...Self-Schema: A self-schema is a belief or idea about oneself that leads to a bias that is self-perpetuating. It could consist of a particular role in society or a generalization based on social sterotypes. If a mother tells her daughter she looks like a tom boy, her daughter may react by choosing activities that she imagines a tom boy would do. Conversely, if the mother tells her she looks like a princess, her daughter might choose activities thought to be more feminine. The self-schema becomes self-perpetuating when the individual chooses activities based on expectations instead of desires. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The term schematic describes having a particular schema for a particular dimension. For instance, a person in a rock band at night would have a "rocker" schema. However, during the day, if he works as a salesperson, he would have a "salesperson" schema during that period of time. Schemas vary according to cultural background and other environmental factors. Once people have developed a schema about themselves, there is a strong tendency for that schema to be maintained by a bias in what they attend to, in what they remember, and in what they are prepared to accept as true about themselves. In other words, the self-schema becomes self-perpetuating. The self-schema is then stored in long-term memory, and both facilitates and biases the processing of personally relevant information. The term aschematic means...
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...SELF CONCEPT The self-concept is the accumulation of knowledge about the self, such as beliefs regarding personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles. Beginning in infancy, children acquire and organize information about themselves as a way to enable them to understand the relation between the self and their social world. This developmental process is a direct consequence of children's emerging cognitive skills and their social relationships with both family and peers. During early childhood, children's self-concepts are less differentiated and are centered on concrete characteristics, such as physical attributes, possessions, and skills. During middle childhood, the self-concept becomes more integrated and differentiated as the child engages in social comparison and more clearly perceives the self as consisting of internal, psychological characteristics. Throughout later childhood and adolescence, the self-concept becomes more abstract, complex, and hierarchically organized into cognitive mental representations or self-schemas, which direct the processing of self-relevant information. Understanding your self-concept It is the understanding and knowledge you have of your own existence. It is how you see yourself in relation to others and to your surroundings. To have a positive or healthy self-concept you must: Know yourself Love yourself Be True to yourself In order to meet the challenges of today's complicated...
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...The Self Judith James University of Phoenix Social Psychology/PSYCH 555 Glorivy Arce April 10, 2014 The Self “Identity is part of drama to me. Who am I, why am I behaving this way, and am I aware of it?”- American writer, Matthew Weiner (Brainy Quotes, n.d.). Most people are like Weiner, we ask ourselves “Who am I?” and our reply will usually be a description of our outside self, our personality traits, and the role we have in life. “The term self-concept is a general term used to refer to how someone thinks about or perceives themselves” (McLeod, 2008, para. 1). However, there is more to the concept of self, and how an individual develops the concept of self. Included in the aspect of self is the relationship between the person and his or her emotions, which affect a person’s self-esteem. How one presents themselves to others involves the relationship between the self and his or her behavior; a certain degree of a person’s self-presentation will also affect one’s concept of self. “A conceptual definition of the self includes the body, the inner self, the interpersonal self, and the collective self” (Fiske, 2010, p. 185). While the concept of self develops from the time of birth, it is a slow process simply because as a child one is concerned about how he or she fits into the world around them. A child will develop self through learning what he or she likes, or does not like; such as enjoying being outside, or preferring to be naked instead of wearing...
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...The Self Keepa Secret PSY/400 February 6, 2011 Ingrid Lewis The Self Philosophers and Psychologists have been debating and pondering the question of what exactly constitutes the self for many years. Considering that there are certain concepts and aspects that makes up what psychologists refer to as “the self” in the social world is definitely worth taking a look at since defining what exactly it is can help us understand our roles in society and move us a little closer to understanding our motivations, desires, and why we do the things we do. In this essay we will examine the concept of self in the social world and discuss how I apply the self to my own life. In addition we will also examine the roles of self concept, self-esteem and self efficacy, and how these concepts build a framework for my conception of self. I will also describe two social experiences that affected my personal development in an effort to help the reader understand why I am who I am today. Self in the Social world The concept of the self cannot be found in any book or dictionary. It is not something any one person can concretely define. It cannot be explained in third person because the self is an individual topic. I can’t decide for another person what the definition of self is for them, especially as it relates to their experiences in the social world. I can only decide what self is and how it manifests itself in my own life based on my own experiences, thoughts, feelings and...
