...Orphans in Africa: Poverty and School Enrollment 483 ORPHANS IN AFRICA: PARENTAL DEATH, POVERTY, AND SCHOOL ENROLLMENT* ANNE CASE, CHRISTINA PAXSON, AND JOSEPH ABLEIDINGER We examine the impact of orphanhood on children’s school enrollment in 10 sub-Saharan African countries. Although poorer children in Africa are less likely to attend school, the lower enrollment of orphans is not accounted for solely by their poverty. We find that orphans are less likely to be enrolled than are nonorphans with whom they live. Consistent with Hamilton’s rule, the theory that the closeness of biological ties governs altruistic behavior, outcomes for orphans depend on the relatedness of orphans to their household heads. The lower enrollment of orphans is largely explained by the greater tendency of orphans to live with distant relatives or unrelated caregivers. I n a follow-up to the 2001 noted that nearlyGeneral Assembly Specialare suffering HIV/ United Nations Session on AIDS, UNAIDS researchers 40% of the countries that from a generalized AIDS epidemic lack a national policy to support children “orphaned or made vulnerable by AIDS” (Joint United Nations Programme 2003:12). This is an important issue in sub-Saharan Africa, where the death of prime-aged adults from HIV/AIDS has led to pronounced concentrations of orphans. Recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) have indicated that in Uganda, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, nearly 15% of all children under age 15 have lost...
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...to the study Mining is the extraction of minerals and precious metals from the earth. These minerals and metals consist of manganese, tantalum, copper, tin, silver, diamonds and gold. Mining may be considered in two forms: large scale mining and small scale mining. Large scale mining generally employs large number of people and produces huge tonnes of gold. Examples of companies who engage in these are the Anglo-Gold Ashanti of Ghana, Newmont Ghana, Goldfields Ghana and Minas Serra Palade Mines in Brazil which employed about over thousands workers and yielded thousands tonnes of gold (Amankwah and Anim-Sackey, 2003). Small scale mining is a form of mining that is done at small levels and mostly employs relatively a low number of people (Appiah, 1998). It is generally engaged in by local people within the area where these activities occur, and comes along with it the influx of people from other areas. Small Scale Mining companies use a considerable number of the labour force in the country. While there is no accurate SSM employment number for Ghana (Appiah, 1998), it is estimated that some 500,000 people are openly employed in the sector while additional 500,000 may indirectly be benefiting from the doings. About half of those directly engaged in the S.S.M are said to be illegal operators (Amankwah & Anim-Sackey, 2003) commonly known as “galamsey operators”. The actions of small-scale miners also generate economic linkages with other sectors of the economy helping as raw resources...
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...reference groups, and society in general. Consumer needs are the basis of all modern marketing and constitute the essence of the marketing concept. However, research has shown that consumer behaviour is difficult to predict, even for experts in the field. Thus, in the attempt to understand consumers’ motivation, marketers usually make reference to the theories of needs such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, the trio of needs and Murray’s list of psychogenic needs. In this exposé, we would identify the components of the trio of needs and Murray’s list of psychogenic needs and illustrate them with examples in Ghana. I. TRIO OF NEEDS The components of the Trio needs theory are the following: * Power * Affiliation * Achievement * The need for power Power refers to the individual’s desire to control other people and objects. It is tied to a type of ego needs. In Ghana, we could relate this need to people in the high social class who seek power by way of political ambitions. * The need for affiliation Affiliation suggests that behavior is influenced by the desire for social ties, for friendship, for acceptance and for belonging. People with high affiliation...
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...EDUCATION QUALITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH Education Quality and Economic Growth Education Quality and Economic Growth Eric A. Hanushek Ludger Wößmann THE WORLD BANK Washington, DC © 2007 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: feedback@worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 5 10 09 08 07 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy...
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...Introduction Ghana has a diverse cultural, ethnic, religious and economical background which makes generalization about gender relations and their consequences for women and children’s access to resources, decision making and status in society extremely difficult. Divergence of experiences has been further widened by regionally distorted historical development and biased development policies. Ghana’s population is about 22 million, includes over 90 different ethnic groups. Among these the Akan, Ewe, Mole Dagbani and Ga-Adangbe are dominant. Different ethnic groups are characterized by a variety of kinship systems with different implications for access to resources and decision making power by gender. The Akan, who are from the southern part of Ghana, are the largest amongst all ethnic groups, and matrilineal inheritance system is very dominant. Most other ethnic groups, in the North, but also the East, are patrilineal. The Ga, who are concentrated around Greater Accra, are somewhat known in having bilateral inheritance and kinship structures. Matrilineal systems may give women greater access to resources outside marriage than patrilineal systems, but they are characterized by a weaker nuclear household offering little economic security to women. Matrilineal systems do not necessarily imply significantly greater access to resources or higher status of women. There is extreme diversity and complexity of household forms as well as of the organization of the household economy....
