...STRUCTURE 1. IMPACT: There is clear evidence that the existence of a strong, independent and free press powerfully drives economic and social development and poverty reduction. “A free press is not a luxury. It’s the start of an equal development. The media can expose corruption. tragedies, injustices, famine, … but is has too be Presidente del Banco Mundial, Jim Wolfenson 2. EXAMPLES: No substantial famine has ever occurred in any country with a relatively free press, writes Nobel Prize laureate Amartya Sen. The world-renowned professor of economics argues that the independent media also provide a voice to the neglected and disadvantaged while simultaneously preventing governments from insulating themselves from public criticism. 2. LIMITS: Freedom of speech has to be UNCENSORED, because when you start putting limits or barriers where do you draw the line? When does it become manipulation of power? When you give the ability of putting limits in press you create the risk off putting this power in the hands to censure and manipulate news in their personal/ political interest. A free press is not a luxury. It’s the start of an equal development. The media can expose corruption. They can keep a check on public policy by throwing a spotlight on government action. They let people voice diverse opinions on governance and reform, and help build public consensus to bring about change. Such media help markets work better. They can facilitate trade, transmitting...
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...Philippine Constitutions (Concise) In: Other Topics Philippine Constitutions (Concise) The Biak-na-Bato Constitution General Emilio Aguinaldo Established the Biak-na-Bato Republic on July 1897 and issued a proclamation stating the following demands: * Expulsion of the friars and the return of the friar lands to the Filipinos. * Representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes. * Freedom of the press and religion. * Abolition of the government’s power to banish Filipinos. * Equality for all before the law. A charter was then drafted based on the Cuban Constitution by Alex Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho. It was ratified on November 15, 1897. The Biak-na-Bato Constitution provided for the establishment of a Supreme Council that would serve as the highest governing body of the Republic. Preamble: “The separation of the Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and their formation into an independent state with its own government called the Philippine Republic has been the end sought by the Revolution in the existing war, begun on the 24th of August, 1896; and therefore, in its name and by the power delegated by the Filipino people, interpreting faithfully...
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...|[pic] |Syllabus | | |College of Social Sciences | | |BSHS/302 Version 6 | | |Introduction to Human Services | | | | Copyright © 2011, 2009, 2005 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides a broad overview of the human services discipline using practice settings and social problems as lenses so that the role and function of the human service provider, as well as the clients with whom they work can be understood in context. The course begins with a brief overview of what a human service provider is, and what services these professionals provide. A history of social welfare is provided so that students can gain a historical perspective of how poor and marginalized populations have been cared for in the United States. Generalist practice skills and intervention strategies are introduced generally, but a more in-depth exploration of intervention strategies are discussed...
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...In order to understand poverty one must be able to identify exactly what it is, in the oxford dictionary the definition of poverty is ‘the condition of being extremely poor’. But then one must question what is defined as poor? I will be looking at two approaches of this question, the first is the ‘monetary approach’ and the second is the ‘capabilities approach’. I will also be analysing two different measures of poverty, ‘absolute’ and ‘relative’ and to conclude which is a more accurate or a more suitable instrument in poverty measure. The monetary approach is probably the most common method of understanding poverty. It is highly used by economists and is significantly connected with microeconomic theory. Utility maximisation is the base for this approach and the main instrument used is a poverty line; this sets a threshold where if income or consumption is below, people are then classified as poor. An example of this would be the ‘dollar a day’ where any income below $1 a day is classified as poor. This approach suggests that income or consumption is equivalent to well-being. In developing countries measuring welfare with consumption would be more appropriate than using income, as income is a small component and would be an overestimate. There is plenty of data which can be analysed at household levels. However, poverty is an individual phenomenon where individuals are situated within households. After assuming some measurements between income and consumption, data at the household...
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...Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy University of Michigan IPC Working Paper Series Number 121 CHINA AND CAMBODIA: PATRON AND CLIENT? John D. Ciorciari June 14, 2013 1 CHINA AND CAMBODIA: PATRON AND CLIENT? By John D. Ciorciari * International Policy Center Working Paper No. 121 Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan June 14, 2013 Abstract In recent years, Cambodia has become one of China’s closest international partners and diplomatic allies. Cambodia’s recent support for China during multilateral talks on the South China Sea has demonstrated the strength of the partnership and led some critics to depict Cambodia as a Chinese “client state.” This paper examines the extent to which that label is valid. In its ideal form, a patron-client relationship entails an asymmetric exchange of benefits, typically including material support and protection from the stronger state and a degree of deference and political support from its weaker partner. This deference, which reduces the weaker state’s autonomy and often generates political backlash, is what makes governments reluctant to embrace client state status. This paper argues that the Sino-Cambodian relationship has strengthened largely because China has offered Cambodia’s governing elites a favorable bargain, providing extensive economic and political benefits without demanding costly forms of political fealty in return. That has begun to change, however. Cambodia’s governing elites have...
