m~wPcÎ
|µwgK bs |wk‡ivbvg |c„ôv |
|1 |f~wgKv |2 |
|2 | miKvi wK? |3 |
|cÖ_g Aa¨vq |
|1. mgvwRK wbivcËvq miKv‡ii f~wgKv |
|1.1 |Af¨š—ixY kvwš—k„•Ljv i¶v: |4 |
|1.2 |‰e‡`wkK AvµgY †_‡K †`k‡K i¶v| |4 |
|1.3 |AvBb cÖYqb Kiv| |4 |
|1.4 |‡gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi wbðqZv: |4 |
|1.5 |mgm¨vi ¯^iƒc RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Zz‡j aiv: |4 |
|1.6 |RbmsL¨v wbqš¿b: |5 |
|1.7 |cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM wbqš¿Y| |5 |
|1.8 |K…wl Dbœqb: |5 |
|1.9 |wk‡ívbœqb: |5 |
|1.10 |ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv `~ixKiY: |6 |
|1.11 |mvgÄm¨ weavb: |6 |
|1.12 |m¤ú‡`i mylg eÈb: |6 |
|1.13 |cÖkvmb cwiPvjbv: |6 |
|1.14 |wePvi msµvš— Kvh©vewj: |7 |
|1.15 |‡hvMv‡hvM i¶v msµvš— Kvh©vewj: |7 |
|wØZxq Aa¨vq |
|2.mgm¨vmg~n |
|2.1 |†eKviZ¡ |8 |
|2.2 |`vwi`ª¨ |8 |
|2.3 |wf¶ve„wË |9 |
|2.4 |RbmsL¨v mgm¨v |9 |
|2.5 |wbi¶iZv |10 |
|2.6 |Aciva I wK‡kvi Aciva |10 |
|2.7 |‡hŠZzK cÖ_v |11 |
|2.8 |cywónxbZv |11 |
|Z…Zxq Aa¨vq |
|3. mvgvwRK wbivcËv weav‡b KwZcq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcvqmg~n: |
|3.1 |Z_¨ msMÖn |12 |
|3.2 |Z_¨ we‡k­lY |12 |
|3.3 |ev¯—egyLx cwiKíbv MÖnY I ev¯—evqb |12 |
|3.4 |mgm¨v mgvav‡b RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv |12 |
|3.5 |wbR¯^ m¤ú` I mvg‡_©¨i mبenvi |13 |
|3.6 |cÖwZKvi, cÖwZ‡iva I Dbœqbg~jK c`‡¶c MÖnY: |13 |
|3.7 |¯^vej¤^b I ¯’vbxq †bZ…‡Z¡i weKvk mvab |13 |
|3.8 |RbM‡Yi Avq-DcvR©b e„w× |13 |
|3.9 | †gŠj gvbweK Pvwn`v |14 |
|3.10 |gv·© I Agv·xq we‡k­lY |14 |
|3.11 |wbR¯^ gZvgZ |15 |
| |Dcmsnvi |16 |
| |mnvqK MÖš’ |17 |

f~wgKv: mvgvwRK wbicËv GKwU RwUj, eûgyLx Ges Avš—m¤ú‡K© m¤úwK©Z cÖZ¨q hv mgv‡Ri AwaKvsk gvby‡li Dci †bwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j| A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, ag©, ms¯‹…wZ, g~j¨‡eva BZ¨vw` me¸‡jv †¶‡Î mgvwRK wbivcËvi cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ †bwZevPK cÖfve we`¨vgvb| evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖ¶vc‡U Ggb †Kvb Ae¯’v †bB †hLv‡b †Kvb bv †Kvb mvgvwRK mgm¨vi †bwZevPK cÖfve cy‡iv mgvRe¨e¯’vi Dci c‡o bv| g~jZ mvgvwRK mgm¨vi cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ cÖfv‡e Avgv‡`i cy‡iv mgvRe¨e¯’v AvR cÖfvweZ| e¨w³, `j I mgwó ev mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi MÊx †cwi‡q mvgvwRK mgm¨vi cÖfv‡e cÖfvweZ Avgv‡`i ivóªxq Kg©KvÛ| KwZcq we‡kl c×wZi gva¨‡g cwiKwíZ I msMwVZ Dcv‡q gvby‡li mvgvwRK wbivcËv weav‡b miKv‡i DwPZ ev¯—e c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv |

miKvi wK?

ivóª MV‡bi PviwU Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ miKvi n‡jv GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| miKv‡i gva¨‡g iv‡óªi B”Qv-Awb”Qv, wewa-wb‡lamg~n cÖKvwkZ I ev¯—evwqZ nq| miKvi ej‡Z †mB ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb‡K †evSvq, hvi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi Kg©m~wP I bxwZgvjv cÖKvwkZ I ev¯—evwqZ nq|

1| Aa¨vcK DB‡jvwe (Willoughby) e‡j‡Qb, ÒmiKvi n‡jv GKwU cÖwZôvb ev hš¿ hvi gva¨‡g ivóª Zvi B”Qv‡K MVb I Kvh©Ki K‡i|Ó( The ogranisation or machinery through which the state formulates and executes its will is termed as grvernment.)

2| Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi (Garner)e‡jb, ÒmiKvi n‡jv GKwU Kvh©wbe©vnx gva¨g ev hš¿ hvi gva¨‡g mvaviY bxwZgvjv wba©vwiZ nq Ges hvi Øviv mvaviY welqvw` wbqwš¿Z nq I mvaviY ¯^v_© mvwaZ nq| (Governement is the agency or machinery though which common policies are determined and by which common affairs are regulated and common interests promoted)

3| Aa¨vcK Avi.wR.†M‡Uj e‡jb, ÒmiKvi n‡jv iv‡óªi GKwU hš¿ ev ms¯’v|Ó (Government is the organisation or machinery of the state)

4| ‡mBbvi I †÷Bbvi (Steiner and Steiner)Gi g‡Z, " Government may be defined as the structure and process through which public policies, Programmes and rules are authoritatively made for society"

5| Avi. wm.& AvMiIqvj (R.C. Agarwal) e‡jb, " Government is the political organisation through which the collective will of the people is formulated, expressed and executed" cÖ_g Aa¨vq
1.mvgvwRK wbivcËvq miKv‡ii f~wgKv:
1.1| Af¨š—ixY kvwš—k„•Ljv i¶v: Af¨š—ixY kvwš—k„•Ljv i¶v Ges RbM‡Yi mvwe©K wbivcËv `vb Kiv miKv‡ii Aek¨ KZ©e¨| miKvi G KvR m¤úv`b Kivi Rb¨ cywjk evwnbx Ges wewfbœ kvwš— i¶v evwnbx MVb K‡i| e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv i¶vi Rb¨ ivóª AvBbk„•Ljv weavb K‡i|

1.2| ‰e‡`wkK Avµgb †_‡K †`k‡K i¶v: ‰e‡`wkK Avµgb †_‡K †`k‡K i¶v K‡i ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ mgybœZ ivLv miKv‡ii ¸i“Z¡c~Y© KvR| ˆe‡`wkK Avµgb †_‡K wbivcËvi Rb¨ miKvi wbivcËv evwnbx M‡o †Zv‡j| ¯’j evwnbx, †bŠevwnbx I wegvb evwnbx GB wZb evwnbx mgš^‡q miKvi `y‡e©`¨ cÖwZi¶v evwnbx MVb I wbqš¿b K‡i|
1.3| AvBb cÖYqb Kiv: miKv‡ii AvBb wefvM mvaviYZ †`Iqvbx †dŠR`vixmn wewfbœ AvBb cÖYqb K‡i| ZvQvov AvBb wefvM msweavb ms‡kvab, cyiv‡bv AvBb ms‡kvab ev evwZj K‡i| AvBb wefvM RvZxq bxwZ I ciivóªbxwZ msµvš— hy‡Mvc‡hvMx AvBb cÖYqb K‡i †`k‡K DbœwZ I AMÖMwZi Pig wkL‡i wb‡q hvq|

1.4| ‡gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi wbðqZv: ‡gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi e¨_©Zv n‡”Q mvgvwRK mgm¨v m„wói Ab¨Zg cÖavb Drm| ZvB m¤ú‡`i mبenvi I mylg eÈb wbwðZ Kivi gva¨‡g mKj gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi AbyKzj cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e|

1.5| mgm¨vi ¯^iƒc RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Zz‡j aiv: mgm¨vi KviY D`NvU‡bi Rb¨ RbMY‡K Zv‡`i mgm¨v, m¤ú` I mvg_¨© m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z gvbyl Zv‡`i mgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡¶¨ M„nxZ Kg©m~wP ev¯—evq‡b ¯^Ztù~Z© I mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

