal: 1. 2. 3. 4. Direct/indirect Selectief Intensief Exclusief

Verkoop aan industriële en publieke instellingen: minder klanten, geconcentreerde markten, complexe inkoopbeslissingen, lange termijn relaties, wederzijdse verkoop en producttypen. Industriële verkoop:     Maatproductie Batchproductie Stroomproductie Procesproductie

Verkooppromotie, methoden:   Consumentenpromotie (pull) o Premiums: spaarcoupons, gratis samples, spaarpremiums. Handelspromotie (push) o Valkuilen: te hoge frequentie, verschillende doelstellingen en misbruik handelspromotie.  Doelstelling handelspromotie:  Nieuw merk distribueren  Overtollige voorraden in de schappen krijgen  Voldoende winkelpromotiemateriaal verkrijgen  Retailers stimuleren grotere hoeveelheden van ‘t product in te slaan  Distributeurs stimuleren het merk bij eigen klant aan te raden  Ondersteuning van de algemene promotiestrategie verkrijgen Motivatie van verkooppersoneel o Doelstellingen o Duur/lengte o Beloningen



Beursdeelname: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Welke markt? Welke afnemers? Welke mensen uitnodigen? Wat wil jij bereiken? Evaluatie

Niet doen: blokkeren, gesloten vragen stellen, onbereikbaar zijn. Wel doen: bezoekers van te voren naar de beurs lokken door bijvoorbeeld: Direct mail, telefoon, persoonlijk bezoek voor evenement, advertenties in vaktijdschriften. Tijdens de beurs: Buffet, attenties, reclame materiaal, videovertoningen, seminar en opvallende stand. Bij een beursdeelname altijd doelen stellen, bijvoorbeeld: Verkoop het product direct in de stand, maak een afspraak voor een prijsopgaaf, vraag toestemming voor een vervolggesprek of vraag toestemming om informatie op te sturen. Internationaal zakendoen: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Hoe benader jij een klant? Hoe kan jij jouw producten aan deze markt verkopen? Welke verkoopbrochures/catalogi zijn nodig? Hoe moet jij adverteren? Hoe kan jij service verlenen?

Redenen voor aanbieden producten in buitenland: Product niet beschikbaar, internationale verschillen in vergelijkbare kosten en productdifferentiatie. Maar kan ook zijn: minder vatbaar economische recessies, kleiner worden aandeel, sneller groeiende vraag, kleiner wordend aandeel door productveroudering, langere productieduur, bedrijf heeft gespecialiseerde kennis en potentiële vraag. Culturele factoren: Esthetiek, religie, opleiding, taal, sociale organisatie, politieke factoren, alg culturele normen en waarden en culturele veranderingen.

Organisatie:  Indirect o Agenten o Distributeurs o Licenties o Exportfirma’s Direct o Dochterondernemingen o Joint ventures o Directe verkoop  Meest geschikt wanneer:  Door de klant gespecificeerd werk  Continue aanlevering  Producten zijn technisch complex en hebben een afgebakende markt  Geografische nabijheid  Weinig klanten, maar omvangrijke orders



Veranderende aard van de verkoopfunctie, de draadloze en mobiele revolutie. Deelgebieden:     Verkoop in het veld Mobiele kantoor Wagenparkbeheer Serviceverlening

E-commerce en B2B: verkoop- of handelsactiviteiten die via een elektronisch netwerk worden uitgevoerd. Customer Relationship Management (CRM): term die gebruikt wordt voor de methoden, technologieën en e-commercemogelijkheden die bedrijven gebruiken voor het behalen van klantenrelaties. Drie organisatorische componenten moeten worden afgestemd:    Organisatie Organisatiestructuur en processen Informatie over klanten

Klantgerichte verkoop: de mate waarin de verkoper zich in het marketingconcept verdiept om klanten te helpen met het nemen van een koopbeslissing die in hun behoeften voorziet. Vaardigheden:       Kennis van product en markt Goede communicatieve vaardigheden Probleemoplossend vermogen Vermogen om in de behoeften van de klant te voorzien Grondigheid Vermogen om orders snel en goed af te handelen

Succes hangt af van: goede vragen stellen, info over het product verstrekken, rekening houden met zienswijze van de klant, instemmen met de mening van de klant, de klant ondersteunen, spanning wegnemen en LSD.

