..._______________________ CHAPTER 3 _______________________ HOLDERS IN DUE COURSE I. ACQUIRING HOLDER IN DUE COURSE STATUS If you remember the rule that a holder in due course takes free of most of the defenses the parties to the original transaction have against one another, it is easy to see why it is important to determine if the person currently possessing the instrument qualifies as a holder in due course. The basic definition is found in §3-302(a), which you should read carefully. Official Comment 4 to §3-302 makes it clear that the payee can qualify as a holder in due course in some rare situations. Normally, the payee is so involved in the underlying transaction that he or she has notice of problems affecting payment obligations, and thus cannot be a holder in due course. But the examples given in Official Comment 4 describe fact patterns where the payee is innocent of such knowledge and can therefore qualify for the protection given to holders in due course. See also Eldon’s Super Fresh Stores, Inc. v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 296 Minn. 130, 207 N.W.2d 282, 12 U.C.C. Rep. Serv. 490 (1973), for an example of the payee as a holder in due course. 35 36 3. Holders in Due Course Subsection (c) gives a list of extraordinary transactions — creditors seizing instruments by judicial process, the sale of an inventoried business (a ‘‘bulk transaction’’), or the appointment of the administrator of an estate containing negotiable instruments — in which...
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...BRIEFING PAPER Number 06553, 10 November 2015 Zero-hours contracts By Doug Pyper and Aliyah Dar Inside: 1. Introduction 2. The prevalence of zero-hours contracts 3. The legal implications of zerohours contracts 4. Zero-hours contracts and jobseeker benefits 5. Coalition Government review of zero-hours contracts 6. Coalition Government consultations 7. Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 8. Draft Regulations 9. Opposition proposals prior to the 2015 General Election 10. Scottish Affairs Committee report 11. Comment www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | papers@parliament.uk | @commonslibrary Number 06553, 10 November 2015 Contents Summary 3 1. Introduction 4 2. 2.1 The prevalence of zero-hours contracts Number of people employed Estimates from the Labour Force Survey Estimates from other sources Prevalence by business size and sector Health and social care sector Further and higher education sector Characteristics of people on employed on zero-hours contracts 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 2.2 2.3 3. 3.1 The legal implications of zero-hours contracts Zero-hours contracts and employment status The reality of the agreement 10 10 11 4. Zero-hours contracts and jobseeker benefits 13 5. Coalition Government review of zero-hours contracts 14 6. 6.1 6.2 Coalition Government consultations Consultation outcome: banning exclusivity clauses Consultation on banning exclusivity clauses 16 16 17 7. Small Business, Enterprise and...
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...CHAPTER 1 LAW OF CONTRACTS 2 Business Law Including Company Law 1.1 NATURE OF CONTRACT [Sections 1–2] INTRODUCTION We enter into contracts day after day. Taking a seat in a bus amounts to entering into a contract. When you put a coin in the slot of a weighing machine, you have entered into a contract. You go to a restaurant and take snacks, you have entered into a contract. In such cases, we do not even realise that we are making a contract. In the case of people engaged in trade, commerce and industry, they carry on business by entering into contracts. The law relating to contracts is to be found in the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The law of contracts differs from other branches of law in a very important respect. It does not lay down so many precise rights and duties which the law will protect and enforce; it contains rather a number of limiting principles, subject to which the parties may create rights and duties for themselves, and the law will uphold those rights and duties. Thus, we can say that the parties to a contract, in a sense make the law for themselves. So long as they do not transgress some legal prohibition, they can frame any rules they like in regard to the subject matter of their contract and the law will give effect to their contract. WHAT IS A CONTRACT? Section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 defines a contract as an agreement enforceable by law. Section 2(e) defines agreement as “every promise and every set of promises forming...