1.6| RbmsL¨v wbqš¿b: evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK mgm¨vi Ab¨Zg ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Kvi RbmsL¨vùxwZ| evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZb I m¤ú‡`i Zzjbvq RbmsL¨v ïay A‡bK †ewkB bq, ixwZgZ GKwU weivU mgm¨v| ZvB G gvivZœK mgm¨v wbqš¿b Ki‡Z Ges Kzdj RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Zz‡j ai‡Z n‡e| RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡bi Rb¨ mviv‡`‡k Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e|

1.7| cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM wbqš¿b: evsjv‡`k cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM ej‡q Aew¯’Z| cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©‡Mi aŸsmjxjvq weiƒc cÖwZwµqv mgv‡R `vwi`ª¨, wf¶ve„wË, GwZg, wkï mgm¨v, AcivacÖeYZv, cwZZve„wË, ev¯—enviv mgm¨vmn eû mgm¨v e¨vcK nv‡i e„w× cvq| ZvB cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ miKvi‡K wewfbœ c`‡¶c wb‡Z n‡e| ‡eoxevua, Avkªq‡K›`ª BZ¨vw` ¯’vcb K‡i Zv †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡e|

1.8| K…wl Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k K…wl cÖavb †`k| GK mgq G‡`‡ki gvby‡li †Mvjv fiv avb wQj| K…lK‡`i Drcvw`Z cvU we‡k¦i evRv‡i †mvbvjx Avuk bv‡g L¨vZ wQj| wKš‘ AbybœZ Pvlvev‡`i d‡j K…lK‡`i †Mvjv AvR avb k~b¨ Ges cv‡Ui Pvwn`vI we‡k¦i evRv‡i Avi †bB| d‡j `wi`ªZv K…lK‡`i wbZ¨m½x n‡q `vwou‡q‡Q| ZvB K…lK‡`i ˆ`b¨Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ miKv‡ii DbœZ exR I Pvlvev` c×wZ Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cvU‡K wb‡R‡`i Kv‡R jvMv‡Z n‡e|

1.9| wk‡ívbœqb: eZ©gvb hyM wk‡íi hyM| †h †`k wk‡í hZ DbœZ †m †`‡ki mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v ZZ DbœZ| ïay K…wli Dci wbf©i K‡iB mvgvwRK mgm¨v `~i Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB bZzb cÖhyw³ I wk‡íi Dbœqb NwU‡q `vwi`ª¨, wf¶ve„wË BZ¨vw` mvgvwRK mgm¨v `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|

1.10| ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv `~ixKiY: ¯^vaxbZv-c~e©Kvj †_‡K G‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv I Aw¯’wZkxjZv weivRgvb| G Aw¯’wZkxjZvi my‡hv‡M mgv‡R wewfbœ Ackw³ gv_vPviv w`‡q D‡V‡Q| G‡Z m¤ú` AvZœmvr, Nyl, Kv‡jvevRvix I †PvivPvjvbx, mš¿vmx ZrciZv BZ¨vw` mvgvwRK mgm¨v m„wó n‡q‡Q| ZvB Gme mvgvwRK mgm¨v jvNe Ki‡Z n‡j miKvi‡K ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv `~i K‡i w¯’wZkxjZv M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e|

1.11| mvgÄm¨ weavb: cwiewZ©Z Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ weav‡b gvby‡li e¨_©Zv I A¶gZv wewfbœ mvgvwRK mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i| ZvB mvgÄm¨ weavbRwbZ mvgvwRK mgm¨v `~i Ki‡Z n‡j e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK, `j‡Kw›`ªK, mgwó‡Kw›`ªK cÖf„wZ †gŠwjK c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e hv mgvR¯’ gvbyl‡K cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ weav‡b mnvqZv Ki‡e|

1.12| m¤ú‡`i mylg eÈb: evsjv‡`‡k mgMÖ m¤ú‡`i 90 fvMB gvÎ 10 fvM †jv‡Ki AwaKv‡i Ges evwK 10 fvM m¤ú‡`i gvwjK 90 kZvsk †jvK| m¤ú‡`i G Amg eȇbi d‡j †eKviZ¡, `vwi`ª, wf¶ve„wË BZ¨vw` mvgvwRK mgm¨vi m„wó nq| ZvB miKvi‡K Gme mvgwRK mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ m¤ú‡`i mylg eȇbi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

1.13 | cÖkvmb cwiPvjbv: mvgvwRK wbivcËvi Rb¨ miKv‡ii ¸i“Z¡ KvR n‡jv cÖkvmb cwiPvjbv Ki| G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ miKvi‡K cÖkvmb wefvM MVb Ki‡Z nq| cÖkvmb wefv‡M ivóª ¯’vqx Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM K‡i Ges cÖkvmwbK bxwZgvjv cÖYqb I ev¯—evqb K‡i| miKv‡ii ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv, LvRbv I Ki Av`vq, ev‡RU cÖYqb I gy`ªv e¨e¯’v cwiPvjbv cÖkvmwbK Kvh©vewji AvIZvfy³|

