...The following text is the second chapter of ―L‘Essai sur l‘oeconomie‖ by Pierre Calame, published at Editions Charles-Léopold Mayer in 2009. Translated from French by Michael C. Behrent. Chapter 2. Globalization in Question 1. “Pro” vs. “Anti” Globalization: The New Divide For a number of years, the question of economic globalization—i.e., the interdependence of national systems of production and exchange and the ―financialization‖ of the world (revealed by the American subprime crisis in 2007)—has polarized public opinion. The problems stemming from economic globalization dominate the news: the outsourcing production in search of cheaper labor costs; the decreasing efficiency of national juridical and fiscal regulation; the waning of the very idea of sovereignty; the growing constraints within which politicians can act; the emergence of a small class of the immensely rich alongside the billions of poor; the rise of new financial actors—pension funds, hedge funds, and sovereign wealth funds—capable of destabilizing or seizing control of entire realms of the economy; and the emergence of China and India as new global economic actors, as their companies storm the industrial bastions of the United States and Europe. Should one be for or against globalization? Can we turn our backs on globalization, and return to national or regional systems of production and exchange that are autonomous, even autarkic? Is the large cosmopolitan corporation the new leviathan—a monster that...
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...“Is the term ‘the Third World’ Still Relevant in the Twenty-First Century?” As the global political and economic situation has changed greatly in the past few decades, there have been hot debates on whether the term “the Third World” is still relevant today. In my opinion, the term “the Third World” is no longer relevant in the twenty-first century. The term “the Third World” emerged in the special historical background of the Cold War, and experienced an evolution of meaning throughout the second half of the 20th century. Created by Alfred Sauvy in 1952, it was firstly used to distinguish the newly independent states from the First World and the Second World, which meant the Capitalist world led by the US and the Socialist world led by the USSR. The two superpowers competed to impose their ideology and development path on the Third World countries to strengthen their power. However, the Third World countries tried to keep away from the East-West rivalry, cooperate in a non-aligned way and seek a “third path”. As the Cold War went to its late period, the meaning of “the Third World” shifted its stress from political to economic classification, taking the mainly economically-defined meaning of “poor” countries. Since then, the international political and economic environment has been further changed, and the term “the Third World” is no longer relevant now for the following reasons. Firstly, the disparity among the current so-called “Third World countries” is so big that...
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...For years and years people all over the world have tried to predict the end of the world. There are multiple dates every year that are possible winners, some more popular than others. This world will come to an end, but of that day no man can predict. Of the many apocalypse predictions, a few stick out more than others. One being the Mayan Apocalypse of 2012, or December 21, 2012. The name gives off the impression that the Mayans were the people to predict the world ending on this day, but it was not actually them. In fact, the Mayan never actually predicted an end to the world. The Mayan Apocalypse was simply a misunderstanding between the Mayan and the rest of the world. The Mayans believed that this world was not the first world created,...
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...and an unexpected event with a major impact and consequences. There are negative black swans such as wars, natural disasters, and pandemic, and there are positive black swans such as the internet, Harry Potter books, and scientific discoveries. All those phenomena have deeply impacted the world, and transformed lives. Nassin Nicholas Taleb was forced out of Lebanon because of a civil war that was thought unimaginable due to the secular characteristic of its society The author first experience of the Black Swan was the civil war in Lebanon in which different religious factions were fighting one another. At the beginning everyone thought that it will be short, since all the communities were living in harmony. As every Black Swan the impact is tremendous like it was the case in this civil war were family were force to moved out which also created mistrust between communities. the author has also focused a big part of the book describing two worlds. The first world is the Mediocristan in which everything is predictable or for the most part. In this world people earnings are correlated to their work, and in this segment events can be explained using the Gaussian distribution curve. The second world is the Extremistan, in which events are highly unpredictable, and their impact are sudden and can be catastrophic. One of this even would be 9/11 or the black Monday and Tuesday, when the U.S stock crashed causing a 22% decline of the market. For Taleb, Extremistan can be best described...
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...becoming prominent; with waste and pollution over the top, there is a great need for more stringent laws. It is the responsibility of every person on earth to do what is necessary to keep our environment clean. Pollution is more commonly known from factories. Factories, which pollute our air and streams of what was clean, water. Corporations produce chemicals that are too dangerous to produce in First World find a market in Third World Countries. There are no regulations in Third World Countries. Most of the time Third World countries have to decide on food or a clean environment. Their government cannot restrict or have regulations because it would be too costly to their country more specifically their people trying to make a living. Now we are dealing with pollution from other things such as computers. Computers that people were once owners of are being dumped in third world countries because they have given them to companies to properly get rid of them. Those companies are dumping them in countries that are stricken with poverty. Ethical implications of polluting in a third world country would be dealing directly with the citizens of the Third World Country and their families and our citizens. We are dumping electronics in the southern Chinese city of Guiyu, which are ultimately toxic. Women are cooking mother boards and hard drives from computers to get...