Vermeend risico bij verkoop, verminderen door:     Verkopen o.b.v. referentie Productdemonstratie Garantie Proefgebruik

Proces van persoonlijke verkoop (zie afbeelding rechts): 1. Opening a. Professionele uitstraling b. Gebruikelijk beleefheden (glimlach, handen laten zien, handdruk, etc.) c. Goede openingszinnen 2. Behoeften en probleem a. Veel vragen stellen bij aanvang gesprek b. Klant laten praten na vraag c. Klant moet zijn problemen en behoeften aan de orde brengen i. Soorten vragen: 1. Open/gesloten 2. Vastpinvragen 3. Richtinggevende vragen 3. Presentatie/demonstratie (na behoefte analyse) a. Doel is de koper overtuigen dat het product de ideale oplossing is b. Klanten zoeken voordelen i. Voordelen die worden verkregen door het aanschaffen van prod. ii. Voordelen die worden verkregen door het aanschaffen van het product bij een bepaalde leverancier. c. Geen technische kenmerken verkopen maar voordelen d. Stel vragen tijdens de presentatie 4. Omgaan met bezwaren a. Bezwaren vertegenwoordigen zorgen of vragen (interesse) van de klant b. Bezwaren gaan over zaken die klant belangrijk acht c. Wegnemen van bezwaren omvat 2 aspecten: i. Bedenken van overtuigende antwoorden ii. Ontwikkelen van een aantal technieken voor het wegnemen van bezwaren 5. Onderhandelen Richtlijn: Hoog inzetten, blijf realistisch, concessies uitruilen, gedrag tijdens onderhandelen. Techniek voor klant: ‘Als dan’ tactiek, ‘lage prijs, zonnige toekomst’, ‘ark van N’.

a. Prijs b. Kredietbepalingen c. Afleveringstijden d. Inruilwaarden 6. Proces afronden (zie afbeelding rechts) a. Klant besluit laten nemen b. Timing is belangrijk c. Technieken: i. Oriënteren ii. Verkennen iii. Verdiepen iv. De knoop doorhakken 7. Follow-up a. Doel: controleren of de klant tevreden is et de aanschaf en geen problemen heeft met de aflevering, installatie, ingebruikname, etc. Key Account Management:    Sterke concentratie bij afnemers Gecentraliseerde inkoopafdelingen Stijgende kosten verkoop o Gevolg: Key accountmanager. Maar wanneer?  Bij hoog omzetpotentieel  Bij complex inkoopgedrag (DMU)  Bij langetermijnrelatie of partnership o Nadelen  Afhankelijkheid van enkele klanten Figuur 1: Het "KAM-model"  Winstmarge onder druk  Steeds meer eisen van de klant  Het verwaarlozen van kleine klanten o Voordelen  Hechte werkrelatie met klant  Betere communicatie met klant  Betere follow-up en service  Diepere penetratie binnen DMU  Hogere omzet  Betere vraagvoorspelling  Samenwerking in ontwikkeling van nieuwe producten  Marktinformatie (o.a. van concurrentie)

GAM: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Culturele verschillen Beheer van wereldwijde teams Culturele conflicten in marketing en verkoop Mondiale logistiek Mondiale communicatie Locatie GAM

Planningsysteem voor key accounts:

Voorbeeld key accountmanagement model:

Verkoopmanagement, werven van verkopers:     Duur Gezicht van organisatie Groot aandeel in omzet en winst Moet verkoopeigenschappen bezitten

Structuur organisatie: Geografisch, product, klantgerichte structuur (markt, account, huidige en nieuwe klanten, functionele specialisatie), gemengde vormen.

Om het benodigd aantal verkopers te berekenen kan men het beste de volgende stappen doorlopen: 1. 2. 3. 4. Verdelen van klanten in categorieën o.b.v. waarde Vaststellen van de gespreksfrequentie Berekenen totale werklast per jaar Schatten gemiddeld aantal gesprekken verkoper per week 12+9+6+3 = 30 gesprekken per week in het voorbeeld hierboven. 5. Berekenen aantal werkweken per jaar 52 weken minus vakantie (4), ziekte (1), conferenties/cursus (4) = 43 weken. 6. Berekenen gemiddeld aantal gesprekken dat een verkoper per jaar kan voeren (4 maal 5) Gemiddeld aantal per jaar is 30 maal 43 = 1290 7. Vaststellen van het benodigde aantal verkopers door benodigde gesprekken te delen door aantal gesprekken per jaar per verkoper 47400/1290 = 37 verkopers Formule benodigde aantal verkopers:

Factoren die een regio-herindeling noodzakelijk maken:       Veranderende klantvoorkeuren Activiteiten van concurrenten Dalende effectiviteit distributiekanalen Sluiting van een verkooppunt Stijgende kosten Zelfgenoegzaamheid van de verkopers