1.14| wePvi msµvš— Kvh©vewj: b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K miKvi wePvi wefvM MVb K‡i | G wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g miKvi AvBb f½Kvix‡`i kvw¯— cÖ`vb K‡i Ges wb‡`©vl e¨w³‡`i i¶v K‡i _v‡K| Aa¨vcK wjcmb (Lipson) e‡jb, "Protection grows into order and order seeks to blossom into justice"

1.15| ‡hvMv‡hvM i¶v msµvš— Kvh©vewj: hvZvqvZ I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ miKvi wewfbœgyLx Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i| Gme Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ miKvi iv¯—v-NvU, moK, †ij, wegvb, †bŠc_ wbg©vY, WvK, †Uwj‡dvb, B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM cÖf„wZi e¨e¯’v K‡i| †`‡ki wfZ‡i Ges evB‡i hvZvqvZ I †hvMv‡hvM hv‡Z `ª“Z I Avivg`vqK nq †mRb¨ AvaywbK miKvi cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i|

wØZxq Aa¨vq
2. mvgvwRK wbivcËvi Rb¨ cÖavb cÖavb mvgvwRK mgm¨v|
2.1| ‡eKviZ¡: eZ©gvb mf¨Zvi GK weivU Awfkvc †eKviZ¡| c„w_exi cÖvq me †`‡kB Kg-‡ewk †eKvi i‡q‡Q| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡k †eKvi mgm¨v GKwU Ab¨Zg gvivZ¥K mvgvwRK mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡k MÖvg I kn‡i Awkw¶Z I wkw¶Z †eKv‡ii msL¨v GZB e„w× †c‡q‡Q †h, mgvR I iv‡óªi Rb¨ Zv AvR GKwU P¨v‡jÄ n‡q `vwuo‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK Rxe‡b ‡eKvi mgm¨v nZvkvi m„wó K‡i‡Q| †eKviZ¡ A‡bK cwiev‡iB Avcb RvwZ-‡Mvôxi m¤ú‡K©I dvUj aiv‡”Q| †eKviMY wewfbœ mvgvwRK mgm¨vi Rb¥`vZv| ‡eKvi mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡j wbgœwjwLZ Dcvq¸‡jvi w`‡K `„wó w`‡Z n‡e: K) RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e| L) A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mvab Ki‡Z n‡e| M) KzwVi wkí cybi“×vi I Dbœqb Ki‡Z n‡e| N) KvwiMwi Ávb we¯—vi Ki‡Z n‡e| O) e„wËg~jK I †ckvMZ cÖwk¶‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| I P) AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki †eKviZ¡ `~i Ki‡Z n‡j K…wl‡¶‡Î DbœZ cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i K…wl‡¶Î †_‡K AwZwi³ †jvKRb‡K c„w_exi †hme †`‡k kªwg‡Ki Pvwn`v Av‡Q †m me †`‡k e¨vcKfv‡e cvVv‡bvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
2.2| `vwi`ª: `vwi`ªZv evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU cÖavb mvgvwRK mgm¨v| G‡`‡ki kZKiv 87 Rb †jvKB `vwi`ª¨ mxgvi wb‡P evm Ki‡Q| f~wgnxb †¶Î-gRy‡ii msL¨v RbmsL¨vi A‡a©‡Ki gZ| Avgv‡`i †`‡k `wi`ªZvi d‡j eû mvgvwRK mgm¨vi m„wó n‡”Q| `wi`ªZvi d‡j mgv‡Ri cÖMwZi c‡_ cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó n‡q‡Q gvivZ¥Kfv‡e| Avgv‡`i †`‡k Afv‡ei Zvobvq A‡bK‡K Pzwi, WvKvwZ, ¸ß nZ¨v I cwZZve„wË cÖf„wZ Dcvq Aej¤^b Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| `wi`ªZv `~i Ki‡Z n‡j G‡`‡k wkí cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| K…wl‡¶‡Î DbœZ cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i K…wl‡¶Î †_‡K AwZwi³ †jvKRb‡K c„w_exi †hme ‡`‡k kªwg‡Ki Pvwn`v Av‡Q †m me †`‡k e¨vcKfv‡e cvVv‡bvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| `wi`ª‡`i Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v bv Ki‡j A`~i fwel¨‡Z G‡`k fqven `ywf©‡¶ cwZZ n‡e|