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...Increased access and popularity of the internet, especially social sites like Facebook and Twitter make escaping ostracism almost impossible. In the article “Social Exclusion causes Self-Defeating Behavior” by Jean Twenge, Kathleen Catanese and Roy Baumeister, they explain that out of ostracism comes a natural instinct to try to turn a negative feeling into a positive feeling for the victim. Unfortunately, in an attempt to produce a positive outcome, negative ones most often happen. A good example in our society is in the latest media coverage of homosexual males who have committed suicide as a result of extreme ostracism and self-defeating behaviors that arise from feeling alone. I would argue that today’s society is much more accepting and supportive of those who are homosexual, however, although overall society accepts these individuals, there are still many who are not accepting and go out of their way to make people feel “different” and ‘wrong”. In the case of the student at Rutgers University, it was found that not only was he feeling ostracized in school and online, his parents were not accepting or supportive when he shared his sexual orientation with them. Having parents who are not supportive is detrimental to these individuals psychological well-being, and makes them more susceptible to self-defeating behaviors then those who are in a loving, supportive family. For this student, not only was he feeling disapproval from his family, he was embarrassed and felt...
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...The Self- Actualization higher order need of Maslow’s Theory involves the need to fulfill oneself, to grow and use one’s abilities to the fullest and most creative extent. In the case of RUDACON’s employees, the needs to fulfill oneself and to grow their skills were not satisfied in their work environment, since the employees wanted to be more productive and to accomplish their goals, however the work overload problem affected their performance, consequently they felt demotivated to push themselves harder to overcome the problem. The second Maslow’s high order need “Esteem”, involves the need of prestige, respect and recognition. RUDACON employees did not feel their work was recognized by the managers and by the supervisor, as result of these feelings, they were demotivated and frustrated with their jobs. It is important that both Maslow’s higher order needs must be fulfilled with the help of managers and executives in order to solve RUDACON’s motivational problem, since this is the first step to help the employees improve their performance and be more productive. Two factors that increased the employees overload problem were the lack of response and communication from the managers. In order to help managers to overcome the communication problem it is important to analyze the Downward communication, According to the textbook “follows the chain of command from top to bottom” and it helps to lower-level personal to be actualize of what thing the higher level is doing, also...
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...the perception of self appertain such a paradox in life; there is no apparent correlation between the ownership of objects, or even the non-material concepts of ‘ownership’ that emerged, and the perception of self and self-value. Yet, in an indirect manner, ownership influences how one perceives himself and is conducive to the level at which one’s self-perception exists. Ownership, of both material and nonmaterial objects, has the potential of establishing a sense of belonging that augments self-confidence,...
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...Rather than buying a bunch of cheap clothes, buy half as many select, high quality items. In long run this decreases spending because expensive clothes wear out less easily and stay in style longer than cheap clothes. Buying less also helps reduce the confusion in your closet. WALK FASTER One of the easiest ways to tell how a person feels about himself/herself is to examine him/her walk. Is it slow? tired? painful? Or is it energetic and purposeful? People with confidence, walk quickly. They have places to go, people to see, and important work to do. Even if you aren’t in a hurry, you can increase your self confidence by putting some energy in your step. Walking 25% faster will make to you look and feel more important. GOOD POSTURE Similarly, the way a person carries himself/herself tells a story. People with slumped shoulders and tired movements display a lack of self confidence. They aren’t enthusiastic about what they’re doing and they don’t consider themselves important. By practicing good posture, you’ll automatically feel more confident. Stand up straight, keep your head up, and make eye contact. You’ll make a positive impression on others and instantly feel more alert and empowered. PERSONAL COMMERCIAL One of the best ways to build...