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...INDEX S.NO. TOPIC INDIAN CONTRACT ACT Nature and Kind of Contracts Offer and Acceptance of an Offer Capacity of Parties and Consideration Void Agreement and Contingent Contract Performance of Contract Discharge of a Contract Remedies for Breach of Contract and Quasi-contract Agency PAGE 2-10 11-22 23-34 35-49 50-62 63-72 73-81 82-99 SALES OF GOODS ACT Sales of Goods Act CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT Consumer Protection Act NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT ACT Negotiable Instrument Act THE PARTNERSHIP LAW The Partnership Law THE COMPANIES ACT 1956 & COMPANIES LAW 2013 Companies Act 1956: Types of Company and Its Characters 101-127 129-140 142-167 169-191 193-211 Companies Act 1956: Memorandum, Article of Association and 212-239 Prospectus Companies Act 1956: Share Capital Companies Act 1956: Meeting Companies Act 1956: Management of the Company Companies Act 2013 240-275 276-302 303-340 341-364 THE CYBER LAW 2000 & AMENDMENTS IN 2008 CASES 0 MODULE-1 INDIAN CONTRACT ACT 1872 Chapters 1. Nature and Kind of Contracts 2. Offer and Acceptance of an Offer 3. Capacity of Parties and Consideration 4. Void Agreement and Contingent Contract 5. Performance of Contract 6. Discharge of a Contract 7. Remedies for Breach of Contract and Quasi-contract 8. Agency 1 The Indian Contract Act 1872: Nature and Kind of Contracts Learning Objectives In this chapter, students will come to know What is an agreement and a contract? What are the essential elements...
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...H8032-Prelims.QXD 7/1/06 11:08 AM Page i CIMA’S Official Learning System CIMA Certificate in Business Accounting, 2006 Syllabus Certificate Level Fundamentals of Ethics, Corporate Governance and Business law David Sagar Larry Mead Philippa Foster Back H8032-Prelims.QXD 7/1/06 11:08 AM Page ii CIMA Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA First edition 2006 Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (ϩ44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (ϩ44) (0) 1865 853333; e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining Permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing in Publication...
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...Between Sentiment and Self-Interest: Turkey's Policy toward Azerbaijan and the Central Asian States Author(s): Philip Robins Reviewed work(s): Source: Middle East Journal, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Autumn, 1993), pp. 593-610 Published by: Middle East Institute Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4328631 . Accessed: 14/11/2012 11:59 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . Middle East Institute is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Middle East Journal. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.72.230 on Wed, 14 Nov 2012 11:59:35 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions BETWEEN SENTIMENTAND SELF-INTEREST:TURKEY'S POLICY TOWARDAZERBAIJANAND THE CENTRALASIAN STATES Philip Robins HEN the new republics of CentralAsia and Azerbaijanbegan declaring theirindependencefromMoscow nearthe end of 1991,there was greatexcitement in certain Western circles about Turkey'sfuturerole in their development. Their bond was frequently mentioned, and...
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...CFPCM Certification This reference material is not for sale but for internal circulation only MODULE OUTLINE PART I INTRODUCTION SCOPE OF TOTAL INCOME AND RESIDENTIAL STATUS INCOME EXEMPT FROM TAX PART II INCOME FROM SALARIES INCOME FROM HOUSE PROPERTY CAPITAL GAINS PROFITS AND GAINS OF BUSINESS AND PROFESSION INCOME FROM OTHER SOURCES TAX COMPUTATIONS PART III INTRODUCTION TO TAX PLANNING & TAX RELIEF TAX MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES TAX COMPLIANCE MATTERS PART IV ESTATE PLANNING Detail Contents PART 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Income Tax Mechanism in India 2. Basic concepts 1. Person 2. Assessee 3. Assessment year 4. Previous year 5. Rates of Tax 6. Accounting Method 7. Capital and Revenue Receipts 8. Income 9. Casual Income 3. Permanent account number CHAPTER 2 SCOPE OF TOTAL INCOME AND RESIDENTIAL STATUS 1. Definition of total income 2. Residential Status 3. Importance of residential status 4. Basic rule for determining residential status 1. Individual 2. HUF 3. Firms and association of person 4. Company 5. Every other person 5. Scope of income as per residential status 1. Resident 2. Not ordinarily resident 3. Non resident 6. Various kinds of income 1. Income received in India 2. Income deemed to be received in India 3. Income accruing or arising in India 4....
