...of Engineering & Technology Questions on Lectures 1,2 and 3 1-Discuss shortly the meaning of the following items: Art –Science – Engineering Art: is a term that describes a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities. Science: is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testing predictions about the universe. Engineering: is skill of applying scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes. 2- What are the types of art? (Give examples) •Static Art: or fixed Art like painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography •Dynamic Art: or moved Art like Music, theatre, film, dance, Drama and other performing arts 3- What are the aims and basic operations of the science and engineering? Science: Aim: understand the universe Basic operation: - The discovery of theories by using experiments - Analysis to find the suitable design - Ask why? - Experimental Design -Logical skills Engineering: Aim: check the needs of society Basic operation: -Innovation – design – Production - Analysis – Imagine –deriving - Test – planning - Communication skills - Problem solving 4- The earliest civil engineer is: (Imhotep - Newton -Jon Semiton – EbnSena) 5- The Engineering word was found at 18th century by Jon Semiton 6- Divide civilizations according to the historical times 1.Ancient era (from 4000 until 450...
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...kingtutshop.com/freeinfo/Ancient-Egyptian-Animals.htm http://www.animalmummies.com/learningfiles/sacreds.html http://www.thekeep.org/~kunoichi/kunoichi/themestream/egypt_animals.html http://www.shira.net/egypt-goddess.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/animal_gallery.shtml http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/mythology/72190 http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/bestiary/index.html Weapons and War http://primaryschool.asfg.mx/CPProyecto/Ancient_Egyptian_Weapons.htm http://www.egyptologyonline.com/the_army_in_ancient_egypt.htm http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/weapons.htm http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/weapons/index.html http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/tools/weapons.html weapons http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/weapons/index.html Chariot http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/chariot.htm Jewelry http://historylink101.net/egypt_1/a-jewelry.htm http://www2.sptimes.com/Egypt/EgyptCredit.4.2.html http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/crowns/jewellery.htm Cosmetics http://inventorspot.com/articles/the_slightly_gross_origins_lipstick_13653 http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam23.html http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/cosmetics.htm http://www.eye-make-up-tips.com/makeup/makeup-beauty-tips/ancient-egyptian-makeup.aspx http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx?id=154257 Cosmetics used as medicine? Egypt: Daily Life http://www2.sptimes.com/Egypt/EgyptCredit.4.2...
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...religion and praise of God and man. Egypt sets it’s self apart from these other places because of the history Egypt agriculture has, the influence the agricultural on many religious followers on many religious fronts today, and the vitality the monuments still have after years of punishment through the elements. The construction of the temples and pyramids in Egypt is a testament to the importance of spirituality to the people of Egypt. Making them an interesting people and the monuments made a remarkable feat to be astonished for many years to come. During the ancient times of Egypt, life began and ended with...
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...production. Further, the distilled wine was used for the medicinal purpose (Shapin, 12). The information regarding the first wild grapevine cultivation is still uncertain (Brown, 145). Grapes grow in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, southeastern and coastal Turkey, the northern Levant and northern Iran. The fermenting of wild grape was easier due to the development of pottery in the Neolithic period. One of the oldest wineries discovered was in vayot dzor, in the Arena- 1 cave. In the site, there were fermentation vats, cups, jars and a wine press (Brown, 145). Wild grapes vines and seed were also found. In early Bronze Age, there were plenty of domesticated grapes in the near east. Further, there is an evidence of wine production in Egypt and Sumer (Shapin, 12). According to McGovern (270), in the modern world there are many myths told regarding the fermentation and cultivation of the first grapevine. In the bible book of Genesis, production of wine was first mentioned following the famous great flood. It continues to explain that one time when Noah was drunk he exposed himself to his children. The resulting curse that was adapted to describe African slavery and the black...
