...Econometrics ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] www.elsevier.com/locate/jeconom Modeling the diffusion of scientific publications Dennis Fok, Philip Hans Fransesà Econometric Institute, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands Abstract This paper illustrates that salient features of a panel of time series of annual citations can be captured by a Bass type diffusion model. We put forward an extended version of this diffusion model, where we consider the relation between key characteristics of the diffusion process and features of the articles. More specifically, parameters measuring citations’ ceiling and the timing of peak citations are correlated with specific features of the articles like the number of pages and the number of authors. Our approach amounts to a multi-level non-linear regression for a panel of time series. We illustrate our model for citations to articles that were published in Econometrica and the Journal of Econometrics. Amongst other things, we find that more references lead to more citations and that for the Journal of Econometrics peak citations of more recent articles tend to occur later. r 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification: C33; M21 Keywords: Diffusion of innovations; Multi-level regression 1. Introduction Citations to scientific publications like journal articles often show characteristics that bear similarities with the diffusion of a new product. Shortly after publication, there are not many citations...
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...ABSTRACT The effect of molecular weight on the rate of diffusion was assessed using two tests: the glass tube test and the agar-water gel test. In the glass tube set-up, two cotton plugs soaked in two different substances (HCl and NH4OH) were inserted into the two ends of the glass tube. The substance with the lighter molecular weight value (NH4OH, M = 35.0459 g/mole) diffused at a faster rate (dAve = 25.8cm), resulting in the formation of a white ring around the glass closer to the side of the heavier substance (HCl, M = 36.4611 g/mole; dAve = 10.8 cm). The agar-water gel set up was composed of a petri dish of agar-water gel containing three wells. Drops of potassium permanganate (KMnO4), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and methylene blue were simultaneously introduced to each well. Methylene blue, having the largest molecular weight, displayed the smallest diameter (18 mm) and diffused at the slowest rate (0.3668 mm/min.). Thus, the higher the molecular weight, the slower the rate of diffusion. INTRODUCTION A substance in the gaseous or liquid state consists of molecules or atoms that are independent, rapid, and random in motion. These molecules frequently collide with each other and with the sides of the container. In a period of time, this movement results in a uniform distribution of the molecules throughout the system. This process is called diffusion (Everett and Everett, n.d.). Diffusion occurs naturally, with the net movement of particles flowing from an area...
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...Observations on the Characteristics of Diffusion A Scientific Paper Submitted to Professor Christina Barazona College of Science and Mathematics - Department of Biological Sciences Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology Andres Bonifacio Avenue, Tibanga, 9200 Iligan City, Philippines By Janna R. Andalan August 2013 ABSTRACT The Experiment conducted involves diffusion. The point of this experiment was to know the characteristics of diffusion and to formulate hypothesis based on diffusion. It has also a purpose to see whether the diffusion is dependent on distance, rate and molecular weight of the substance. The estimation of distance is predicted by getting the average of the substance. Rate is predicted by subtracting the final diameter to initial diameter and dividing it by time. It is determined that there are three things which influence the movement of molecules such as kinetic energy, nature of the environment and size of the molecules. By this, we know which dye diffused at the fastest rate by measuring the diameter of the colored area immediately after adding the substance to the agar plate. After one hour of measuring the methylene blue by 15 minutes interval, the substance moved immediately in 0min until 45minutes, the remaining minutes remains the same. While on the potassium permanganate, the substance moved from 0minutes to 1hour. These happened because they had different molecular weight and also the size of the substance...
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...DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY Introduction Several studies have been conducted on adoption of technology, but the most outstanding adoption model is provided by Rogers in his book, Diffusion of innovations. Medlin (2001) notes that Rodgers’ diffusion of innovations theory is the best suitable for exploring the adoption of technology in the educational setting. In most cases, research in diffusion incorporates technological innovations thus (Rodgers, 2003) uses the term “innovation” and “technology” synonymously. He then defines diffusion as “social exchange of communication dispersed through certain channels over time among the members of a social system” and on the other side Technology is defined as “a design for instrumental action that reduces uncertainty in the cause-effect relationships involved in achieving a desired outcome.” Diffusion of technology thus refers to adoption of instrumental ideas designed from one institution within a society to other parts of that society. This paper is an attempt to ground the principles of diffusion of technology theory and its compatibility with the Kenyan educational system. Literature review In sight of the diffusion aspect in technology, there seems to be an ample support for the claim that synchronized educational trends in a society evolve more swiftly unlike when each community evolves on its own. Although this may be true the question of its complexity fosters a debate on its diffusion rate not to mention the occupational aftermath...
