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Sejarah Malaysia

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CTU 553
Sejarah Malaysia
Maksud perkataan:
Amalgamasi: adalah istilah kuno bermaksud perkawinan dan antara pembiakan dari etnik yang berbeda atau ras.
Akomodasi: tempat untuk makan dan tidur ataupun penyesuaian.
Akulturasi: ialah penyerapan unsur-unsur kebudayaan daripada suatu budaya kepada budaya yang lain
Asimilasi: adalah pecampuran dua kebudayaan yang disertai dengan hilangnya ciri khas kebudayaan asli sehingga membentuk kebudayaan baru.
Segregasi: pengasingan satu kelompok dengan kelompok yang lain.
Etnosentrisme: pandangan atau sikap yang percaya bahawa golongan atau atau kebudayaan etnik sendiri lebih unggul daripada golongan atau kebudayaan etnik yang lain.
Ras: kaum atau keturunan

Isu-isu di Malaysia:

Perlembagaan Malaysia, dikenali juga sebagai Perlembagaan Persekutuan mengandungi 183 perkara, adalah undang-undang tertinggi di Malaysia. Ia merupakan satu dokumen undang-undang bertulis yang telah dibentuk berasaskan kepada dua dokumen terdahulu iaitu Perjanjian Persekutuan Tanah Melayu 1948 dan Perlembagaan Kemerdekaan tahun 1957. Perlembagaan ini telah dirangka berdasarkan nasihat daripada Suruhanjaya Reid yang telah melakukan kajian dalam tahun 1956. Perlembagaan berkenaan berkuatkuasa sejurus selepas kemerdekaan pada 31 Ogos 1957.

Kontrak sosial di Malaysia merujuk kepada perjanjian oleh bapa-bapa kemerdekaan negara dalam Perlembagaan, dan merupakan penggantian beri-memberi atau quid pro quo melalui Perkara 14–18 yang berkenaan dengan pemberian kewarganegaraan Malaysia kepada orang-orang bukan Melayu, dan Perkara 153 yang memberikan hak istimewa rakyat kepada mereka daripada kaum bumiputera. Istilah ini juga kekadang digunakan untuk merujuk kepada bahagian-bahagian yang lain dalam Perlembagaan, seperti Perkara yang mengatakan bahawa Malaysia adalah sebuah negara sekular.

COMANGO (Coalition of Malaysian NGOs in the UPR Process) atau Gabungan Pertubuhan Bukan Kerajaan Malaysia ialah sebuah gabungan pertubuhan bukan kerajaan (NGO) di Malaysia yang mengemukakan laporan hak asasi manusia ke proses Semakan Berkala Sejagat Majlis Hak Asasi Manusia Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu pada 24 Oktober 2013 di Geneva.[1] Gabungan ini disertai oleh 54 NGO Malaysia.[2] Menurut kenyataan ISMA, hanya 12 daripada kesemua 54 NGO dalam gabungan Comango yang berdaftar dengan Jabatan Pendaftaran Pertubuhan.[3] Hal ini disahkan oleh Kementerian Dalam Negeri Malaysia bahawa Comango adalah sebuah gabungan pertubuhan yang tidak berdaftar di bawah Akta Pertubuhan 1966 (Akta 335).[4][5]
COMANGO membuat beberapa tuntutan dan desakan yang menimbulkan kontroversi sepertimana yang dilaporkan dalam laporan tersebut. Berikut adalah antara tuntutan-tuntutan tersebut;[7] 1. Malaysia digesa untuk menandatangani International Covenant on Civil & Political Rights (ICCPR). Dalam Artikel 18 ICCPR mengandungi the rights of religious freedom (kebebasan beragama). Kebebasan untuk memilih agama atau kepercayaan termasuk hak seseorang untuk menukar agama yang dianuti. 2. Malaysia digesa untuk menandatangani International Covenant on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD). Implikasi perkara ini akan mengheret kepada isu perkauman dan mencabar status quo yang melibatkan kedudukan orang Melayu dan Islam di Malaysia sepertimana yang terdapat dalam Perlembagaan Malaysia dan semangat kontrak sosial. 3. Malaysia digesa untuk mengiktiraf hak-hak Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI) terutamanya hak-hak lesbian, gay, biseksual, transgender (LGBT). Tuntutan ini turut merangkumi kepada amalan kebebasan orientasi seksual songsang dengan hukum alam termasuk memberi kebenaran untuk mengiktiraf perkahwinan sesama jenis.[8]
Tuntutan COMANGO ini ditentang oleh NGO-NGO Islam terutamanya Pertubuhan-pertubuhan Islam Dalam Proses Semakan Berkala Sejagat (MuslimUPro).[9] Mereka mengatakan bahawa perbuatan ini tidak menghormati kedudukan Islam sebagai agama persekutuan Malaysia. Antara NGO lain yang turut menentang hebat ini adalah ISMA.[10] Tuntutan tersebut telah menimbulkan bangkangan di Parlimen Malaysia oleh DPPM, antaranya adalah:- 1. COMANGO tidak menghormati kedudukan Islam sebagai Agama Persekutuan. 2. COMANGO telah meletakkan Malaysia termasuk institusi agama Islam di bawah pantauan PBB. 3. COMANGO mencampuri urusan agama dan mencabar kemuliaan ummat Islam apabila mereka mendesak supaya membenarkan amalan hidup songsang seperti LGBT