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...between chocolate and child labor in the Cote d'Ivoire. Young boys whose ages range from 12 to 16 have been sold into slave labor and are forced to work in cocoa farms in order to harvest the beans, from which chocolate is made, under inhumane conditions and extreme abuse. This West African country is the leading exporter of cocoa beans to the world market. Cocoa farms in the Cote d'Ivoire are violating children's human rights in two ways: they are involved in trafficking the children and are also the site of forced labor. There are about 600,000 cocoa farms in Cote d'Ivoire (Child Labor Coalition). Estimates of the number of children forced to work as slaves on these farms are as high as 15,000. Although some children come from Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Togo, most of the trafficked children come from Mali. More than 5.000 children work in the cocoa plantations in Ivory Coast without being victims of slavery, according to the results of an investigation of the International office of Work (the ILO) made public in Abidjan. Hubert Oulaye, Minister of the Ivory Coast for the Public office and Employment affirmed that an investigation carried resulted in 1.500 producers divided in 250 villages and localities and 39 sub-prefectures in the cocoa production zones. The Ivory Coast was regarded these last years in West Africa as one of the most important destinations of the traffic of children, employees in particular like cheap labour in the cocoa plantations, of which it is the first...
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... Samuel Asare Knutsford University Writing Skills Topic: High Rates of Literacy What is Illiteracy? The condition of being unable to read and write, and also the condition or quality of being ignorant or unknowledgeable in a particular subject or field. Causes. Parents with little schooling; Lack of books at home and lack of stimulation as to the importance of reading; Doing badly at or dropping out of school—many have not completed high school; Troublesome living conditions, including neediness; Learning incapacities, for example, dyslexia, and so on. Effects. Limited ability to obtain and understand essential information; Unemployment: The unemployment rate is 2–4 times higher among those with little schooling than among those with Bachelor’s degrees; Lower pay; Lower-quality occupations; Lessened access to deep rooted learning and expert advancement; Reduced access to lifelong learning and professional development; Low self-regard, which can prompt separation; Discussion. According to new data released by the UIS, literacy rates for adults and youth continue to rise. Young women aged 15-24 are making the strongest gains, but still lag behind young men. In 2011, 87% of female youth had basic literacy...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study There is growing concern about increasing number of youth and children with special needs in our communities in Ghana today, who like any other children, must have the opportunity to go to school. The term special needs or children with special needs refers to individual learners whose needs arise from physical, emotional, sensory, behavioural and intellectual conditions that have a long-term adverse effect on their ability to access the regular education facilities. This includes individuals with various disabilities such the mentally retarded, the hearing and visually impaired, and the learning disabled individuals. In the olden days, children with special needs had their education mainly in the few segregated special schools spread across the country. However, owing to the fast growing number of individuals with disability, it is now common to find a good number of them in the regular schools in the various communities. The result was that educationists began exploring various educational arrangements including mainstreaming, integration and inclusion that could bring together both disabled and non-disabled individuals in the same classroom to pursue the same school curriculum. Inclusive education is a concept that allows pupils with special needs to be placed in the regular or mainstream classes to be taught by mainstream teachers. Inclusion, which is the most current perspective...
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...(NAMES) (COURSE) (ADM NO.) MALARIA Malaria has for a while been a very life-threatening ailment simply transmitted by an anopheles mosquito. It has led to child morbidity on this planet. It threatens almost two billion people, as well as with regards to 40% on the world’s people residing in the actual world’s poorest nations in addition to a couple of million demise are usually as a result of the sickness per year. (World Health Organization, 2012) This can be a significant public health problem with the African continent along with over 190 trillion clinical attacks and just about a million people lose their lives per year. Within the semi-arid not to forget the highland regions of the African continent, malaria is usually shaky and outbreak of malaria is usually a widespread issue triggering demise per year. Even so, risks regarding morbidity and death rate associated with malaria, specifically with semi-arid, the highland parts, and temporary. Many malaria diseases, specifically with sub-Saharan in the African continent, usually are brought on by Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria offers a major socioeconomic difficulties in the African countries since are the ones mostly affected. That challenge is not to be permitted to continue considering that health isn't only a need but also a right and also a requirement pertaining to economic expansion. (UNITED NATIONS, 2012) Malaria can be the consequence of...
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...encourages the solidarity of Africans world wide.It is based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress and aims to “unify and uplift” people of African descent. The ideology asserts that the fate of all African peoples and countries are intertwined. At its core Pan-Africanism is “a belief that African peoples, both on the continent and in the Diaspora, share not merely a common history, but a common destiny” The largest Pan-African organization is the African Union. Kwame Nkrumah “I’m not African because I was born in Africa; I’m an African because Africa’s born in me.” Kwame Nkrumah Early Life Education Kwame Nkrumah, was born in approximately 1909 in the town of Nkroful, in the Nzima region of present-day Ghana. His father was a goldsmith by trade and kept many wives, although Kwame Nkrumah was his mother’s only child. His early education was conducted at local missionary schools, and his aptitude enabled him to attend the Government Training College in Accra in 1926. At the Government Training College, Nkrumah was trained to become a teacher and graduated in 1930 (Adi, 2003: 144). He worked as a teacher for five years and although during this time period he also contemplated a move into the priesthood. In 1935 Nkrumah decided to take his studies abroad. After a shorter stint in the Gold Coast’s colonial overseer, Great Britain, Nkrumah traveled to the United States to further his education. He first completed undergraduate studies at Lincoln University...