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...occurrence of an idea for a new product or process while innovation is an attempt put it into practice and the actualization or realization of an invention, whether it would be a societal benefit, commercialization, market entry, or monetization. Thesis Statement and Introduction: Innovation is necessary for any type of change process to be effective. On page 229 of the textbook relates that innovation is a basis of social change, technological innovations have socio-cultural dimensions with complex and often unpredictable consequences when widely adopted and complex factors shape their spread, adoption, or rejection within human communities and societies. Change often (page 227) happens by innovations and discoveries within society, both scientific/technical and socio-cultural. Innovative action involves a linkage or fusion of two or more elements that have not been previously joined in just this fashion. This results in a qualitatively whole. The textbook further relates that all innovation results from combinations of things and ideas that are qualitatively different from the status quo. The types if combinations are variations, substitution and mutations. Credaro describes change as the adoption of innovation, where the ultimate goal is to improve outcomes through an alteration of practices. The process of change is complex, with many different types of change possible. It should be noted that there...
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...Performance in Supply Chains through Diffusion of Innovations Nadeem Kureshi Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad, Pakistan nadeemk@msu.edu 1. ABSTRACT Supplier Management is fast becoming one of the most critical determining factors in businesses as companies around the world are relying on outsourcing as a strategic tool to achieve competitive advantage. The growing trend of focusing on core competencies and letting the experts do their job has furthered the importance of Supplier Management. While the driving force behind any outsourcing remains increased competitiveness with a particular focus on reducing costs, it essentially requires certain strengths on part of the suppliers. Considering the fact that most of the suppliers around the world are SMEs, who are resource constrained by nature, the idea of outsourcing can potentially end up to be dichotomous;” competitiveness to be achieved through using resource constrained entities”. Such situations can be much more pronounced in developing economies and in situations where less liberty is available in choosing suppliers. Of the various initiatives undertaken to address this problem, Supplier development stands out. Contemporary literature however suggests that among the major Supplier Development activities, those carrying higher costs are seldom or never undertaken, and even the large firms tend to concentrate on activities involving less or no costs. This paper establishes a relationship between higher...
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...How surface area affects the rate of diffusion. Hypothesis – the larger the surface area the faster the rate of reaction Why did you choose your hypothesis? The reason I have chosen my hypothesis is because large surface area of the tea bag will contain more molecules which means the rate of reaction will happen faster. For example the pyramid due to it 3D shape provides more sides for diffusion to take place and more area in the middle for the tea molecules to move around which will make them escape quicker so the reaction will happen faster. 2 web sites I have done my research, a) http://www.mylearning.org/learning/investigate/Tea%20Bag%20Trials.pdf b) http://www.science-sparks.com/2012/01/02/get-the-kids-to-make-your-cuppa-investigating-teabags/ I prefer website science-sparks because I found it easier to follow and also it was more useful was because it’s a scientific website therefore it was more accurate than mylearing. It also appeared to make more sense to me. Therefore website science-sparks was more detailed and had a diagram whereas website mylearning didn’t have one so it was hard to understand how to do the experiment and how to set it all up. Equipment: Circle, square and pyramid tea bags 4 pieces of white paper A black pen or a marker Kettle with hot water (70°c) A stopwatch/timer 3 Clear glass cups Thermometer Method: On the piece of 4 white paper that are going to be used as part of...
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...Proceedings: International Conference on Transfer of Forest Science Knowledge and Technology Communication Barriers to Applying Federal Research in Support of Land Management in the United States Vita Wright1 Abstract Barriers to effective communication between researchers and managers can ultimately result in barriers to the application of scientific knowledge and technology for land management. Both individual and organizational barriers are important in terms of how they affect the first three stages of the innovation-decision process: (1) knowledge, where an individual is exposed to innovation and develops an understanding of how it works; (2) evaluation, where an individual evaluates advantages and disadvantages and forms a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward innovation; and (3) decision, where an individual engages in activities that lead to a choice to either adopt or reject the innovation. Communication studies provides insight into potential influences to the communication and use of research results by federal land managers. Effective communication refers to the development of a common understanding between the research communicator and the manager or practitioner about both the existence and utility of an innovation. Communication research reveals that people frequently report leaving the same encounter with different perceptions of that encounter. So, it is not surprising that a scientist presents results in what they perceive to be clear terms and then...