Kontroversi penggunaan kalimah Allah bagi umat Kristian di tanah Arab tidak ada perkataan lain untuk 'Tuhan' selain 'Allah'.[3]Penganut Kristian di negara barat pula menganggap tidak wajar memanggil nama Tuhan Kristian dengan nama "Allah" kerana doktrin keagamaan yang berbeza di antara orang Islam dan Kristian boleh membawa kepada kekeliruan.[5] Malah sesetengah mereka mendakwa "Allah" berasal daripada Tuhan masyarakat pagan Arab (musyrikin Arab
Terjemahan ke dalam kitab agama lainPara penterjemah kitab Bible dan mubaligh Kristian terutama di dalam masyarakat yang majoritinya beragama Islam menggunakan perkataan "Allah" untuk merujuk kepada tuhan. Tindakan ini dipercayai untuk memudahkan penyebaran agama Kristian dan pemahaman di kalangan masyarakat tempatan.[7][8] Seterusnya memurtadkan umat Islam di dalam masyarakat tersebut.[9][10] Kes penukaran nama tuhan Kristian kepada nama-nama tuhan bahasa tempatan juga pernah berlaku apabila William Carey, seorang paderi menterjemah Bible bahasa Inggeris kepada bahasa Benggali, dengan menggunakan nama Tuhan Yang Maha Agung Hindu, Ishwar merujuk 'God'.[8][11]
Malaysia
Di Malaysia, terdapat cubaan menggunakan perkataan "Allah" sebagai ganti kepada perkataan Bahasa Inggeris "God" di dalam kitab Bible versi bahasa Melayu. Ia masih lagi diperdebatkan. Impak jangka panjang jika ini dibenarkan adalah sangat besar dari apa yang sesetengah orang jangkakan, kerana terjemahan lain seperti the Pagan gods atau Zeus, King of the God boleh diterjemahkan sebagai allah-allah Pagan juga Zeus, Raja Segala Allah.
Pada penghujung tahun 2012, isu penggunaan nama Allah di dalam kitab Bible versi bahasa Melayu kembali timbul apabila ia dibangkitkan semula oleh Setiausaha Agung DAP, Lim Guan Eng, sebagai mesej Krismas beliau kepada kerajaan BN.[15] Perkara ini mendapat tentangan kuat daripada beberapa NGO Islam di Malaysia.[16][17] Himpunan Keilmuan Muslim (HAKIM) misalnya telah menerbitkan sebuah makalah ilmiah yang menghujahkan aspek bahasa dan sejarah tentang kekeliruan dalam tuntutan penggunaan kata nama Allah untuk terjemahan Bible.[18]
Berikutan hal ini, Sultan Selangor mentitahkan bahawa penggunaan kalimah Allah khusus untuk umat Islam sahaja dan mana-mana pihak yang cuba mengingkari akan ditahan.[19] Walau bagaimanapun, kerajaan Selangor terus dengan pendirian mereka bahawa kalimah Allah boleh digunakan oleh bukan muslim selagi ia tidak disalah gunakan.[20] Manakala, Majlis Gereja Malaysia tetap berkeras ingin menggunakan nama "Allah" atas alasan Perkara 11 Perlembagaan Persekutuan iaitu " agama-agama lain boleh diamalkan dengan aman dan damai di mana-mana Bahagian Persekutuan".[21] Parti MCA menyokong kalimah Allah digunakan oleh orang bukan Islam dengan alasan agama lain seperti Sikh dan Hindu juga mengandungi kalimah Allah.[22] Walaubagaimanapun pendapat ini telah disanggah oleh Aidil Khalid dalam sebuah artikel yang menghujahkan bahawa kalimah Allah dalam kitab suci agama Sikh adalah merujuk kepada Allah seperti mana yang difahami oleh orang Islam, manakala tidak terdapat sebarang bukti bagi menunjukkan bahawa kalimah tersebut terkandung dalam kitab suci agama Hindu.[23] [24]
Berlaku juga konflik di dalam parti PAS apabila presiden PAS, Datuk Seri Abdul Hadi Awang mengatakan bukan Islam boleh guna kalimah Allah tetapi dengan syarat ia tidak disalahgunakan.[25][26] Dan ia disokong oleh Mursyidul Am PAS, Datuk Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat apabila beliau bersetuju orang bukan Islam termasuk pemimpin mereka dibenarkan menggunakan kalimah Allah walaupun perkataan itu merupakan hak eksklusif bagi orang Islam asalkan ia tidak disalahguna.[27] Namun di pihak Dewan Ulama PAS pula tidak bersetuju penggunaannya bagi bukan Islam.[28][29] Mereka berpendapat istilah terbaik untuk 'God' adalah tuhan sebagaimana ia difahami oleh penganut Kristian manakala nama Allah khusus untuk Islam. Ini bagi mengelakkan kekeliruan dan ketidaksenangan antara penganut agama Islam dan Kristian di Malaysia.[30]
Pada 14 Oktober 2013, Makhamah Rayuan Malaysia telah membatalkan keputusan Mahkamah Tinggi pada 31 Disember 2009 yang membenarkan penggunaan kalimah Allah dalam akhbar The Herald.[31] Hal ini mendapat pelbagai reaksi di kalangan muslim dan bukan muslim di Malaysia.

