...Diagnosis and Treatment of Separation Anxiety Disorder CASE STUDY 6 CLIENT DETAILS Diagnosis: Separation Anxiety Disorder. Age: 6 years. Client Gender: Male. Initial Consultation: 20th May 2011. Number of Sessions: 12 sessions. Place of Treatment: The agency. Treatment Approach: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Treatment Mode: Weekly one hour sessions. Referral Information The client’s mother referred her son to the agency because he was suffering from anxiety. He was resisting going to go to school and becoming distressed when his parents tried to leave him at home. Presenting Problem The client attended his first assessment session with his mother. He was of average size and weight for his age and was neatly dressed. Initially, he behaved in an anxious manner hiding and peering out from behind his mother. However as the session progressed his mood became more relaxed and he was able to speak with the provisional psychologist about school activities and friends. When asked why he didn’t want to go to school he said it was ‘boring’. He said he didn’t want to eat at school because he ‘didn’t feel hungry and was scared of feeling sick’. The client’s speech was clear and articulate. The client did not want to stay with the provisional psychologist for the WISC IV testing but agreed to, if the door was left open, and his mother could sit in the next room, which enabled the testing to be completed. The client was highly motivated to complete...
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...Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children Daphne A Janes American Military University Author Note This paper was prepared for EDUC533 Assessment, Evaluation, and Testing II, taught by Dr. Marie Isom. Abstract Fear in reaction to danger probably ends up to life-saving "fight or flight." Anxiety is intrinsic to fear, and therefore the young baby experiences anxiety throughout the earliest inevitable separations from caretakers. Childhood separation psychological disorder (SAD) has been recently recognized as a precursor of an anxiety disorder, a pacemaker of anxiety and different mental disorders, and could be an extremely frequent disorder. Intensive kinds of treatments are developed recently to any improve treatment effectuality, though cognitive-behavioral medical care (CBT) has proved effective for the cure for youngsters with anxiety disorders, as well as a separation anxiety disorder. This paper was written to have a better understanding of the causes, the prevalence, diagnostic criteria, progression, and lastly the treatment considerations for separation anxiety. Keywords: separation anxiety, causes, prevalence, diagnostic criteria, progression, treatment Separation Anxiety Disorder in Children Causes A psychological health disorder, begins in childhood; once a child is worrying about leaving home or be separated from a loved one. This happens when a child is separated from the primary caregiver (usually the mother) and this happens as part of the developmental...
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...paper on Anxiety Disorder Jeffrey S. Fletcher, M.A. Kathleen B. Stinger Psychopathology and Counseling, Coun 656 4, May 2014 Author Note Jeffrey S. Fletcher, Student, Liberty University. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Jeffrey S. Fletcher, Jfletcher1@liberty.edu Abstract This research paper is designed to review articles and books of professional journals in anxiety disorders, definition of anxiety disorder, review of current and past treatments of anxiety disorders, the new section and changes to anxiety disorder in the DSM-5, new treatments for anxiety disorders and medications for anxiety disorders. This paper will show spiritual considerations for treating anxiety disorders and how religion can improve one’s condition. It will show how CBT treatment of anxiety disorders have not been very successful and how medication has its limitations in treatment of anxiety disorders. This paper will also show what this clinician has learned and will take forward into the daily practice of treating adolescents with anxiety disorders. Keywords: anxiety, anxiety disorders, DSM-5, treatment Introduction When we talk about anxiety we have to distinguish between healthy anxiety or normal anxiety and anxiety disorders. It is normal to have a certain amount of anxiety for instance when one is in danger it is normal to become anxious. To have an anxiety disorder your anxiety would have to interfere with your life in a negative way. Anxiety and fear...