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...Was Welfare Reform the Right Approach to Poverty? Similar to a majority of children I grew up with in my neighborhood, my family had welfare. I, however, was not fully aware of the fact that what we had was any different than anyone else until my early teens. Food stamps, now referred to as the EBT card, is a center of controversy much like the selling of food stamps for cash was, years ago while growing up. Discovering that we were on welfare, and that we received handouts from the Government, became a secretive and embarrassing thing in order to ensure my sister and I to not get picked on within school. Today, neither I nor my younger sister use the Government for assistance in that way. Reading both of these viewpoints brought up valid arguments, however I feel that if I didn’t grow up on assistance from the Government, then it would be harder for me to decide who I side with. I feel that both viewpoints, one over the administration background and its shortcomings, and the other more detailed in what the Government has done to help the new system along, are extremely valid and if they could just both come together on a common ground overall, the outcome could be actual improvement. Menicmer’s account of Leoterra Clark’s life and struggle through the welfare system has a common theme within the Government. The Government has a mindset on doing what is most advantageous to and for the Government and thus the Government will ensure that everything is taken care of for everyone...
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...Name: Email: Telephone Number: Class: Date: NUSSBAUM’S CAPABILITY THEORIES FOR TREATING NONHUMAN ANIMALS ETHICALLY APPLIED TO CARL SAFINA’S DISCUSSION ON VARIOUS NONHUMAN ANIMALS In this paper, I intend to explain Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities theory for treating nonhuman animals ethically, then apply this theory to Carl Safina’s discussion of various nonhuman animals in his book Beyond Words, How Animals Think and Feel. Martha Nussbaum is an American Philosopher, who focused on philosophy in the field of moral theories. She is a distinguished Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago. Her interests include the ancient Greek, ethics, political philosophy, Roman philosophy, feminism and animal rights. Her works include various books either as an author or an editor. Carl Safina is a philosopher who explored the inner feelings of the animals in his book Beyond Words. This paper will apply Nussbaum's philosophy to the Carl Safina's discussion that demonstrates that animals have feelings, and describes their cognitive nature. Thus, they are aware of the mistreatment, only that they are powerless to resist the abuses. He elaborates the communication abilities of the elephants, whales, and other animals. We, human beings consider ourselves superior to the others, but by various measures, we are the most “frequently irrational, distortional, delusional, worried.” Many people who oppose the harsh treatment of animals cite Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities theory. His...
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...Compare capabilities approaches to poverty with monetary approaches. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each? In your view, which is better for understanding poverty? Explain your answer. “What a weary time those years were- to have the desire and the need to live but not the ability” (Bukowski, 1982). Poverty affects billions of people worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia. Defining poverty is almost as difficult as eradicating it. For the purpose of this essay, I will take poverty to mean the state of being exceptionally poor. Furthermore, poorness will be defined as an extremely low quality of life, which culminates as a result of social, political and economic factors. In order to examine the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, it is necessary to identify who these are strengths and weaknesses for; a strength of an approach may be considered a weakness from a different perspective. Governments and international organisations, with a common goal of lifting poverty from disadvantaged countries, are the main focus of this essay. Leading policy makers around the world have adopted a “uni-dimensional perspective on poverty” (Wong, 2012) which largely focuses on a lack of income. This definition provides the basis for the Monetary Approach to poverty. However, this is an exceptionally constricted view of poverty, disregarding many social and political factors that contribute to the current, bleak situation. The Capabilities Approach to poverty...
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...inequality. Sen is born in Bengal in 1993 and he has spend the larger part of his working life at institutions in the UK and the US. He is an economist by training, but works with a philosopher’s skepticism about what we take to be fundamental truths. He is also a Nobel prize winners and he has also chosen not to “consult” with governments on the back of his ideas. Perhaps, the most widely known of those Sen’s work on famine. He argues that famines are rarely the result of a lack of food. They are more usually the consequence of a breakdown in people’s ability to access or produce food in the way that they usually do like for example, the result of political failures, not natural ones. He was also long haunted by the memory of the great Bengal famine of 1943 and Sen’s work has at hear most concerned itself with the idea of human freedom. Sen published a book called Development As Freedom in 1999 and in this book; he argues that the expansion of freedom is central to development. Sen also would have us conceptualize on the idea of development as freedom. Of these two instances, the goal is far greater, because it requires the thinking about poverty as the unusual way. This involves acknowledging the main problem of it. The problem of development lies as much in what we classify as wealth and how we go about promoting that as it does in poverty. That development represents a wider set of freedoms that GNP can help us with is also important because of a paradox that Sen...
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...“Our Economic World Order - an ongoing discrepancy between Power and Wisdom” Observing the course of history, in regards to Human Rights and Development, and considering various statements by personages such as Peter Uvin and Amartya Sen, it is evident that the power play of the developed nations has had a decisive impact on the recognition and realization of Human Rights in Development, and the efficacy of Development in their regard. Peter Uvin, in his work “Human Rights and Development”, drawing from the atrocities suffered by people in World War II, emphasized how, “economic development doesn’t automatically bring about peace and respect for human rights”. Thereafter, it seemed only natural that something needed to be undertaken in order to refrain from such cruelty to occur in the future. In fact in 1948, propelled by Eleanor Roosevelt ,the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (DHR) emerged, reflecting specific, inalienable rights all human beings possess by virtue of being human. However, the prevailing East-West conflict at the time, reflecting immensely distinctive approaches to rights and values, rendered the solidification of the DHR on a legal basis rather impossible. Without any obligation for implementation, it is no surprise then, that the influential nations, despite the wisdom they had acquired witnessing the effects of WWII, employed a purely economic growth based approach to development, entailing that an increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) would...