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...Microfinance involves the application of innovative methodologies that make financial services available to relatively poor households and microenterprises. Microfinance can also be termed as the practice of providing financial services including micro credit, micro savings and micro insurance to poverty stricken or poor individuals, such that they are assisted to collect large sums of money in order to expand their choices and help them reduce the risk faced by them in their societies. HISTORY OF MICROFINANCE Microfinance activities date as far back as in the early 1900’s where Susu, which is one of the current microfinance schemes was practiced. Available evidence also suggests that the first credit union in Africa was established in Northern Ghana in 1955 by the Canadian...
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...Chapters 1-3 Quiz 1.Which group of people living in LDCs have the greater amount poverty, and fewer resources and opportunities. Urban derllers Military Rural Folks Factory Workers 2. According to Handelmann, an underdeveloped country must become a substantive democracy for it to make progress in development. True False 3. The HDI (Human Development Index) is a measure of which of the following? A country's potential for providing its citizens with personal growth, learning, and productivity A country's ability to provide clean water and sanitary conditions. A composite measure of literacy, health, and schooling rates. A composite measure of literacy rates and income. (Pg.8) None of the above. 4. A country is considered underdeveloped/third world/developing if it has a low ranking in which of the following areas? Political development Social Development Economic Development All of the above Economic Development Only 5. Which of the main world religions has the most influence on politics and therefore, development? Islam Buddhism Hinduism Fundamentalism Catholicism 6. According to your textbook, what was the reason that a revolution occurred in Iran in the 1970s A group like Al-Queda terrorized the Shah and killed him and instated Shariah law. The religious leader Khomeini led a resistance to secular modernization and the imposition of foreign powers in Iran's domestic matters. The Iranians revolted in order to instate a democracy. The...
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...Global Economics January 2012 The World in 2050 From the Top 30 to the Top 100 A new economic world order is emerging at extraordinary speed. This publication broadens our list of the world’s top 30 economies to the top 100. The underlying theme is that the economies we currently call “emerging” are going to power global growth over the next four decades. Our update tells the story of the emergence of parts of Africa, the rise of some of the central Asian republics, as well as some startling advances for countries such as the Philippines and Peru. By Karen Ward Disclosures and Disclaimer This report must be read with the disclosures and analyst certifications in the Disclosure appendix, and with the Disclaimer, which forms part of it Economics Global 11 January 2012 abc From the Top 30 to the Top 100 Attention will increasingly turn to the ‘new emergers’ as the world economy undergoes a seismic shift Demographics to play a crucial role, helping parts of Africa finally emerge from economic obscurity When we published ‘The World in 2050’ a year ago (4 January 2011), we gave a projection for the Top 30 economies by size in 2050 from a pool of the largest 40 economies today. This update casts a wider net and seeks to identify the Top 100 economies by size. A larger universe increases competition for the Top 30 and allows us to consider the ‘new emergers’ in the coming decades. Our ranking is based on an economy’s current level of development and...
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...Using evidence from the syllabus of your subject area at a pre-tertiary level of education in Ghana, discuss the dominant curriculum orientation(s) underlying the instructional programme. Introduction Science education has always been a part of the Ghanaian (and Sub-Saharan) culture. Modern education in Ghana came with the advent of European missionary and mercantile enterprises, and has largely become the vehicle for social upward mobility. Education in general, and science education, for that matter, is serious issues for all Ghanaians. Curriculum orientations are beliefs about what a school curriculum should achieve and how teaching, learning and assessment should occur (Eisner, 1970). The most fundamental concern of schooling is curriculum (Ornstein, 1982). These prepositions have led me to have an in depth study by evaluating the Ghanaian Basic School Science Curriculum from both the primary to the Junior High School levels trying to find out the various and dominant curriculum orientation(s) underlying the teaching and learning process of Integrated Science in schools. The Ghanaian Basic School Science Curriculum and Delivery The Ghanaian integrated science curriculum follows the “spiral approach,” treating the same themes at different times and in greater depths within each educational level. The curriculum is the modern replacement of what used to be called “nature study.” This is a generalist, survey course, which exposes the child to the universe. At this level...
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...European powers thought men would be better suited in this area to be successful than women (unescostat.unesco.org ). Males, in comparison, were taught regularly the newest ideas that were used to aid their production and agricultural proficiency. The men were given the ability to use plows and types of transportation such as bikes and automobiles (White 2003), while the women were forced to work by hand and carry everything to and fro. Women prepared themselves for acts to show what was wanted including rural opposition, cultural self-rule, work movements, and spiritual and political demonstrations (Rosenstone 2006). In fairly non-violent actions in Ghana and Nigeria, women wrote letters of protest and thought-out boycotts, strikes, and exhibitions against many characteristics of colonial rule, including levies, schooling, land possession, sexual purity examinations, pre-arranged marriages, and other forms of fiscal, political, and societal power. Educated women were extremely active in urban centers where their resistance focused on "colonial attacks on the commercial...
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