2.3| wf¶ve„wË: wf¶ve„wË evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU Ab¨Zg mvgvwRK mgm¨v| Avgv‡`i †`‡k wf¶ve„wË mvgvwRK cÖMwZi Aš—ivq n‡q `vwuo‡q‡Q| wf¶ve„wË ïay Avgv‡`i mvwe©K DbœwZi Aš—ivqB bq, we‡k¦i Kv‡Q Avgv‡`i RvZxq gvb ¶zYœ Kivi Rb¨ eûjvs‡k `vqx| wf¶ve„wËB GKgvÎ wf¶y‡Ki ˆewkó¨| wf¶zKiv wf¶ve„wË Øviv Zv‡`i RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i _v‡K| wf¶ve„wË bvgK G mvgvwRK mgm¨vwUi g~‡jvrcvUb Ki‡Z n‡j mgv‡Ri A_©bxwZ‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡e| wf¶ve„wË wbeviY Ki‡Z n‡j wbgœwjwLZ Dcvqmg~‡ni e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e: K) mgvwRK wk¶v we¯—vi Ki‡Z n‡e| L) wf¶zK‡`i Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| M) wf¶zK‡`i Rb¨ wPwKrmvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| m¤¢e n‡j wf¶zK‡`i Avjv`v AvevwmK myweav w`‡q Ges miKvwi fvZv w`‡q wf¶ve„wˇK mgvR †_‡K D‡”Q` Ki‡Z n‡e|

2.4| RbmsL¨v mgm¨v: RbmsL¨v mgm¨v eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki GK b¤^i mvgvwRK mgm¨v wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| RvwZmsNmn Avš—Rv©wZK wewfbœ †dviv‡g evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi fqvenZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ †`‡ki RbmsL¨vi Zzjbvq G‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v GZB †ewk hv ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv| evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v hw` cÖwZ eQi Gfv‡e e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv GKwU weivU mgm¨v n‡q `vuov‡e| A_©bxwZwe`MY RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi‡K AvMvgx w`‡bi wec`-ms‡KZ e‡j g‡b K‡ib| cwievi cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡j RbmsL¨v mgm¨v †iva Kiv hvq| wk¶vi cÖmvi NU‡j RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvavb A‡bKUv mnR n‡q hv‡e| AvBb cÖYqb K‡i evj¨weevn I eûweevn wbwl× Ki‡Z n‡e| e¨vcK A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g RbmsL¨v mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv hv‡e| RvZxq Av‡qi myôz Ki‡Z n‡e| mvgvwRK wbivcËv cÖ`vb K‡i RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e| wgj-KviLvbv ¯’vcb I we‡`‡k PvKwi cÖ`vb K‡i RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e|

2.5| wbi¶iZv: wbi¶iZv evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg mvgvwRK mgm¨v| †Kbbv, Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK mgm¨vi KviY wn‡m‡e G wbi¶iZvB‡K `vqx Kiv nq| †hgb-RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi Rb¨ A_ev cwievi cwiKíbvi e¨_©Zvi Rb¨ A_ev cwievi cwiKíbvi e¨_©Zvi Rb¨ wbi¶iZv‡KB †ewk `vqx Kiv nq| †`‡k `¶ kªwg‡Ki AfveI G wbi¶iZvi Kvi‡bB | ZvB wbi¶iZv GKwU we‡kl mvgvwRK mgm¨v wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| eq¯‹ wk¶vi m¤cÖmviY K‡i, Kg Li‡P wk¶vi DcKiY mieivn K‡i, QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i AwaK nv‡i e„wË cÖ`vb K‡i wbi¶iZv `~i Kiv hvq| gva¨wgK ¯—i ch©š— A‰eZwbK wk¶v cÖeZ©b K‡i wbi¶iZv `~i Kiv m¤¢e| bvix wk¶v m¤cÖmviY, wk¶v e¨e¯’vi ms¯‹vi K‡i Ges wk¶vcÖwZôv‡b AbyK‚j cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i wbi¶iZv `~i Kiv m¤¢e|

