...African Americans and their involvement in Olympic Swimming; Why are there so few African American swimmers? Marcos Mendez Georgia Southern University Abstract This paper explores the phenomena that we see in Olympic Swimming. Whites dominate this sport and African Americans hardly ever participate in this sport. This research paper explores why that is, by examining numerous sources. These sources were obtained using the internet. From the research conducted, their seem to be varying answers to this question. However the main ones are genetics and socioeconomic factors. Consequently, the genetic research is not a direct correlation to why African Americans don’t participate in swimming. Genetics only points out that differences in muscle composition, bone density, and buoyancy have some effect on a person’s ability to swim. The major cause for this goes into the past to segregation and economics. History of Olympic Swimming Swimming was learnt by prehistoric people in order to cross bodies of water. This can be proved in ancient egyptian paintings( 2011 Olympic. Org). Swimming did not truly become an organized sport until the early 19th century when British swimming clubs began to hold competitions. Swimming was added to the Olympic in 1896. History of African American Swimming Now lets look at African swimming. In 1451 when Europeans began exploring Africa. Europeans regarded Africans as “ The best swimmers in the world.” They attributed these swimming skills...
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...Discrimination and Occupational Segregation Substantial research has been conducted proving that occupational segregation and wage discrimination still exist in today's society. Despite recent gains by women and minorities in the field of employment, other factors aside (such as skills, qualifications and education) women and minorities still fall behind men when considering pay and occupational choices. The consequences of such actions are that women are often concentrated in clerical and service jobs which overall result in less pay and opportunities for advancement. Blau, Ferber and Winkler (2001) point out that even though an almost equivalent number of men and women work in professional positions, men are still more likely to be concentrated in lucrative professions including law, medicine and engineering, whereas women are segregated into lower paying positions including teaching and nursing (p. 211). Several different theories lend credence and explanation to occupational segregation and wage discrimination forces. Some are more supply sided in nature while others depend more on institutionalized practices. Human and capital theory for example suggest that women generally anticipate "shorter and less continuous work lives than men" and are generally paid lower at the outset, thus have lower wage penalties for taking time off from work (Blau, Ferber and Winkler, 2001:213). The studies that will be most closely examined in this paper include theories along this...
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...ENC 1102 Research Paper May 1st, 2013 Unreasonable Discrimination Racial discrimination is an issue that has persisted through many centuries and across geographical boundaries. Members of the black race have been strongly affected by racial discrimination since colonial times when white conquerors brought blacks from Africa as slaves to carry out hard labor jobs. Meanwhile, conquerors treated African slaves as inferior and usually worse than an animal. Society has evolved since and through a lot of work and effort, in the United States and most countries in the world slavery has been abolished and there is a constitutional equality among citizens regardless of their race or background. However, in reality our society even today experiences different degrees of racial discrimination. In spite of this, African Americans have fought against racial discrimination sometimes resorting to physical means, but most importantly utilizing intellectual means. African Americans through centuries have written poems, stories, plays and motivational speeches that express their pride in overcoming hardships in a way that could never be silenced. This way, African Americans have shown over the years that they are not an “inferior” race as it was considered in colonial times. The Homo sapiens species is so diverse that it is difficult to draw clear lines between humans based on their race or the color of their skin. However, even today societies attempt to classify people...
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...Age Segregation and Old Homes. | Divided Cities | 5/18/2013 ‘Old age is the most unexpected of all the things that can happen to a man’. -LEON TROTSKY Life cycle changes over time as a person grows old. He passes through different phases of life and gets opportunity to experience changing situations in life. There come situations when a person feels fortunate to have a great life whereas, all the same, situation arrives when a person is made to have worst experiences of life. He is made to feel alone, socially isolated or segregated in the society. Sometimes, there comes a situation, when the houses, which were typically considered to be large and spacious, motivate its residents to consider other housing options. My research, basically revolves around the people who choose to live in old homes. My research question is based upon their perspective about this residential segregation and the bonds they have developed within themselves in the old house. I also tend to disucuss the reasons behind choosing such an institutional living. Literature review. Old age segregation is highly debatable topic and a lot of literature is existing which highlights different perspectives of such segregation. TIME TO MOVE?A LITERATURE REVIEW OF HOUSING FOR OLDER PEOPLE by franceska Richard and Gill Walker, looks into the social context of housing for aged ones. It covers the demographic material, facts about social framework of housing for older people. This includes a review of demographic...