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...Global Justice In today’s world there is much suffering occurring such as war, famine, unequal opportunities and treatment of people, disparities between rich and poor countries. The problem in today’s society is there is a lack of global justice. According to Drydyk global justice means freedoms and opportunities to learn, work and feed and clothe people globally (Drydyk, 23). The importance of justice to business and society is to make the world just and bring equality for all. It is important for business and society to help other countries and treat them equally. It is important for business as well so that they can work fairly together to achieve the goal of global justice. Studying global justice allows people to become aware of the injustices that people around the globe face such as war, poverty, limited opportunities, etc. Moreover, global justice allows countries to be united under a legal system (Drydyk, 23). My research questions is what are the root causes of injustices in our world and how can they be solved? In this essay, I will demonstrate that the causes of injustices in our world stem from materialism (not helping the unfortunate nation because of selfishness and only caring about one countries profit), ignorance and capitalism where richer nations exploited poorer nations. First of all, I will discuss the issue of institutions of cosmopolitan failing to provide justice. Cosmopolitan principles urge for equality and moral worth of all humans and...
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...using the term “third world countries” August 7, 2014 · by LofAlexandria · in Political/Social Opinion It is not uncommon for people to use the phrases “First World Country” and “Third World Country” to describe various parts of the world today. Interestingly, I almost never hear anyone describe a country as a “Second World Country”, ever wonder why that is? Mostly this has to do with the history of the phrases and their true meanings. Amusingly when I set out to write this article I was under the impression that the original terms has nothing to do with economics or development and instead was based solely on socio-political lines on the globe. The truth is that shortly after the United Nations was born in 1945 it set about the arduous task of developing a manner in which to compare the wealth of nations. In doing so they created the terms “First World”, “Second World”, “Third World”, and “Fourth World” to describe both the economic and political landscape of the world [1]. Although at least one source I have reviewed states that the term “Fourth world was not coined until much later in the 1970’s [2]. Essentially, first and second world countries were the wealthy industrialized nations of the world. First world countries were the democratic “free” countries of the world. Sometimes I have seen the first world descreibed as America and its allies during the cold war. The second world countries were the socialist-communist countries of the world. Or, also sometimes described...
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...Sunderland © 2013 The University of Sunderland First published September 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without permission of the copyright owner. While every effort has been made to ensure that references to websites are correct at time of going to press, the world wide web is a constantly changing environment and the University of Sunderland cannot accept any responsibility for any changes to addresses. The University of Sunderland acknowledges product, service and company names referred to in this publication, many of which are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks. All materials internally quality assessed by the University of Sunderland and reviewed by academics external to the University. Instructional design and publishing project management by Wordhouse Ltd, Reading, UK. Contents Introduction vii Unit 1 The contemporary world of business and management Introduction 1.1 1.2 The global business environment The importance of developments in the global environment Case Study 1.3 Organisational decision making and performance vii 1 3 10 14 17 19 19 20 Self-assessment questions Feedback on self-assessment questions Summary Unit 2 Globalisation Introduction 2.1 2.2 Definitions and indicators of globalisation Key drivers and facilitators of globalisation...
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...period was a period best defined as the reasoning or rationalization of what was already known. No longer were people relating things that happened to them as a work of God, instead, they started to think logically, finding other possible explanations for what had happened. During this time, many revolutions were made in science, philosophy, in society and even politics. These revolutions spread all over Europe, replacing medieval thoughts, and eventually, enlightened thinkers were found all over the world. Enlightened thoughts became popular as a result of philosophers sharing their ideas with one another, allowing the chain of enlightenment to gain a new link with each new thought. Each link can be defined as a social institution for example education, the government system, healthcare and the list continues. Analysing certain countries, in scope, first world countries such as Japan, Australia and the entirety of Western Europe and North America, obvious factors of enlightenment present themselves. Thus the reason why these countries are classified as first world countries. They are considered the world leaders because they are considered the more developed, capitalist, industrial countries in the world. But what about the other countries that don’t fall under the category of First World? Are they not considered to be enlightened? Much of the world’s attention usually lie on the more developed countries of the world. Neglecting the others, commonly the third world countries...
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...that the first world has in regards to the way life is in the third world. We all take our lives for granted and cannot even begin to understand what it means to truly suffer and be tortured, either physically, emotionally, or both. Before reading this book, the reader most likely only has a vague idea of what it means to be a child soldier. The descriptive nature of the memoir paints images into the readers mind and the fact that it is being told from the twelve-year-old boy’s perspective makes it all the more real. Matt: It makes you think about the struggle many third world countries face. For what reasons would you recommend/not recommend this book to a friend? I would recommend this book to anyone. It gives great insight into the lives of people in Africa and can open the eyes of anyone to the world around them. It teaches about what it means to truly have to fight for your life, and what kind of experiences people go through while doing so. It can make anyone less ignorant to the issues that our world faces today. If this book was read by everyone, more effort would be put into eradicating issues like child soldiers in our world. Alex: I would recommend this book to anyone who wants an eye-opening read. It is very easy to read and doesn’t get boring. How would you classify this novel? I think this novel should be classified as a serious “must read”. There is much to be gained from it for any person, and opens the eyes of the reader to the issues our world faces. The reader...