2.6| Aciva I wK‡kvi Aciva: Aciva evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg ¸i“Z¡c~Y© mvgvwRK mgm¨v| mgm¨vwU µ‡gB fqven i“c wb‡”Q| Avgv‡`i mgv‡R Aciva nj Pzwi, WvKvwZ, nZ¨v, Lyb, ivnvRvwb, wQbZvB cÖf„wZ| MZ K‡qK eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡k Aciv‡ai msL¨v gvivZ¥Kfv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q| wK‡kvi Aciva AvaywbK hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg cÖavb mvgvwRK mgm¨v| wkívqb, bMivqb I AvaywbKxKi‡Yi d‡j wK‡kvi AcivacÖeYZv µgvMZ †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| Gme mvgvwRK Aciva †_‡K mgvR‡K gyw³ w`‡Z n‡j AvBb-k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ K‡Vvi Ki‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡k Aciva cÖwZ‡iv‡a MYgva¨g¸‡jv Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| wK‡kvi Aciva `~i Ki‡Z n‡j cvwievwiK cwi‡ek‡K wkï-wK‡kvi‡`i myôz e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Dc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| `wi`ªZv `~i Ki‡j wK‡kvi Aciva n«vm cv‡e| wK‡kvi Aciva `~i Ki‡Z n‡j wkï kª‡gi e¨envi I wewµ eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|

2.7| ‡hŠZzK cÖ_v: eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡k †hŠZzK cÖ_v GK weivU mvgvwRK mgm¨v| evsjv‡`‡ki mvßvwnK Ges RvZxq ˆ`wbK cwÎKv¸‡jvi cÖavb AvKl©Y †hŠZz‡Ki NUbvejx| c~‡e© wn›`y mgv‡RB ïaygvÎ †hŠZzK cÖ_vi cÖPjb wQj| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b me mgv‡RB †hŠZzK cÖ_vi cÖPjb n‡q‡Q| RvwZi Rb¨ G ai‡bi †hŠZzK cÖ_v KjsKRbK| †hŠZzK cÖ_vi `i“Y A‡bK bvix AKv‡j g„Zz¨eiY K‡i Ges AvZ¥nZ¨vi c_ †e‡Q †bq| eZ©gv‡b †`‡k cvwievwiK Av`vjZ cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| RvZxq msm‡` †hŠZzK we‡ivax AvBb cvm n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi myôz cÖ‡qvM n‡j Avgiv †hŠZz‡Ki KZ mvgvwRK mgm¨v †_‡K gyw³ ‡c‡q my›`i I myôz Rxebhvc‡b m¶g ne| miKvi †mw`‡K GKUz bRi w`‡j G Awfkvc †_‡K A‡bK Mwie msmvi †eu‡P †hZ|

2.8| cywónxbZv: evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk gvbyl cywónxb| Avw_©K Am”QjZv I Áv‡bi Afv‡e cywónxbZvq Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †jv‡Kiv †fv‡M| d‡j bvbvwea †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡h AKv‡j g„Zz¨eiY K‡i| cywónxbZvi Rb¨ gvbyl Kg©kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j| GwU Rbkw³i Rb¨ weivU mgm¨v| ZvQvov cywó m¤^‡Ü Avgv‡`i †jvKR‡biI AvMÖn †bB|

Z„Zxq Aa¨vq
3| mvgvwRK wbivcËvi KwZcq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcvq:
3.1| Z_¨ msMÖn: ‡h †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ miKv‡ii cÖ_g I mev‡c¶v ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c`‡¶c nj Z_¨ msMÖn| mvgvwRK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi ev¯—ewfwËK cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡j mswk­ó mgvR I mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgb-mgv‡Ri A_‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’v, mvgvwRK mgm¨v, mgm¨vi KviY, cÖK…wZ I cwiwa| Abyiƒcfv‡e mgv‡Ri m¤ú` I mgvRevmx‡`i mvg_¨©, Zv‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i aiY m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn Avek¨K| mvgvwRK Rwic I M‡elYvi gva¨‡g e¯‘wbô I wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni e¨vcv‡i cÖwk¶YcÖvß †ckv`vi mgvRKgx©MYB Dchy³ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

3.2| Z_¨ we‡k­lY: mvgvwRK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi wØZxq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ch©vq-mgm¨v I mvgvwRK Z_¨vewji ˆeÁvwbK we‡k­lY| Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni ci †m¸‡jv‡K we‡k­lY K‡i mgm¨vi cÖK…wZ I cwiwa Ges mvgvwRK m¤ú`-mvg_© wbY©q Kiv GKvš— Avek¨K| G‡¶‡ÎI †ckv`vi mgvRKgx©MY Av_©-mvgvwRK cwiw¯’wZ I mgm¨vi ˆeÁvwbK we‡k­l‡Yi gva¨‡g ev¯—e Z_¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi`kx|

