Introduction
Scientific frauds could be also called as knowledgeable deception and they are high on rise, some of them stayed within the scientific community making headlines and some them have reached the public who have paid the price of such frauds such as in the case of Autism linked MMR vaccine, which had caused a stir and people still remain to be affected by it and then there is the case of Woo-Suk Hwang,an stem cell researcher who rose to fame however soon it was known that the data was fabricated and the papers were retracted.The general public wasnt affected by it however it does involve and time and money to replicate such results and which is never acheived.
So it actually a fraud or a human error, the only difference between a fraud and an error is intention.
It could be argued that is there any room for scientists to make errors and yes we all are capable of making errors, they can make errors too however they have the chance to correct such errors before publishing such data instead such papers do see the light of the day, a lot is dependent on these scientific researchers then why is the data tampered and results are achieved per the own needs, a research shouldn’t driven as per the needs of an individual or for any sector [1]. It is based on any actual data which may eventually lead to saving lives or aiming for a better world or better resources or a better environment.
Driving factors for scientific frauds
Science is a result driven discipline, a ‘Publish or Perish ‘environment which is like the survival of the fittest, where everything is data in facts, figures and tables. It could be an increase in competition to stand out, to publish the best journals, research which atleast looks like a breakthrough and the rewards associated with this are also high as compared to the research budgets [2]. The data that is published in such frauds is fabricated, falsified or plagiarized. Nowadays the quality of the scientists is determined by the number of publications, the impact factor of such publications, mostly of which is market created and the lesser number of jobs available for a higher number of scientists[2].pressure could be immense however it could be a trigger factor for scientific frauds.
Are the scientific frauds affecting anyone, it does affect the scientific community and the general public. The researchers who invest time and money to replicate their work or the result of fraudulent data become the sole factor for another researcher. The result of scientific frauds is risking the safety and wellbeing of the public and in medical treatments it turns out to be a dangerous setting.
This essay discusses three case studies and its implications

Case Studies Fraud in cancer care, the Duke Story
Anil potti, former Duke Cancer researcher had become the face of the Cancer Treatment, he promised that patient’s tumor will indicate the best chemotherapy drug. It seemed to be like a breakthrough and seemed to be the last hope for more than hundreds of cancer patients however the tests just didn’t turn out to a complete failure but it was out to be one of the biggest frauds. Where not only the data was falsified but his credentials were also under scrutiny and later it was found that he wasn’t even a Rhodes Scholar [3].
It didn’t only cause major financial damage but the lives of patients were also put under risk as the trials had started, few of the patients had only months to live and later the test turned out to be invalid and patients were on the wrong therapy [4]. These clinical trials did more harm then good. The Ban of DDT
Another case study that is still taking millions of life is the case of scientific data published for the ban of DDT.
DDT was produced by German Chemist Othmar Zeidler, but the use of DDT was unknown until Paul Miller, discovered that it is a potential Insecticide, for which he received the Nobel Prize [5].
This chemical has saved many lives than any other compound in the human history however it was banned by the head of US Environmental protection agency, a larger set of falsified data produced by many a scientists led to the ban of DDT. Several Studies Claimed it to be a potential carcinogen however the results couldn’t be replicated by other researchers [5] instead it was found that its ingestion released hepatic microsomal enzymes which inhibit tumors by destroying aflatoxin [6,7]. Neither no cases were ever reported by the people who had handled DDT or worked in factories producing DDT [8]. Even few human volunteers had ingested 35milligrams of DDT for nearly two years and didn’t experience any difficulties during that period or even after that [9], it also said that negative effect of environment which was never proved to be true, Bald eagle species extinction by the use of DDT however no bird species were extinct during the its use [10] or none dead birds were found falling on the ground as reported. a study by Bitman and coworkers claimed that it was toxic to birds and egg-shells were thinning due to DDT however the study revealed that earlier a calcium-deficient was fed to the birds which caused thinning of the egg shells and not the DDT [11], another set of experiments were conducted where diets were inclusive of calcium but the results published in an obscure journal [12], clearly showing the bias decision. Several other falsified studies were there reporting the negative effects of its use. The ban of DDT has led to the deaths of millions due to malaria because no other compound is effective as it was, and the compound was banned by the support of false data.
DDT was far more effective at controlling lice, flies and mosquitoes. This chemical compound is of enormous importance because 80 percent of human infectious disease is arthropod borne [13] and the use of DDT that by 1959, U.S, Europe, Chile and several Caribbean islands were malaria frees [14].
Use of DDT had prevented 500 million deaths due to malaria. However today, there are cases of 1 to 2.5 million deaths and mostly in young children due to malaria [15]. Several South American countries suffered more than 90 percent increased cases of malaria. [16]
The ban on DDT was a result of on erroneous or fraudulent scientific report has caused millions of deaths. The entire world faced the adverse consequences of this scientific fraud and no other compound or vaccine was able to replicate its powerful mechanism and till then people would continue to lose their lives due to malaria.

Linking of MMR vaccine with Autism
In 1998,a British gastroenterologist, Andrew Wakefield published a paper stating that the MMR(measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine causes a new but a different form of autism phenotype called ‘autistic enterocolitis’ [17] This study suggested that the measles virus in the vaccine was active and stayed in the intestinal tissues, causing gastrointestinal problems. The result was the release of toxic peptides from the food digested entering the blood stream and causing damage to the brain [18]. Wakefield urged the public to opt for single vaccine than for the MMR. It has later found out that several months before publishing this study he was filing for patented the single measles vaccination and was involved with a lawsuit against the manufacturers of the vaccine which had his interest, so the data showed in the study fabricated and falsified so there could be evidence that something was wrong with the MMR vaccine [19]. This case had directly influenced the parents and somewhere the confusion caused by this study still exists.
And the result was a large drop in immunization rates and which affected the health of children. [18]
Conclusion
A scientific research does effect the actions of the public, in the case of Dr.Potti, several patients who had only a few months to survive had showed immense trust in his study and had enrolled into the clinical trials because his study gave a hope for patients with advanced stages of the disease. This didn’t only cause physical harm to the patients but psychological harm to the patients and to their families as well.
In the case of DDT, there is a high rise in deaths of people from malaria. World Bank gave $165 million dollars to malaria suffers from India but instructed that no DDT can be used and same was for several other countries that they won’t receive financial aid unless they stop using DDT [5]. Are these studies actually helping out build a solid base for research or is science only for a few who can twist it as per their own will. A high cost is involved in this case, the cost of prevention and the cost of treating of malaria. The harm is done both ways in this case also.
The study linking MMR vaccine with autism ignited a health crisis not only in England but all over the world, parents had become reluctant in the vaccination of their children because of one study the faith was lost in the government immunization policy [17]. In this case children had suffered to a larger extent and parents had begun to think that they had somehow affected the wellbeing of their children.
Scientific research is aimed at the betterment of the society and the individuals however this path seems to be less followed now. Considering the damage such frauds cause, they should be stopped right into the tracks by educating the researches of the outcomes. The entire foundation of science is built on trust, no individual bias decisions and no external or internal pressure should exist in the field of research.