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...their economies and knowledge advances of their people itself toward development of their country can coping this democratizing issue in globalization. Keywords : Involuntary, globalization, democratizing 1.0 Introduction Globalization has been given many meanings in different contexts. One frequently encountered meaning is that globalization is the homogenization of peoples’ tastes and demand patterns around the world due to increased access to international communication of information about products and services as well as increased access to transportation of products and people across the borders (Carol Hammond and Robert Grosse). Globalization means that events in one part of the world have ripple effects elsewhere, as ideas and knowledge, goods and services and capital and people move more easily across border. Communication tools which play a big role in the world development such like television at the first place had spread out almost throughout the entire world, the images shown in this medium have really permeated societies around the world. Globalization derives from conscious policy decision which may serve to enhance or even erode the capacity of a country to become part of the globalization process....
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...represent a world on earth. On earth the elements of sun, moon, water, fire, trees, and animals are all represented within the Inca and Navajo worlds. The creator for the Navajo world is the sun as were the Incan world creator is a derivative of the sun. Each creator provides a world for its people. This is the main concept for each creator, but this process is done in very different ways. The creators are perceived to be male in both worlds. It does not appear women play an important role unless given leadership from the creator. The Incan creator, named Pachacamac, created humans as to where the Navajo creation myth already had the first beings in the world. The Navajo world consisted of the first beings, which they named the first men, first women, salt women, fire god, coyote, and Begochiddy. Navajo’s Begochiddy, who is also the Child of the Sun, is the creator of all elements and other worlds for the first beings. Pachacamac, the creator for the Incas, was lonely at night so he created stars, planets, and the moon. Pachacamac created such a beautiful moon, he then falls in love and marries his moon. The significance of gender is the ability to the produce life to other beings and elements. He goes on to create mankind out of stone. The mankind he creates is pitiful and unable to care for themselves. Pachacamac bore children with the moon which consisted of a son and a daughter. Out of pity for his human creation, Pachacamac then sent his children to his world to teach his...
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...Compare and Contrast Essay Remaking the World by Brule Sioux and Montezuma and The Great Flood by Papago are both excellent pieces of Native American literature. The stories share similar characteristics such as looking up to a God-like figure also know as a Creating Power or Great Mystery Power. Remaking the World contains the story of how the world was created, but also what it took to create this world. The Creating Power had made a world, but he was not satisfied by how the people had behaved, so he decided to create a new one. Throughout the story, the Creating Power is shown as a powerful person who has the ability to teach and bring people and animals together. The Creating Power said to them: “Now if you have learned how to behave like human beings and how to live in peace with each other and other living beings- the two-legged, the four-legged, the many-legged, the fliers, the no-legs, the green plants of this universe- then all will be well. But if you make this world bad and ugly, then I will destroy this world too. It’s up to you”. Montezuma and The Great Flood have a similar character known as The Great Mystery Power. This character guides the leader, Montezuma on a journey of how to teach his people the necessities of life such as making baskets and cooking food. Montezuma’s power went to his head and eventually lost his empire due to his arrogance. Montezuma answered: “I don’t need your advice. Who are you to try to correct Great Montezuma? Am I not high above...
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...The Concept of Development According to Dudley Seers Seers was a Cambridge trained development theorist who stressed the significance of social development in developing countries before moving to economic development seeing that in order for economic development to reach its maximum potential social development has to occur first. Seers was highly critical of using indexes such as unemployment and inflation when referring to Third World countries, possibly because the statistics we have from these countries are too unreliable for us to be able to make judgments concerning their economies. In other words to Seers true development lay in the elimination of poverty, increase in literacy, improvement in the health system as opposed to the increase of per capita output. Thus one may conclude that the whole concept behind the HDI lies within Seers notion of development. For example if a third world nation wants to develop it can't be expected to use the same policies as a first world nation. If, for instance, a third world nation had set growth as their macroeconomic target the government can't expect that by cutting taxation and reducing government spending its economy will grow the same way it would if it was a first world nation(fiscal policy). The reason behind this is that if the government in third world countries had taxes in the first place the people would be much worse off than they are now and the other complication is that the government can’t increase spending since all...
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...Shop Untill You Drop Outline Thesis: First world capitalistic values have had a great impact on the modernization of developing countries. I. Introduction II. Definition of consumerism III. Consumerism in the First World A. Consumerism in the USA B. Consumerism in European countries IV. The spreading of consumerism in the developing countries A. Consumerism in China B. Consumerism in India C. Consumerism in South America V. Cause and effect of the expending consumerism in the world A. Cause B. Effect VI. Conclusion A hundred years ago, Napoleon said that China is a lion which fell asleep. This may, or may not, be true. If Napoleon was right, is this lion still asleep or is it waking up? If you walk in Akihabara, the most famous place for digital product shopping in Japan, you can see many Chinese signs and hear Chinese announcements all day. Chinese are buying expensive products all over the world today. In only a few years, China has mastered the art of production and the purchasing of that production. It has taken the wisdom in regards to markets and consumption, which has taken advanced countries several decades to build up. Similar phenomenona happens in not only China but also many other developing countries. In contrast to the gradual development of Western societies, some developing countries have gone from poverty to gluttony in a few decades. Within several generations, people's concerns have gone from basic...
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