3.3| ev¯—egyLx cwiKíbv MÖnY I ev¯—evqb: mvgvwRK wbivcËv weav‡bi j‡¶¨ miKv‡ii cieZx© c`‡¶c nj cwiKíbv MÖnY I ev¯—evqb| G‡¶‡Î mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© cwiKíbv I Kg©m~wP bv n‡j Zv ev¯—evqb Kiv hv‡e bv| ejv evûj¨, Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’vi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L mvgvwRK cwiKíbv Ges Kg©m~Px MÖnY I ev¯—evq‡b †ckv`vi mgvRKgx©MY †h Acwimxg K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq w`‡Z m¶g Zv Ab¨‡`i c‡¶ m¤¢e bq

3.4| mgm¨v mgvav‡b RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv : mvgvwRK mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ RbgZ m„wó Ges mK‡ji msNe× cÖqvm Avek¨K| Ab¨_vq mgm¨vi cÖwZKvi ev cÖwZ‡iva †KvbUvB m¤¢e bq, n‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ RYMY‡K m‡PZb K‡i msMwVZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| `jxq cÖ‡Póv I Ab¨vb¨ c`‡¶c MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g RYM‡Yi m‡PZbZv e„w× K‡i Zv‡`i‡K msMwVZ Kivi †¶‡Î mgvRKj¨vY AZ¨š— Mi“Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
3.5| wbR¯^ m¤ú` I mvg‡_©¨i mبenvi: mvgvwRK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq m¤ú` I mvg‡_©¨ m‡e©v”P mبenvi Kiv DwPZ| KviY evwn¨K mvnvh¨ ‡Kvb mgv‡Ri mgm¨v mgvav‡bi cÖK…Z Dcvq n‡Z cv‡i bv| wbR¯^ m¤ú` I mvg‡_©¨ mبenvi Kivi Rb¨ RbMY‡K AvMÖnx K‡i ‡Zvjvi e¨vcv‡i ¯^wbf©iZvi `k©‡b wek¦vmx mgvRKj¨vY h_v_© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

3.6| cÖwZKvi, cÖwZ‡iva I Dbœqbg~jK c`‡¶c MÖnY; mvgvwRK mgm¨vi ˆeÁvwbK mgvav‡bi Rb¨ mgm¨vi cÖwZKvi, cÖwZ‡iva I mgv‡Ri Dbœqb- G wZb ai‡Yi e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv DwPZ| mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejvq GKgvÎ mgRKj¨vYB Dc‡iv³ wZb ai‡Yi c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|

3.7| ¯^vej¤^b I ¯’vbxq †bZ…‡Z¡i weKvk mvab: mvgvwRK wbivcËvi ¯’vqx mgvav‡bi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ¯^vej¤^x g‡bvfve M‡o †Zvjv cÖ‡qvRb| GKB D‡Ï‡k¨ Zv‡`i wbR¯^ †bZ…Z¡ M‡o †ZvjvI `iKvi| RbM‡Yi myß ¶gZvi weKvk mvab I ¯’vbxq †bZ…Z¡ M‡o †Zvjvi gva¨‡g RbMb‡K ¯^vej¤^x K‡i ‡Zvjvi e¨vcv‡i mgvRKj¨vYB AwØZxq f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

3.8| RbM‡Yi Avq-DcvR©b e„w×: AbybœZ mgv‡Ri cÖavb mgm¨v `vwi`ª¨| `vwi‡`ªªªª¨i cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶ cÖfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ mgm¨v m„wó n‡q _v‡K| myZivs Gme mgv‡Ri mgm¨v †gvKvwijvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKi‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| bvbv ai‡Yi e„wËg~jK cÖwk¶Y I †QvU †QvU A_©‰bwZK cÖKí MÖnY K‡i mgvRKj¨vY `wi`ª RbM‡Yi Avq DcvR©b e„w×i e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡i |

3.9| ‡gŠj gvbweK Pvwn`v c~iY: ‡gŠj gvbweK Pvwn`v c~iY bv nIqvi d‡j mgv‡R AwaKvsk mgm¨v m„wó n‡q _v‡K| myZivs Pvwn`vmg~n c~i‡Yi c~Y© wbðqZv weavb Acwinvh©| AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb, Drcv`bgyLx Kvh©µg, mgevq I ¯^wbf©i Av‡›`vjb †Rvi`vi Kivi gva¨‡g G Ae¯’vi wbimb mvab m¤¢e|