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...Race and Sports in America By: Patrick Minnick December 12, 2014 “A life is not important except in the impact it has on other lives”. This quote proved true for no one more than the man who said it, Jackie Robinson. Robinson is seen as a pivotal figure in the fight for racial equality in America. However, he didn’t make his impact through speeches, civil right protests, or violent rebellion. Robinson did it by playing the sport he loved, baseball. Sports have always had an ability to bring people together, but, in the last century especially, sports have given racial minorities something they can’t find elsewhere; a chance to compete on a level playing field with everyone else. Jackie Robinson showed that race is simply a myth, a superficial characteristic that holds no insight to the physical or mental abilities of a person. Sports by themselves show no racism and serve as a constant reminder of this racial myth. Sadly, people are more reluctant to abandon old beliefs; meaning racism still runs deep in the organizations that are built around these sports. This research paper will focus mainly on three subcategories: 1) The history of the relationship between sports and race in America; 2) How sports have benefited or damaged race relations; 3) Why certain sports are more popular among different races. The history of sports in America dates all the way back to the Native Americans who played an early form of lacrosse that was used for recreation and promoting teamwork...
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...Gender Equity in Sports Colleen Iardella American Military University Gender equity in sports describes an environment in which fair and equitable distribution of overall athletic opportunities, benefits, and resources is available to women and men and in which student athletes, coaches, and athletics administrators are not subject to gender-based discrimination. Title IX, passed in 1972 at the pinnacle of the women’s rights movement, banned sex discrimination in any federally financed education program. It threw into quick relief the imbalanced treatment of male and female athletes on college campuses. Ever since Congress passed the federal gender-equity law, universities have opened their gyms and athletic fields to millions of women who previously did not have chances to play. But as women have surged into a greater part on campus in recent years, many institutions have resorted to deception to make it look as if they are offering more sports to women. Throughout this paper I will discuss the issues of gender equity in sports. I will mention what equal opportunities women have to play sports and how they can develop the psychological, physiological and sociological impact from sports participation. Females are playing team sports more now than they were a decade ago and far more women will play team sports in the next decade. In the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association's (SGMA) study, the authors analyzed many team sports and the role that females...
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...Andy Vu ETHN 14 PROF Mark 26 November 2015 Japanese Internment Camps during World War II: Sports in the Camps. The Bombing of Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941 resulted in President Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 0966 on February 19th 1942, which effected all Japanese ancestry, both citizens and aliens living in America or outside of the Pacific zone. The Executive Order's primary objective were to prevent any espionage and to protect the Japanese people from any harm against Americans who slowly began to become very strong anti-Japanese people who were growing their hate and racial discrimination to the Japanese due to the bombing. With the Executive Order in act, if affected “117,000 people of Japanese descent, two-thirds of whom were native-born citizens of the United States” (as stated through the National Archives.) Evacuation orders were posted in Japanese American communities giving them instructions on what they were to do. This included the Issei who were the first generation Japanese to immigrate to American and also the Nisei who were the second generation Japanese in America. The Japanese were allotted a few days to pack whatever they could and bring it with them. Many families had to sell off their homes, businesses and their belongings at a much lower price they had purchased it for. The 117,000 people of Japanese decent living in the U.S were later removed from their homes and moved to internment camps to prove their loyalty to the United States. During...