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...denied, hence this appeal Issue: WON there was double jeopardy Ratio Decidendi: A person who was charged for violating a city ordinance for having installed a metering device to lower his electric bills which was dismissed for prescription of the offense may not be charged again for theft of electric power under the RPC Reasons: 13 The second sentence of Art. IV Sec. 22 embodies an exception to the gen. Proposition: the consti protection, against double jeopardy is available although the prior offense charged under an ordinance be different from the offense charged subsequently under a national statute such as the RPC, provided that both offenses spring from the same act or set of acts 14 Where an offense is punished by different sections of a statute or different statutes, the inquiry, for purposes of double jeopardy is on the identity of offenses charged BUT where an offense is penalized by an ordinance and a statute, the inquiry is on the identity of acts. Since the dismissal of the case against Opulencia for violation of an ordinance alrdy amounted to...
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...Enablers of Exuberance Jennifer S. Taub Sept. 4, 2009 DISCUSSION DRAFT Enablers of Exuberance: Legal Acts and Omissions that Facilitated the Global Financial Crisis Jennifer S. Taub1 I. Introduction This paper explores certain legal acts and omissions that facilitated the over-leveraging and near collapse of the global financial system. These ―Legal Enablers‖ fostered the boom that enriched a class of financial intermediaries who followed a storied tradition of gambling away ―other people‘s money.‖2 These mechanisms also made the pain of the bust disproportionately felt by the middle class and poor while shielding the middlemen who created the problems. These legal Enablers permitted the growth of a shadow banking system, without investment limits, transparency or government oversight. In the shadows grew a variety of highly leveraged private investment pools, undercapitalized conduits of securitized loans and speculation in complex credit derivatives. The rationale for allowing this unregulated, parallel system was that it helped to create innovation and provide liquidity. The conventional wisdom was that any risks associated with a hands-off approach could be managed by the ―invisible hand‖3 of the market. In other words, instead of public police, it relied upon private gatekeepers. A legal framework including legislation, rules and court decisions supported this system. This legal structure depended upon corporate managers, counterparties, ―sophisticated investors‖ and the...
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...COST AND VALUE MANAGEMENT IN PROJECTS Ray R. Venkataraman and Jeffrey K. Pinto John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created...
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...Delivery and growth Royal Dutch Shell plc Annual Report and Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2007 Royal Dutch Shell Our Business With 104,000 employees in more than 110 countries and territories, Shell plays a key role in helping to meet the world’s growing demand for energy in economically, environmentally and socially responsible ways. Our Exploration & Production business searches for and recovers oil and natural gas around the world. Many of these activities are carried out as joint venture partnerships, often with national oil companies. Our Gas & Power business liquefies natural gas and transports it to customers across the world. Its gas to liquids (GTL) process turns natural gas into cleaner-burning synthetic fuel and other products. It develops wind power to generate electricity and invests in solar power technology. It also licenses our coal gasification technology, a cleaner way of turning coal into chemical feedstocks and energy. Our Oil Sands business, the Athabasca Oil Sands Project, extracts bitumen from oil sands in Alberta, western Canada and converts it to synthetic crude oils. Our Oil Products business makes, moves and sells a range of petroleum-based products around the world for domestic, industrial and transport use. Its Future Fuels and CO2 business unit develops fuels such as biofuels and hydrogen and synthetic fuels made from natural gas (GTL Fuel) and potentially from biomass; and leads company-wide activities on CO2 management. With...