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...1)What does the study of humanities involve? What is the relevance of humanities in architecture? 1.The study of humanities involves academic disciplines that study human culture and history. The humanities include ancient and modern languages ,literature, philosophy, religion, and visual and performing arts such as music and theatre. We learn about distant cultures or past cultures. Through the exploration of humanities we learn how to think creatively and critically to reason and ask questions. These efforts preserve the great accomplishments of the past help us understand the world we live in and give us tools to imagine the future. 2.What are the broad divisions of human history? Write a brief on each. Prehistory (meaning "before history", or "before knowledge acquired by investigation", from the Latin word for "before," præ, and historia) is the span of time before recorded history or the invention of writing systems. Prehistory refers to the period of human existence before the availability of those written records with which recorded history begins. More broadly, it can refer to all the time preceding human existence and the invention. The term "prehistory" can refer to the vast span of time since the beginning of the Universe, but more often it refers to the period since life appeared on Earth, or even more specifically to the time since human-like beings appeared.[4][5] In dividing up human prehistory, prehistorians typically use the three-age system, whereas scholars...
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...cultivation techniques. For early humans, almost all time and energy was devoted to gathering plants for food and hunting animals. Once agriculture became the primary method for cultivating food, societies and governments began to form and the modern notion of the nation state (or city state in some cases) began. The development of agriculture also had a heavy hand in influencing early religions. Religion would go on to become one of the most dominant forces throughout human history; influencing everything from powerful governments to the day-to-day life of citizens the world over. This paper will discuss the importance of the development of agriculture among early humans with specific regard to the rise of Mesopotamian city-states and the ancient Egyptian nation state. These two early societies provide poignant examples of the profound influence of agriculture. In their respective eras, they...
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...of the Four Ancient Civilizations (alongside Babylon, India and Egypt), according to Chinese scholar Liang Qichao (1900). It boasts a vast geographic expanse, 3,600 years of written history, as well as a rich and profound culture. Many aspects of Chinese culture can be traced back many centuries ago. Chinese culture is so diverse and unique, yet harmoniously blended, and presents itself an invaluable asset to the world. The guide contains articles divided into "national traditions & the heritage of China" and " the arts in China". Topics include: Chinese food, China World heritage sites, China's festival, China's Kung Fu and Beijing opera. Interested in Chinese culture? These tours might interest you: China History Tours, World Heritage Tours, Explore Ancient Towns, Minority Discovery, Festival Tours, and Kungfu Tours. Historical China was a world leader in science and technology until the Ming Dynasty. Ancient Chinese discoveries and inventions, such as papermaking, printing, the compass, and gunpowder (the Four Great Inventions), later became widespread in Asia and Europe. Chinese mathematicians were the first to use negative numbers.[316][317] However, by the 17th century, the Western world had surpassed China in scientific and technological development.[318] The causes of this Great Divergence continue to be debated.[319] After repeated military defeats by Western nations in the 19th century, Chinese reformers began promoting modern science and technology as part of the...
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...provide explanations for birth, death, and disease. Throughout history, illness has been attributed to witchcraft, demons, astral influence, or the will of the gods. These ideas still retain some power, with faith healing and shrines still used in some places, although the rise of scientific medicine over the past millennium has altered or replaced mysticism in most cases. The ancient Egyptians had a system of medicine that was very advanced for its time and influenced later medical traditions. The Egyptians and Babylonians both introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, and medical examination. The Hippocratic Oath, still taken by doctors today, was written in Greece in the 5th century BCE, Horstmanshoff et al (2004:7). In the medieval era, surgical practices inherited from the ancient masters were improved and then systematized in Rogerius's The Practice of Surgery. During the Renaissance, understanding of anatomy improved, and the invention of the microscope would later lead to the germ theory of disease. These advancements, along with developments in chemistry, genetics, and lab technology (such as the x-ray) led to modern medicine, O'Leary (1939:65). 2. PREHISTORIC MEDICINE Although there is no record to establish when plants were first used for medicinal purposes (herbalism), the use of plants as healing agents is a long-standing practice. Over time through emulation of the behavior of fauna a medicinal knowledge base developed and was passed...