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...Discrimination against Women Abstract This paper looks into the various forms of discrimination against women, which prevail in approximately all parts of the globe. Women usually bear the heaviest weight of exploitation and marginalization by society as a whole. In addition, women also often suffer from exploitation and oppression by men. Women are faced with discriminatory behavior in all stages of their adult life. Throughout history, women normally have had less career opportunities and legal rights and than men. In this paper, we look at how women are discriminated against based on their gender in public life, employment, politics, religion, education, marital status and family, social services, and before the law. Introduction Research data have revealed that discriminatory practices against women prevail in approximately all parts of the globe. Discrimination against women based on their gender occurs in public life, employment, politics, religion, education, marital status and family, social services, and before the law. Women make up half of the population of the world and carry out two-thirds of the globe’s labor hours. Women obtain a tenth of the income of the world and possess less than a hundredth of the world’s property. Women usually bear the heaviest weight of exploitation and marginalization by society as a whole. In addition, women also often suffer from exploitation and oppression by men. For example, women perform 50 to 70% of all agricultural...
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...EFFECTIVENESS OF HOUSEHOLD SCALE GASIFIER IN REDUCING WASTES A Research Proposal Submitted to The Faculty of the School of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering Mapua Institute of Technology In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communication Engineering, and Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering By: Acorda, Almond Louise M. Alarcon, Mark Rolan C. Albacea, Jezza Marie S. Alix, Rae Mikael D. Busa, Mctristan C. Consuelo, Anthony John L. August 2014 APPROVAL SHEET This is to certify that we have supervised the preparation of and read the research report prepared by Almond Louise M. Acorda, Mark Rolan C. Alarcon, Jezza Marie S. Albacea, Rae Mikael D. Alix, Mctristan C. Busa and Anthony John L. Consuelo entitled Effectiveness of Household Scale Gasifier in Reducing Wastes that the said research report has been submitted for final examination by the Oral Examination Committee. _______________________________ Engr. George C. Vallestero II Course Instructor As members of the Oral Examination Committee, we certify that we have examined this thesis / practicum or research report presented before the committee on August 19, 2014, and hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfilment of the research report requirement for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering and Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering. _______________________________...
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...While Fink could very well be stating facts, she draws the reader in with emotion. From the title of the story to the very last sentence. I, in the next few paragraphs will open your eyes and show you how Ida Fink is undoubtedly appealing to your sense of emotion and not just simply describing a day in the life a Jew in World War II. It’s not that simple. Can someone possibly write a story about the Holocaust and not have an inkling of emotion? The answer is no. The title “Scrap of Time” to me is an emotional title, meaning a seemingly small part of a big, drawn out time in her life. Yet she holds onto it. Keeping this scrap in the back of her mind as a reminder of what once was. An unwanted scrap of the character’s life, a life of segregation, humiliation, and anguish. The narrator recalls, “We had different measure of time, we different ones, always different, always with that mark of difference that moved some of us to pride, and others to humility. We, who because of our difference were condemned once again, as we had been before in history, we were condemned once again during this time measured not in months nor by the rising and setting of the sun, but by a word- “action,” a word signifying movement, a word you would use about a novel or a play.”(Fink 4) This paragraph to me exerts a feeling of disgust, humility, and sarcasm because of the comparison of a pleasant action to that of a deathly one. she’s slighting the Germans for describing a massacre as an “action”,...
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...Jackie Robinson, Why Him? The story of Jackie Robinson has become one of America's most iconic and inspiring stories. Since 1947, American history has portrayed Jackie Robinson as a hero, and he has been idolized as a role model to the African American baseball community. It is an unarguable fact that he was the first to tear down the color barriers within professional baseball. The topic of Robinson’s role in integration has long been a point of discussion amongst baseball historians. Researchers have accumulated thousands of accredited documents and interviews with friends and team mates such as short stop, Pee Wee Reese, and team owner, Branch Rickey. However, few journalists have asked why Robinson was selected and what was Branch Rickey’s motivation? While Robinson was the first Negro player to break into the ranks of professional baseball, it can be argued that he was not the first to attempt the undertaking. In actuality, Jackie possibly was not even the first player the Brooklyn Dodgers’ organization considered for the job. The Warner Brothers film, 42, The Jackie Robinson Story (2013), highlights the accomplishments of Jackie and rightfully so, as he was an amazing man. The story actually starts prior to 1947 and ends years later in 1959, three years after his retirement in 1956. Early in his career at Ohio Wesleyan University, where Branch Rickey played and coached baseball, an incident occurred with one of his young black players, Charlie Thomas, which...