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...My Self Concept My self-concept is not a very complex one, it consist of elements that a lot of 18 year old men would say they have with a few exceptions of course. The first element I wrote down athletic as my first choice because I put a lot of time and effort into sports, they’re very important to me. I have brotherly as an element because I have a younger brother who actually turned 14 today who I love very much and we do everything together maybe more than we should. Student is also very high on my list of elements because I like to take pride in my schoolwork, even though sometimes I can get lazy. I also have friendly as an element of myself concept, I don’t have a lot of friends but the circle of friends I do have we are very close almost like brothers. I’m a happy guy; I always look to have a good time and not be negative during the day no matter what happens. I like to try and live a healthy lifestyle that doesn’t always mean I’m a gym rat or all I eat is salad more like I don’t smoke, drink or do drugs. I wrote down loving and caring because I’m a guy with a big heart. I really believe I’m an intelligent person to my core I know knowledge about things that no one could think of, does that make me a genius of course not. I have religious as element; I went to 12 years of catholic school I’m very faithful to my religion and attend church every Sunday morning. Talent is something that everyone has so of course I included that as an element talent can come from anywhere...
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...English 100 3 December 2013 How to Develop Self Confidence Self-confidence is defined as “the feeling of trust in one’s ability, qualities and judgment. Self-confidence is a very important part of life. Low self-confidence can lead to paralyzing of the brain and the body. When you have low self-confidence it is harder for you to make decisions because you have a lack of trust in yourself. The lack of trust in yourself can lead to failures or inability to achieve success. When we have self-confidence we feel reassured that we are making the right decisions. When you increase your level of confidence you tend to increase your ability to succeed because you are more likely to try something then with low self-confidence. Also people with low self-confidence statistically have been shown to handle situations in a more positive way. Self-confidence has been strongly correlated with the ability to be happy. This is because having self-confidence means that you feel you are capable of doing great things and capable of using your judgment. The ability to build self-confidence can lead to you being happier but also being less anxious about situations. The following are steps to building self confidence. When you accomplish self confidence you believe in your ability to achieve goals and accept who you are. Prepare for the journey Surround yourself with positive influences such as friends and family. Develop a positive attitude Train yourself to look at situations...
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...The hegemonic self unleashed Have you ever caught yourself talking with your inner self? I am sure that at some point you asked your inner self a question...and got an answer. Now, how about an actual argument with that pretentious little guy? When that happens, it sometimes seems as if there were more than just two people wanting to have their say and have their voices heard; sometimes you get more than one opinion, and quite surprisingly, they all sound alike. Many of us are so used to talking to ourselves (especially in this era of extreme individualism and egocentrism) that we often overlook the fact that what happens inside our heads is not a one-sided conversation, amonologue, but rather, some sort of deliberation, with many selves debating―or should we say clashing. There is no place more undemocratic than the cluster inour minds. Perhaps, it would be more appropriate to talk about a confederation of selves. As in any confederation, there is a struggle for power, for supremacy. Some get their heads bashed, some manage to climb up near the top, and one―just one―gets to be the hegemonic self; the self you call “your-self”. In other words, there is a whole universe inside us, albeit a rather chaotic one, governed by a few, fragile, laws. More important, however, is the idea that all those pugnacious selves were orbiting around you from the beginning. Sometimes there is relative harmony, and other times the collision looks like an encounter between matter and antimatter...
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...Identification of One’s Self In the opening lines of Fred Schepisi’s 1993 film, “Six Degrees of Separation”, Ouisa Kittredge states, “I read somewhere that everybody on this planet is separated by only six other people. Six degrees of separation.” This refers to the theory that each person is separated from another person by no more than six people. This theory will turn out to play a major role in the plot of the film. The entertaining and flashy movie was filled with “chaos and control”, which is respectively referred to Wassily Kandinsky’s paintings, “Black Lines” and “Several Circles”. The chaos begins with Ouisa and Flan Kittredge, two New York City socialites, who live in a lavish Fifth Avenue apartment, welcome a young African American man named Paul, who claims to be Sidney Poitier’s son, into their apartment. Little do the Kittredges know, Paul will eventually contribute to the theory that everyone is separated by only six other people. New, unusual experiences can instantly change one’s self and in return, prompt the person of re-evaluating their life and their identity that separated them from all other’s. When the ambiance-filled movie begins, the audience instantly sees the production design that gave the film a sophisticated look. The Kittredges are soaked up in their social life and do not realize that their life that many dream of could change in an instant. The couple is getting ready to have a business dinner with Geoffrey Miller, a South African...