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...Student’s name Instructor’s Name Class Name Date Concept of Capability and UNDP Human Development Reports Introduction The source of the human development approach is from the theory of Sen which says that development comes about only when capabilities expand. The idea generated from the theory is that the core reason for development is to ensure that human lives are improved. This can only be achieved if there is expansion in what they can be or do. It could include things such as the being well nourished and healthy, participating in the activities of the community and being knowledgeable. Hence, development can only occur once the obstacles that were present preventing an individual from doing something are removed. The obstacles might be in the form of ill health, illiteracy, lack of resources or lack of freedom- both political and civil. When these obstacles are removed one is said to be capable; hence the origin of the concept of capability Sen, 160). Purpose Statement The purpose of this paper is to analyze the concept of capabilities approach that was developed by Amartya Sen, a Nobel Prize winner, and M. Nussban. Amartya has enabled the measurement of human development by the United Development Program (UNDP). He helped invent the capabilities approach, which is the foundation of indices used by UNDP in their measurements. Through these indices the achievement in education and health can be measured in addition to income (Nussbaum, 67). Objectives The main...
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... Abstract Amartya Kumar Sen’s thought on justice are groundbreaking in our pluralistic society. The question could be why? To my mind, Sen constructs theory of justice basing on the social injustices encountered due to structural and cultural backgrounds. He concentrates on the practical application of transcendental theories of justice in building a more just society based on enhancement of capabilities (real opportunities and freedoms). We can say a society that focuses on promotion of people’s freedom in the Sen’s framework moves towards achieving justice. Introduction Amartya Kumar Sen is a renown Indian economist, philosopher, developmental ethicist and a first Asian to receive a Nobel Prize in Economics. His book Idea of Justice and Development as Freedom have made a new paradigm shifting as regards welfare and wellbeing of individuals in the society. Sen propounds for a practical approach of justice that is concerned with eliminating forms of injustices in the society. It is here that Sen develops capability approach as an evaluative tool in the just society, whereby social justice addresses structural forms of discrimination. His thoughts on justice tend towards positive consequences of the theories of justice in enhancing real opportunities among individuals in the society. This paper will present in nutshell the main thesis Sen argues for more applicable idea of justice in our pluralistic society. The paper shall present Sen’s critique on John Rawl’s theory of justice...
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...1971. Sen in his Idea of justice has established the importance of objective reasoning. He states that justice is not a singular term but a pluralistic notion with many Dimensions. He criticizes John Rawls Theory of justice for its inadequacy in delivering actual justice. According to him concepts and principles of justice should change as per the changing needs of the society. In Idea of justice Sen makes an attempt to use basic tenets of the Theory of the Theory of Social choice to suggest possibilities that could be adopted in identification and minimization of injustice Key words: Economic reasoning, objective reasoning, utilitarian, egalitarian, libertarian, monolithic ideal, pluralistic notion Introduction- Amartya Sen is a much admired, award winning economist, writer and philosopher. A voice of the poor, and malnourished, tirelessly engrossed in the problems of the society’s poorest people. Born in West Bengal in 1933, Amartya Sen studied at Presidency college, Calcutta and Trinity college, Cambridge. He taught economics in Delhi then at Oxford, the LSE and Harvard. In 1998 became Master of Trinity, and in 2004 returned to Harvard. His major previous books include ‘Collective Choice and Social Welfare’ (1970), ‘Poverty and Famines’ (1981), ‘Development as Freedom’ (1999),and ‘Identity and violence’ (2006). A Nobel laureate, he is also a companion of Honour and hold India’s Bharat Ratna. Sen in his...
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...An example of social construction is money. In reference to my topic of social welfare, I will talk about social welfare spending. Social welfare spending deals with programs that support low income households. These programs include health initiatives such as Medicaid and state child health insurance programs (SCHIP); cash assistance programs such as Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) or cash payments under AFDC’s replacement, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); and a wide variety of other service programs providing child care, foster care, low-income energy assistance, services to the homeless and those funded by the Social Services Block Grant (SSBG). I believe that states of less fiscal capacity spent less per capita spend less on social welfare than states of higher fiscal capacity. Medicaid for example spending grew rapidly among all states in the late 1980s and early 1990s, even after controlling for the high rates of inflation in health care services. But the strongest growth occurred among the poorest states, probably a consequence in part of federal Medicaid expansions in eligible populations, services, and special funding for health care providers during those years. A flurry of policymaking around AFDC waivers and TANF cash assistance occurred in these and many other states in the middle and late 1990s. By 2003, however, TANF and its policies drew little attention from legislators in these six states and changes in earned income...
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