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... | |学生姓名 |吴何芳 | |指导教师 |Bracher Andy | |起讫日期 |2009年12月~2010年5月 | |设计地点 |第二教学楼 | Acknowledgements Many people gave me support and help in the process of writing the paper. I’d like first to give my grate to my dear teacher, Andy, who generously gave me his kindly help and instructions during the whole process of my paper-writing. Then I’d like to give my many thanks to my classmates who helped me a lot with my information collecting and paper-polishing. Most important of all, I want to give my thanks to my mother university and all the teachers in the English Department, who educated and cultivated me to be a qualified graduate in the future. Abstract When Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852, the novel was a huge success. It talked about the slavery which was a controversial issue at that time. Many critics made comments on this novel. With the passage of time, attitudes to the book changed considerably. The history of African American in US has always been considered as a bitter story. In recent years, their...
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...ABSTRACT Throughout history, the struggle of minorities has been seen in many facets of life such as in history, literature, music and film: Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Gandhi fought for the right of unrepresented minorities. Books such as Too Kill a Mocking Bird spoke to the prejudices of a community. Movies such as Roots illustrated the hardship of the slaves. From the Roman’s persecution of Christians to today’s rap song lyrics about economic disparities the plight of the minority has been fought for millennium. This research examines the struggle of minorities within the juvenile justice system and the differential rates of adjudication and length of sentencing between the white majority and the black minority juvenile offenders. During the course of this research, additional insights were gained from an internship at a youth correctional center as well as drawing on my own personal experience as a refugee from Gabon. The findings of my research demonstrate that minority offenders do receive harsher sentences than the whites, and that there are several factors contributing to higher rates of juvenile delinquency among African Americans; primarily education and community. To consider the struggle of minorities is important because it creates awareness that the maltreatment of a minority group by the dominant majority often ends in violence and destruction. If we can understand what cause the inequality better, then mankind can live more peacefully and prosperously. ...
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...the 1994 World Cup competition in the USA again demonstrates, football is one of the most popular participant and spectator sports around the world. The fortunes of teams can have great significance for the communities they represent at both local and national levels. Social and cultural analysts have only recently started to investigate the wide variety of customs, values and social patterns that surround the game in different societies. This volume contributes to the widening focus of research by presenting new data and explanations of football-related violence. Episodes of violence associated with football are relatively infrequent, but the occasional violent events which attract great media attention have their roots in the rituals of the matches, the loyalties and identities of players and crowds and the wider cultures and politics of the host societies. This book provides a unique cross-national examination of patterns of order and conflict surrounding football matches from this perspective with examples provided by expert contributors from Scotland, England, Norway, the Netherlands, Italy, Argentina and the USA. This book will be of interest to an international readership of informed soccer and sport enthusiasts and students of sport, leisure, society, deviance and culture. Richard Giulianotti, Norman Bonney and Mike Hepworth are respectively Research Assistant, Senior Lecturer and Reader in the Department of Sociology, Aberdeen University, Scotland. Football, Violence...
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...The authors examine the connections between cultural diversity, innovation and thriving, prosperous urban communities, in relation to the economic, social and cultural mix of Britain’s population. They developed tools to harness the potential of diverse communities, and their powers of innovation, for use by policymakers, planners and practitioners. These include a set of indicators of openness to check the readiness of a city to take advantage of diversity, and the intercultural lens through which professionals can examine the familiar in a new light. The study evaluated six aspects of local activity: public consultation and engagement urban planning and development business and entrepreneurship schools the arts and creative industries sport. The project went further by helping participating cities to develop specific economic, social, cultural and planning policies and so to become role models for others. The study draws on local case studies and in-depth interviews with 33 intercultural innovators in seven UK cities, with comparative analysis also conducted in Europe, North America and Australasia. It is aimed at policymakers and practitioners in local and regional government, neighbourhood renewal and community cohesion. This publication can be provided in alternative formats, such as large print, Braille, audiotape and on disk. Please contact: Communications Department, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, The Homestead, 40 Water End, York YO30 6WP. Tel: 01904 615905. Email: info@jrf...
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