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...The Technological Innovation System Case study on the Danish Wind Energy System Questions 1 and 2: The two most important scientific journals that publish theoretical work on Innovation Systems: The two most important scientific papers are research policy with 330 published articles about innovation systems and technological forecasting and social change with 364 published articles on innovation systems. These two journals have the most articles published on Innovation systems and the biggest journal impact factor. The 3 most cited papers that cite the paper by Malerba, and their main research question: First reference: Geels, F.W. , (2004) From sectoral systems of innovation to socio-technical systems: Insights about dynamics and change from sociology and institutional theory, Research Policy, 33 (6-7), pp. 897-920. (Cited 380 times) Main research question: How can widening the unit of analysis from the sectoral system into an socio-technical system and conceptualize the dynamic interplay between actors, structures and institutions. Second reference: Tödtling, F., Trippl, M. (2005) One size fits all?: Towards a differentiated regional innovation policy approach, Research Policy, 34 (8), pp. 1203-1219. (Cited 294 times) Main research question: How can we construct an innovation policy for regions where innovation activities are strongly different between central, peripheral and old industrial areas Third reference: Bergek, A., Jacobsson, S...
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...Weight on the Rate of Diffusion Olive Kristianne C. Quicoy Group 4 Sec. Y-5L October 7, 2015 ------------------------------------------------- A scientific paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in General Biology 1 laboratory under Ma’am Joan Christine O. Adajar, 1st sem., 2015-2016 ABSTRACT The relationship of molecular weight and rate of diffusion was determined using three colored substances with different molecular weights, namely Potassium permanganate, Potassium dichromate and Methylene Blue. A water-agar gel in a petri dish was used to be able to observe the movement of the particles of each substance. Potassium dichromate had the fastest rate of diffusion among the three substances. Thus, the smaller the molecular weight, the faster the rate of diffusion. INTRODUCTION The movement of molecules from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration is called diffusion (Mader & Windelspecht, 2013). Diffusion is observed when cooking pasta, a helium balloon deflates, drinking hot tea, and in many other situations in our daily lives, thus understanding it is important. A lot of factors affect the diffusion of particles, such as time and molecular weight. Molecules of smaller mass diffuse faster than those with larger mass (Robinson and Hotzclaw, 1988). If this is so, then the smaller the molecular weight, the faster the rate of diffusion. To observe how time and molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion, a medium that permits...
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...possibilities on the lab topic. It is to be at least 3 pages, and not more than 5 pages double spaced. Below are listed the sections you should have in the paper. You DO need to separate sections and label them each separately! Don't run them all together or else points will be deducted. Title: 10 words or less. Introduction: This is to be background information. Here you give the hypothesis and talk about what other experiments have been done on this subject. This is where you can cite some outside sources. What is the purpose of the experiment? Methods: What equipment was used to do the experiment? What was being measured? Results: Here is where your graphs, figures, tables etc. go. Record the data here. Conclusion/Discussion: Here you can describe the data. What does it mean? Did your experiment support the hypothesis? Come to a conclusion. Here you also cite outside sources as you explain the results. References: Here is where you cite the sources used in your paper. This lab report should be 3 to 5 double spaced pages. Its format should follow that given in Lab Module 1 and illustrated in the lab simulation concerning Scientific Reports assigned at the beginning of the semester. That is, the report should be divided into 4 sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion or Conclusion. Consult the Scientific Reports lab simulation concerning the content of these sections. You are encouraged to include graphs or tables where appropriate. As with all written...