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...In Carl Rogers’ view regarding personality development is the idea of self-concept. According to Rogers, self-concept is the most vital character of personality. Self-concept is defined as "the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself". It includes all the thoughts, feelings and beliefs. The self is who we really are as a person. It is our inner personality that is influenced by our life experiences and our interpretations from those experiences. The two main sources that affect and influence our self-concept are experiences we had from our childhood and the evaluation of other people. Rogers’ humanistic approach states that the self-concept has three components: 1. Self-Worth/Self-Esteem: This is what and how we think about ourselves. Self-worth is developed in the early stages of childhood and formed based on the interaction the child has had with his or her parents. Self-worth does not necessarily have to reflect reality. 2. Self-Image: This is how we see ourselves and includes our perception of our body image and inner personality. Self-image has a profound effect on how a person thinks, how he or she feels, and how to behave in this world. 3. Ideal self – This is the idealized version of ourselves created out of what we have learned from our life experiences, the demands of society, and role models whom we admire. It consists of our goals and ambitions in life, and is always changing. Congruence and Incongruence Rogers believed...
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...The Self Paper Trace Riley PSYCH/555 November 26, 2012 Gary McCullough, Ph.D. The Self Paper The concept of self is a multi-dimensional construct that refers to an individual’s self-perspective of how one represents his or her self. Self-concept develops from an individual’s viewpoint in relation to characteristics, such as racial identity or gender roles. For example, if a young boy develops in a family who favors baseball, the likelihood of the son playing baseball is strong because he may acquire the same likeliness for baseball as his peers. There are multiple factors that contribute to self concept and how it develops. Emotions play a significant role in how self-esteem develops and how self and behavior affects individual self-presentation. The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of self, how self-concept develops, the relationship between self and emotion and how self and behavior affect self-presentation. Samuel Butler believed that a man’s work and his talent’s is simply a portrait of themselves. One may ask “Does self concept develop from individual behavior or the characteristics one may represent?” Self Concept A person develops self concept from a glossary in which he or she has lived. For instance, as mentioned above, the young son of a baseball player may distinguish a personality of a baseball fan or athlete because of his upbringing. Characteristics define an individual’s self-concept for example, his or her self-concept on cultures, races...
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...Case Scenario Self-Esteem 1. Differentiate between the terms self-concept, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is being sure about completing a certain task to completion and is what leads to more self-confidence when you have self-efficacy in many tasks. (DuBrin, 2014) Having self-efficacy can actually help a person do better than someone who does not have self-efficacy. (DuBrin, 2014) Meaning, if Karen and Abe are given a task to complete and Karen is sure she will do well, while Abe thinks he will not do well, then Karen most probably will perform her task well, but Abe will perform inadequately. Additionally, if a person sets high goals for themselves, this can be attributed to self-efficacy. DuBrin cites research by George P. Hollenbeck and Douglas T. Hall that a person’s self-confidence stems from five sources. (2014) One source is our own experiences in life. Experiences that people experience in life is the best booster for more self-confidence, as in the first time a person creates a graph in Microsoft Word will build for that person greater self-confidence. This is basically an image builder which is also called self-concept. Self-concept is our perception of who we are as far as abilities or uniqueness and is our self-image. (DuBrin, 2014) Self-esteem differs from self-concept and self-efficacy, in that it is what we feel about ourselves. Self-esteem is brought about through actual accomplishments after which praise and recognition follow. (DuBrin, 2014) ...
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