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...Tun Hussein Onn Tun Hussein Onn Background And Early Life: He was born in Johor Bahru, Johor on February 12, 1922 to Dato Onn Jaafar and Datin Halimah Hussein. He received his early education in Singapore and at the English College in Johor Bahru. After leaving school, he joined the Johor Military Forces as a cadet in 1940 and was sent a year later to the Indian Military Academy in Dehra Dun, India. Upon completion of his training, he was absorbed into the Indian Army and served in the Middle East when the Second World War broke. After the war, his vast experience prompted the British to employ him as an instructor at the Malayan Police Recruiting and Training Centre in Rawalpindi. Tun Hussein came back to Malaysia in 1945 and was appointed Commandant of the Johor Bahru Police Depot. The following year he joined the Malaya Civil Service as an assistant administrative officer in Segamat, Johor. He was later posted to the state of Selangor, becoming Kelang and Kuala Selangor’s district officer. Tun Hussein, who came from a family with deep nationalistic spirit and political roots, resigned from the civil service to go into politics. In 1949, he became the first youth chief of UMNO (United Malays National Organisation), a party his father helped established. In 1950, he was elected the UMNO secretary general. Tun Hussein however left UMNO in 1951 to join his father in forming the Independence of Malaya Party (IMP). With IMP losing momentum, Tun Hussein went to London to...

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