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...Measuring the Cost of Cybercrime Ross Anderson 1 Chris Barton 2 Rainer B¨hme 3 o Richard Clayton 4 Michel J.G. van Eeten 5 Michael Levi 6 Tyler Moore 7 Stefan Savage 8 Abstract In this paper we present what we believe to be the first systematic study of the costs of cybercrime. It was prepared in response to a request from the UK Ministry of Defence following scepticism that previous studies had hyped the problem. For each of the main categories of cybercrime we set out what is and is not known of the direct costs, indirect costs and defence costs – both to the UK and to the world as a whole. We distinguish carefully between traditional crimes that are now ‘cyber’ because they are conducted online (such as tax and welfare fraud); transitional crimes whose modus operandi has changed substantially as a result of the move online (such as credit card fraud); new crimes that owe their existence to the Internet; and what we might call platform crimes such as the provision of botnets which facilitate other crimes rather than being used to extract money from victims directly. As far as direct costs are concerned, we find that traditional offences such as tax and welfare fraud cost the typical citizen in the low hundreds of pounds/Euros/dollars a year; transitional frauds cost a few pounds/Euros/dollars; while the new computer crimes cost in the tens of pence/cents. However, the indirect costs and defence costs are much higher for transitional and new crimes. For the former they may be...
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... STEVEN L. SKALAK, AND MONA M. CLAYTON JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. A GUIDE TO FORENSIC ACCOUNTING INVESTIGATION THOMAS W. GOLDEN, STEVEN L. SKALAK, AND MONA M. CLAYTON JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2006 by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. PricewaterhouseCoopers refers to the individual member firms of the worldwide PricewaterhouseCoopers organization. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the Web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, 201-748-6011, fax 201-748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to...
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...Bombay High Court 1 1862 - 2012 A Journey of 150 Years through some Memorable Judgments Part 1 2 PREFACE A tiny kernel of an idea planted by Justice Mridula Bhatkar took root, and has resulted in a humble effort to present before you a compendium of the crux of some of the judgments of the Judges who have served the Bombay High Court since its inception in 1862.1 The initial idea was to document one judgment of the First Court from each year which was modified to include a judgment of the Bombay High Court of each year. I soon realized that it was too expansive an idea to merit a single judgment a year. I could collect and collate, as many as ten judgments which would qualify to show the development of the law we desired to portray. Having found too vast a number of such judgments, I had to settle at a more reasonable figure of about five judgments each year to showcase the progress this Court has made from its illustrious beginnings. Our Chief Justice Mohit Shah and our Justice Chandrachud wholeheartedly supported the idea to complement the Book published on this the sesquicentennial of our Court. As the number of Judges grew, fewer judgments of each Judge would be selected as illustrations. These judgments are not the only path-finding groundbreaking ones; they are also ones with simplicity and legal elegance. The number of judgments we settled upon just would not permit all deserving judgments to be compiled; only a few have been picked from each year as the first in...
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...Transactions and Strategies Economics for Management This page intentionally left blank Transactions and Strategies Economics for Management ROBERT J. MICHAELS Mihaylo College of Business and Economics California State University, Fullerton Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Transactions and Strategies: Economics for Management Robert J. Michaels Vice President of Editorial, Business: Jack W. Calhoun Publisher: Joe Sabatino Sr. Acquisitions Editor: Steve Scoble Supervising Developmental Editor: Jennifer Thomas Editorial Assistant: Lena Mortis Sr. Marketing Manager: John Carey Marketing Coordinator: Suellen Ruttkay Marketing Specialist: Betty Jung Content Project Manager: Cliff Kallemeyn Media Editor: Deepak Kumar Sr. Art Director: Michelle Kunkler Frontlist Buyer, Manufacturing: Sandee Milewski Internal Designer: Juli Cook/ Plan-It-Publishing, Inc. Cover Designer: Rose Alcorn Cover Image: © Justin Guariglia/Corbis © 2011 South-Western, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means— graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, information storage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—except as may be permitted by the license terms herein. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support...
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