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...water last day, but now using the onion and soaking it into saltwater. 2) Prepare a wet-mount slide for the onion skin cell done by your teacher. 3) Add iodine to the onion and place a cover slip on top of the onion. 4) Examine the slide under all magnifications and sketch Proper Biological Diagrams for each power. (4x, 10x, 40x) Hypothesis: If tap water is added to the onion skin cells then the water will absorb and swell up because, osmosis is occurred and it becomes completely inflated. If saltwater is added to the onion skin cells then the cells would wrinkle up and probably shrink because, once the onion is placed in salt solution, it will dehydrate since it’s hypertonic. The water would leave the cell by diffusion to get an osmosis balance. Observations: Quantitative Variables: * Amount of salt * Amount of water * What time you start the experiment * Where you place the onion * What temperature was the onion placed in before * How much iodine you drop on the onion skin * How long did you place the onion skin in either salt or tap...
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...Various Treatments for Children with Cerebral Palsy Grand Canyon University: NRS-433V Introduction to Nursing Research Dr. Diana Naser Various Treatments for Children with Cerebral Palsy First Quantitative Study Honkavaara, M., Rintala, P., (2010), The influence of short term, intensive hippotherapy on gait in children with cerebral palsy. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 3(2), 29- 36. Retrieved from: http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a73e5036- 0d8e-4cc4-97c5-ec0c3cbd1e4a%40sessionmgr115&vid=32&hid=104 Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of short term hippotherapy on functional gait changes in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Participants were two boys (ages 12 and 13) with spastic diplegia and a girl (14 yrs) with athetoid CP. Single-subject (ABA) design was used to determine quantitative changes in functional gait parameters (velocity, stride length, and cadence) following three weeks of hippotherapy. The two boys demonstrated improvement in stride length and gait velocity without sustained improvement in cadence. There was increase in stride length and cadence, but most noticeable improvements in velocity for the girl. The results indicated that it is possible that short-term hippotherapy may improve functional gait in children with cerebral palsy Second Quantitative Study Galli, M., Cimolin, V., Valente, E., Crivellini, M., Ialongo, T., Albertini, G. (2006). Computerized gait analysis...
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...Slithering Sweet Science Introduction Molecules tend to move from areas of high concentrations to areas of low concentrations and are always in constant motion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. When water molecules diffuse through a selectively permeable membrane it is known as osmosis. Selectively permeable means that some molecules can transport through the membrane, but others cannot. The molecules move across the membrane until equilibrium is reached and both areas have equal concentration. The candy, Gummi Worms are primarily made up of gelatin, sugar, and starch. The purpose of this experiment is to observe the percent change in mass of gummi worms exposed to various concentrations of sugar water. Hypothesis If the concentration of sugar in the surrounding solution is sufficiently increased, the percent change in mass of the gummi worm will be negative, meaning the mass of the gummi worm will decrease. Likewise, if the sugar concentration is sufficiently decreased, the percent change in mass will be positive, meaning the mass of the gummi worm will increase. Materials: * Four 200 mL beakers * Gummi worms * Sugar * Distilled water * Kitchen scale and weighing trays * Glass stirring rod * Masking tape and marker for labeling * Sieve * Scoopula Procedure 1. Prepare four 200 mL beakers by labeling them with the masking tape and marker. There should...
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...Case Study of Oceanic Bank Int’l Plc., Nigeria) Term paper Fall 2014 Business School, Seinäjoki Masters of Business Administration Advanced Marketing Management SEINÄJOKI UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES * Term Paper abstract Faculty: Seinäjoki Business School Degree programme: Master of Business Administration Specialisation: Advanced Marketing Management Author: Ademola Olutosin Onashile Title of Thesis: Innovation of Employee’s Leave Process Using the SAP System Supervisor: Mäkeläinen, Ville-Pekka Year: 2014 Number of pages: 25 Number of appendices: 0 _________________________________________________________________ This paper is written furtherance to series of class and group works done under the course: Advanced Marketing Management which is an MBA course and the view point is innovation of a certain process or service or product of an organization and show casing its marketing management perspective. Therefore, the author is dwelling on the innovation of the leave process of a particular Nigerian bank namely Oceanic Bank Int’l plc. Hence, the paper tends to sequentially take the case from introduction, focusing on the Everett M.Rogers’ diffusion of innovation as its theoretical framework. It gives numerous definitions of Human Resource Management (HRM) and the needs for HR in organzations. It also explains in a nutshell the SAP technology and its benefits. Lastly, the paper shows the category of adopters in the Nigerian banking...
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