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...Taylor P Ancient Architecture Functions of Ancient Monuments Ancient monuments have been discovered to be a prominent feature of many different ancient civilizations throughout history. The most elaborate and well known ancient buildings are the pyramids and the ziggurats of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica. The construction of these massive monuments began sometime during the fourth millennium BC and to this day many can still be seen. Although believed by most to serve a particular religious function, historians are still trying to discover the exact purpose of these breathtaking feats of architecture. However, through the vast studies of archaeology, enough information has been acquired to make some valid theories. The first civilization to construct a massive architectural project was the Egyptians with their construction of the pyramids. It is believed that the Egyptian civilization began around 5500 BC and then began to flourish as a result of new innovations in agriculture and the abundance of natural resources around the Nile. Over time, Egyptians made great achievements in mathematics, writing, astronomy, medicine, engineering, and architecture. This played a huge part in the progression of Egypt into a powerful and influential civilization. In addition to these achievements, the significance of religion was another extremely important factor that allowed the Egyptian civilization to thrive. Egyptians practiced polytheism. In their religion, not only were...
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...Gretchel M. Quinones HUMA 101 WORK SHOP 4 Essay Ricardo Serano Greek science and math the influence: Development of Science Long time ago, people lacked knowledge on why certain things happened. Without scientific answers, like we have today, the Ancient Greeks created their own answers about the world and an individual’s place in it. By doing the research for this essay I had learn a lot of the Greeks contribution in science and math methods. Science in Ancient Greece was based on logical thinking and mathematics. It was also based on technology and everyday life. The arts in Ancient Greece were sculptors and painters. The Greeks wanted to know more about the world, the heavens and themselves. People studied about the sky, sun, moon, and the planets. The Greeks found that the earth was round. Many important people contributed to Greek scientific thought and discoveries. Biology, a very vast and interesting topic, was studied by Hippocrates, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Pliny, and Galen. These men were among the main researchers of Greek biology who contributed many ideas, theories, and discoveries to science. Some of their discoveries were observations, descriptions, and classifications of the various forms of plants and animal life. Other discussions in biology were natural selection and zoology. All living things were the basic concern of biology. Greek biologists were interested in how living things began, how they developed, how they functioned, and...
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...societies trials and tribulations. For example, take a look a look at the history of Egypt and the Nile Valley civilizations. According to our course readings, Keita (2007) feels these ancient civilizations “were defined by the rich alluvial soils that annual floods deposited along the Nile banks and in the delta and the flood plains”. These annual floods gave rise to the development of these early civilizations by cultivating ingenuity, such as a rudimentary calendar, in which these civilizations could plan their years around cultivating the rich fertile land, and in turn, produced goods for these societies to make use of. This lead to the immigration of other societies to the area in order to flourish. With these immigrants came the process of diffusion. According to a PowerPoint created by our readings, diffusion can be defined as a geographic way of describing the way things spread [ (R. Whiting, 2014) ]. As course mentor Robert Whiting, of General Education Social Science states in his PowerPoint presentation, almost anything people think, make, or do can be diffused to another society and that people often change or adapt things to their own situations [ (R. Whiting, 2014) ]. Diffusion works off of a three step process that includes the origin, the transmission, and lastly, the replication. A perfect example of this would be the diffusion of the chariot from the Hyksos invasion into Egypt during the 18th century. As stated earlier, diffusion first starts with transmission...
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...Homo * Homo erectusMiddle Paleolithic Early Homo sapiensUpper Paleolithic Behavioral modernityNeolithic Cradle of civilizationBronze Age * China * Europe * India * Near EastIron AgeBronze Age collapse * China * Europe * India * Japan * Korea * Near East * Nigeria | Recorded history | Ancient historyEarliest recordsPostclassical eraModern history * Early * Later * Contemporary | ↓ Future | * v * t * e | Prehistory means literally "before history", from the Latin word for "before," præ, and historia. Human prehistory is the span of time since behaviorally and anatomically modern humans first appear, and until the appearance of recorded history following the invention of writing systems. Since both the time of settlement of modern humans, and the evolution of human civilisations, differ from region to region, prehistory starts and ends at different moments in time, depending on the region concerned. Sumeria in Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt were the first civilisations to develop their own scripts, and to keep historical records; this took place already during the early Bronze Age. The neighbouring civilisations of the Ancient Middle East were the first to follow. Most other civilisations reached the end of prehistory during the Iron Age.[citation needed] ------------------------------------------------- efinition: different approaches[edit] Prehistory refers to the period of human...