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...order to test the nature of attachment by placing an infant in conditions of mild distress which was caused by the presence of a stranger and separation from the caregiver. This also allowed the observers to measure stranger anxiety and separation anxiety. The procedure consisted of eight episodes with each episode designated to behaviour for example episode 3 the entrance of the stranger measured the stranger anxiety. With respects to the Strange Situation, Ainsworth found out that there were three types of attachment. One of these being secure attachment, these infants were in a happy relationship with their caregiver, however were distressed by the presence of the stranger and separation from the caregiver. They happily greeted their caregiver on reunion. The second type of attachment was insecure- avoidant, these infants avoided social interaction and intimacy. They were unaffected by the presence of the stranger and separation from the caregiver. Lastly, the third type of attachment was insecure- resistant, in which the infant had high levels of stranger anxiety and separation anxiety and they rejected the caregiver on reunion. The Strange Situation has provided means through which we can study attachment types and later correlated them with behaviours in the future as done by Prior and Glaser who conducted a longitudinal studies and found a link between attachment types and later childhood behaviour. They found out that securely attached infants had less emotional dependence...
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...Influence of Early Life Experiences on Anxiety disorders Anxiety disorder is a mental health description for all forms of uneasiness, excessive worry,and phobias of life events. Such fears can based on events that happened or just imagination and it affects the physical well-being of a person. Different studies have shown that anxiety disorders in different family members overlap. This may be due to the factors experienced while growing up, family factors and genetic transmission. A Childs needs and issues are diverse but a general assessment would indicate that all early experiences can lead to psychological problems. For example, a need to over-achieve, an anxiety disorder of a generalized nature or dysthymic disorder (mood disorder characterized by chronic depression). Such disorders can be traced to a long standing inability to derive satisfaction from one’s life alongside the family issues that worry people, the expectations from the society that leave one apprehensive and a person’s coping strategies which mostly are maladaptive (Corey, 2012). The details do not present a clear diagnosis as to anxiety disorder’s root cause in many cases, hence the need to be cautious when deciding on a therapeutic course of action. Everyone’s unique experiences bring up psychosocial challenges which may become the main focus of the clinical therapies. People may experience phase-of-life issues; present parent-child problems while at the same time having partner...
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...fear, anxiety and security or insecurity. For that reason, Bowlby’s theory is going to be considered due to the fact what he is the first attachment theorist, describing attachment as a ‘lasting psychological connectedness between human beings’ (Bowlby, 1964,p. 194). Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a great impact than will go on later on. Moreover, Bowlby will deal in “Basic Postulates in Theories of Anxiety and Fear” where we can find also Freud’s point of view and other theorists where they try to explain the concepts of “anxiety” and “fear”. Later, we find Schaffer and Emerson whom did a studio with sixty babies to see the measure of anxiety they could experiment. No less important is when a child start to go to school. There is going to be a separation of the child from their family so as a result fears and anxiety can also be found in early ages. The main point of attachment theory is that mothers who take care and are responsible with their infants’ needs creates at the same time a base of security for the child. All these points will be discussed through the topic. Psychologist John Bowlby was the first attachment theorist who describes attachment as something vital between mother and infant. Bowlby considered that as soon as bonds formed by children with the mother or the person who takes care of them have a great impact for the rest of the child’s life. For that reason, Bowlby deals to the term Anxiety which...
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...directly observable behavior. However, he fails to completely account for behavior, excluding the original motivational drive. In contrast, Freud succeeds in construing the origins of behavior and motivation, which makes the psychoanalytic theory of Freud more adequate as a theory of personality. Throughout history humans have been puzzled by human behavior, the reasons behind it, and have been faced with the consequences of their own as well as others' behavior. Many studies have been done and theories developed in an attempt to explain this fascinating area of human existence. Among many theories and theorists, Freud's psychoanalytic and Skinner's radical behaviorist theories have been selected and looked at throughout the following paper. Theory of personality that Freud introduced together with its concepts, many deemed romantic, unprovable and sometimes obscene, has shaped the way humans view themselves in many cases. He introduced concepts of the unconscious, id, ego, superego, repression, anxiety and others, sufficient tools in explaining any behavior encountered. In contrast, Skinner proposed a theory focusing on different aspects of personality and behavior, presenting new ideas of 'operant conditioning' and 'reinforcers', claiming that, which is unobservable should be excluded, as it is an...