3.10| gv·© I Agv·x©q we‡k­lY: Agv·x©q mgvRZË¡we`M‡Yi g‡Z, me mgv‡R me mgqB wKQz mgm¨v weivR K‡i| cÖwZKvig~jK e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †hme mgm¨vi gvÎv ev e¨vwß wbqš¿Y Kiv m¤¢e n‡jI m¤ú~Y©fv‡e mgm¨vgy³ †Kvb mgvR KL‡bv m¤¢e bq| c¶vš—‡i gv·x©q mgvRZË¡we`MY mgm¨vi Agi‡Z¡ wek¦vmx bb| Zvu‡`i g‡Z, mgvR e¨e¯’vi ˆec­weK cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g mgvRev`x I mvg¨ev`x mgvR cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g m¤ú~Y©fv‡e mgm¨vgy³ mgvR Kv‡qg Kiv m¤¢e|

3.11| wbR¯^ gZvgZ: Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv I ch©v‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z Avwg ej‡Z cvwi †h, mvgvwRK wbivcËv weavb Ki‡Z n‡j miKvi‡K KZ¸‡jv c`‡¶c wb‡Z n‡e| RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mvab Ki‡Z n‡e, KzwVi wkí cybi“×vi I Dbœqb Ki‡Z n‡e, KvwiMwi Ávb we¯—vi Ki‡Z n‡e, e„wËg~jK I †ckvMZ cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e I AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| mvgvwRK wbivcËv weav‡b miKvi‡K AviI †h c`‡¶c ¸‡jv wb‡Z n‡e ‡mwU n‡jv ev¯—egyLx cwiKíbv MÖnY I ev¯—evqb I mvgvwRK mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ RbgZ m„wó Af¨š—ixY kvwš—k„•Ljv i¶v mvgvwRK wbivcËv weav‡b miKvi‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges AvB‡bi h_vh_ ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z n‡e| miKvi‡K gvby‡li ‡gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi wbðqZv w`‡Z n‡e| miKvi‡K mgm¨vi ¯^iƒc RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Zz‡j ai‡Z n‡e| miKvi‡K RbmsL¨v wbqš¿b Ki‡Z n‡e| miKvi‡K cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM wbqš¿b, K…wl Dbœqb, wk‡ívbœqb, ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv `~ixKiY, mvgÄm¨ weavb I m¤ú‡`i mylg eÈb Ki‡Z cvi‡j mvgvwRK wbivcËv †`Iqv Avwg g‡b Kwi m¤¢e|

Dcmsnvi
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv eySv hvq †h, mvgvwRK cwi‡ek †_‡KB mvgvwRK mgm¨v D™¢yZ| weÁvb I cÖhyw³i GZ DbœwZ m‡Ë¡I A‡b‡Ki g‡Z we‡k¦i me mgv‡RB mvgvwRK mgm¨v µgk e„w× cv‡”Q I mvgvwRK wbivcËv ûgwKi gy‡L co‡Q Ges mgm¨v RwUj †_‡K RwUjZi n‡”Q| bvbvwea Kvi‡Y gvbe AvPi‡Yi mnR mij ˆewk󨸇jv µ‡gB †jvc †c‡q Zv RwUj †_‡K RwUjZi n‡”Q| d‡j mvgvwRK mgm¨v µ‡gB RwUjZi iƒc wb‡q‡Q| †eKviZ¡, `vwi`ª¨, wf¶ve„wË, RbmsL¨v mgm¨v, wbi¶iZv, Aciva, wK‡kvi Aciva, †hŠZzK cÖ_v cÖf„wZ evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK wbivcËvi Rb¨ ïay mvgvwRK mgm¨vB bq, RvZxq mgm¨v e‡U| ZvB G mgm¨v¸‡jv miKvi mgvavb Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j A`~i fwel¨‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’v †kvPbxq n‡e|

mnvqK MÖš’
1| gynv¤§` Av‡qk DÏxb : ivóªwPš—v cwiwPZ
2| ‡`evwkm PµeZx© : ivóªwPš—v aviv
3| GgvRDÏxb Avn‡g` : ga¨hy‡Mi ivóªwPš—v
4| A. R. M. Murray : An Introduction to political Philosophy
5| J. Bowle : Western Political Thought
6| Berki : The History of Political Thougt. A Short Introduction
7| W.T. Jones : Masters of Political Thought.
8| gynv¤§` Bbvg-Dj-nK : fvi‡Zi gymjgvb I ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb|
9| Ave`yi iwng : evsjv gymjgvb‡`i BwZnvm
10 A. R. Desail : Social Background of Indian Nationalism.