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...The idea that Africans have contributed little to world civilization is one which many in the West have for a long time assumed and taken for granted. Thanks in part to depictions of Africa which rarely extend past civil wars, famine and the primitive; information about Africa’s past advances and accomplishments have continued to remain obscure and little known. Since first contact between Europe and Africa the history of Africa has been fundamentally dominated by the way Europeans have portrayed themselves in relationship to that continent. So that most of what we read and see about Africa tends to say -- either directly or indirectly -- more about the history of European colonialism and its biases toward Africa than it does about the real Africa and its people (see Ahmad, 1987). The majority of people today of all backgrounds, including those of African ancestry, tend to know little about Africa and its history outside of the transatlantic slave trade and perhaps colonialism. While even in these instances knowledge about these events can be at times, limited. The African continent is too often conceived of as one with no legitimate history before contact with Europeans. Formal anthropological research is now showing that this notion could not be further from the truth. In the bible Ham's sons are believed to have fathered the peoples of Africa. Of Ham's four sons, Canaan, fathered the Canaanites, while Mizraim fathered the Egyptians, Cush the Cushites and Phut the "Libyans"...
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...Islam and science The road to renewal THE sleep has been long and deep. In 2005 Harvard University produced more scientific papers than 17 Arabic-speaking countries combined. The world’s 1.6 billion Muslims have produced only two Nobel laureates in chemistry and physics. Both moved to the West: the only living one, the chemist Ahmed Hassan Zewail, is at the California Institute of Technology. By contrast Jews, outnumbered 100 to one by Muslims, have won 79. The 57 countries in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference spend a puny 0.81% of GDP on research and development, about a third of the world average. America, which has the world’s biggest science budget, spends 2.9%; Israel lavishes 4.4%. Many blame Islam’s supposed innate hostility to science. Some universities seem keener on prayer than study. Quaid-i-Azam University in Islamabad, for example, has three mosques on campus, with a fourth planned, but no bookshop. Rote learning rather than critical thinking is the hallmark of higher education in many countries. The Saudi government supports books for Islamic schools such as “The Unchallengeable Miracles of the Qur’an: The Facts That Can’t Be Denied By Science” suggesting an inherent conflict between belief and reason. Many universities are timid about courses that touch even tangentially on politics or look at religion from a non-devotional standpoint. Pervez Hoodbhoy, a renowned Pakistani nuclear scientist, introduced a course on science and world affairs, including...
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...Unsolved mysteries, especially those within ancient times, happen to be one of my most favorite subjects throughout school and even more so as personal interest. I chose the topic which involved the “Mummy’s Curse,” a series of unexplainable, unfortunate, or tragic events that happened to the people who were present at the opening of Tutankhamen’s tomb. Believed to be under a kind of enchantment, rumors of such misfortune by engravings have been proven untrue as science and technology, not to mention common sense, continued to enhance. For many years people deemed that the very act of entering into a King's tomb would inflict death upon them, in specific ways I might add. Coincidence of a mosquito bite on Lord Carnarvon's left cheek (which after his unraveling king Tut also possessed this mark) and along with inscriptions of impending death by wings, sparked even more rumors and notoriety of the Mummy's curse. Dr. Hans Merk, a dermatologist at the University of Aachen, Germany and a German microbiologist, G. Kramer, from the University of Leipzig both believe that the cause of the curse was to be blamed upon some type of mold spores such as anthrax. As anthrax is known to have existed in Ancient times, it is unclear whether it was purposely placed inside the tombs to ensure a "curse" upon looters, or if it was naturally created inside the tomb under the right conditions. Other researchers reported that bats inhabit many excavated burial chambers, and their droppings carry...
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