Budgetteringsproces:

Budget toewijzing: verkoophoeveelheden of verkooptargets = prestatiestandaard. Zowel per groep als regio, periode en gevestigd bedrijf. Budget herzien: vaststellen verkooppotentieel regio. Werving- en selectieproces: 1. Taakomschrijving en persoon specificatie a. Taakomschrijving: functietitel, taken en verantwoordelijkheden, technische vereisten en mate van zelfstandigheid. b. Persoon specificatie: fysieke vereisten, ervaring, inherent vermogen en aanleg, gesteldheid, interesses en persoonlijke omstandigheden. 2. Wervingsbronnen en communicatiemethoden a. Wervingsbronnen: intern werven, wervingsbureaus, opleidingsinstituten, concurrenten, andere bedrijfstakken en werklozen. b. Communicatiemethoden: internet, krant, personeelsadvertenties landelijk of lokaal, (vak)tijdschriften, lokale radiospotjes etc. 3. Sollicitatieformulier en een shortlist 4. Het sollicitatiegesprek a. Verkoopmanager en personeelsmanager b. Eerste indruk en persoonlijke klik c. Verkoopeigenschappen 5. Aanvullende selectiemiddelen a. Psychologische test i. Multiple personal inventory b. Rollenspel

Behoeftepiramide van Maslow:

Motivatietheorie Herzberg:

Verwachtingstheorie van Vroom:

Rechtvaardigheidstheorie van Adams:        Geldelijke beloning Werklast Promotie Erkenning Gedrag leidinggevenden Targets Taken

Verkoopmanagementtheorie van Likert:

Zienswijzen van verkoopmanagers en verkopers:

Vijf verschillende verkopers:      Gewoontedieren Tevredenen Compromissluiters Doelgerichten Geldwolven

Voor leiderschap benodigd: strategische kennis, hard werkend, zelfkennis, lerend vermogen, van werk houden, inspirerend vermogen, stimuleren sociale relaties, risico durven nemen en een helpende hand kunnen bieden. Stijlen van leiderschap: Dwingend, autoritait, sociaal, democratisch, toonzettend en coachend.

Het beoordelingsproces voor de verkoopafdeling:

Doel van de beoordeling:     Halen van bedrijfsdoelstellingen Goede prestaties erkennen Motivatie verkoper verbeteren Zwakkere punten identificeren

Prestatiemaatstaven:  Kwantitatief o Kerngetallen  Succesratio = aantal orders / aantal offertes  Inkomsten uit verkoop per gesprek  Winst per gesprek (effectiviteit)  Orders per gesprek  Gemiddelde waarde orders = inkomsten uit verkoop per gesprek / aantal orders  Prospecting succes = aantal nieuwe klanten/ aantal bezochte prospects  Gemiddelde winstbijdrage per order = gegenereerde winst / aantal orders Kwalitatief o Klantrelaties o Organisatie o Kennis producten o Samenwerking en attitude



Functioneringsgesprek     Monitoren loopbaan POP Functioneringsgesprek (2 richtingsgesprek) Beoordelingsgesprek (1 richtingsgesprek)

Om de prestaties van de individuele verkoper gedurende zijn loopbaan te monitoren wordt er gebruik gemaakt van functioneringsgesprekken. Deze bieden de mogelijkheid om de zwakke en sterke punten van de verkoper ter sprake te brengen. Een methode is om de verkoper te vragen om 10-15 verwachtingen voor het komende jaar op te schrijven. Bijvoorbeeld cursus presentatievaardigheden, cursus timemanagement, maandelijks gesprek met de verkoopmanager etc. De verkoopmanager moet deze lijst dan samen met de verkoper doornemen en in kwartaalsecties onderverdelen. Bij ieder functioneringsgesprek wordt er gekeken of er aan de verwachtingen is voldaan, waardoor wel/niet en waar dan nog aan gewerkt moet worden. Er zijn in een jaar 3 functioneringsgesprekken (deze zijn 2 richtingsverkeer) en 1 beoordelingsgesprek (1 richtingsverkeer, bepalen functioneren en of jij bonus krijgt). Evaluatieraster voor verkopers:

Training medewerkers:

Trainingsprogramma’s 5 onderdelen: 1) Het bedrijf, doelstellingen, beleid en organisatie 2) De producten 3) De concurrenten en hun producten 4) Verkoopprocedures en methoden 5) Organisatie van taken en het opstellen van rapporten

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