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...In reflecting on the article Screening for anxiety disorders in children the authors, Ellin Simon and Susan Bogels, made many excellent discoveries and brought to light many new ideas that will help diagnose and treat children who suffer from mental disorders. The premise of their research was to examine the effectiveness of screening methods for mental disorders in school age children, differentiate between different disorders, and predict disorders that may arise in children. The mental disorders, as described in the article, that have the greatest impact on children are separation anxiety, social phobia, and panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific phobia, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Throughout the article the authors referenced two types of screenings, the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders and the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule, that are used to detect these mental disorders. The effects that anxiety disorders can have on an individuals quality of life can be detrimental if they are not diagnosed early and treated properly. The earlier mental disorders can be detected, more specifically in children, the more likely chance there is that treatment can have a greater influence on the individuals life, helping them work through the disorder and having an overall better quality of life. According to the article “the decrease in quality of life, together with the need for treatment place a burden on society via indirect and direct...
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...INTELLECTUAL ABILITY IN CHILDREN WITH ANXIETY: A REPLICATION AND EXPLORATION OF THE DIFFERENCES A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In The Department of Psychology by Melissa Munson B.S., University of Florida, 2004 May 2009 i Table of Contents List of Tables……………………………………………………………….. iii Abstract……………………………………………………………………... iv Introduction………………………………………………………………… Anxiety……………………………………………………………... Etiology…………………………………………………………….. Consequences of Anxiety…………………………………………... Theories…………………………………………………………….. Anxiety and Intelligence……………………………………………. Working Memory………………………………………………....... Memory Deficits and Psychopathology…………………………….. Integration and Purpose for the Study……………….……………… Hypotheses…………………………………………………………... Method……………………………………………………………………… Participants………………………………………………………….. Measures…………………………………………………………….. Procedure……………………………………………………………. Data Analysis………………………………………………………... 1 1 3 3 5 6 9 11 13 14 15 15 15 18 20 Results.…………………………………………………………………….... 22 Discussion……………………………………………………………………. 26 References…………………………………………………………………… 30 Appendix A: Demographic Questionnaire…………………………………...41 Appendix B: Recruitment Flyer………………………………………………43 Appendix C: Tear-off Recruitment Flyer…………………………………….44 Appendix D: Phone Screen………………………………………………......45 Vita…………………………………………………………………………… 46 ii ...
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...of parent-child separation (Lowenstein, 1986). Separation due to death or similar causes disrupt the family, yet these happen to provide a “focal concern around which the remaining members can rally and mitigate the impact of their loss”; quite to the contrary, separation due to imprisonment rarely elicits any such response because of the stigma with which it is associated (Fritsch & Burkhead, 1981, p. 84). Typically, a child faced with the social stigma of paternal incarceration will often also encounter embarrassment and shame, which may in turn further inhibit the ability of the child to adequately adjust to the anxieties resulting from the separation through incarceration (Hannon et al., 1984; Lowenstein, 1986). The deleterious effects on child behavior, of course, are that prolonged periods of shame and embarrassment may promote depression or behavior typical of withdrawal, such as an unwillingness to engage in social interactions. Unlike other causes for paternal separation, paternal absence due to imprisonment is a multi-dimensional phenomenon, which takes on different meaning depending on the manner in which the particular cause for the incarceration is perceived—either as being “normatively approved” or as “bearing a stigma” (Lowenstein, 1984). While there is a correlation between paternal incarceration and subsequent child behavioral, emotional, and psychological problems, these concerns may not necessarily be the sole result of the separation, per se: maladaptive...
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...The Impact of Divorce on Children Lisa Greatwhite Liberty University PSYC 210-D07 Abstract Compared to forty years ago the divorce rate has increased at an alarming rate. Leaving the children torn and confused about their lives before and after. Children that where once seen as resilient are now seen as vulnerable. There is a vast amount of research that supports how children are affected before, during and after their parents’ divorce. Some of the issues that impact children can cause short-term psychological issues. Leaving those children that are affected to act out in various ways, from regressing backward in the developmental process to psychosocial well-being as it relates to academic performance. Long-term effects for children that result from divorce remain present throughout life. The adult child of divorce may carry unresolved issues into their own relationships. This behavior can put the adult child in high risk for divorce. With this understanding many schools and courts are beginning to offer ways to help children emotionally and socially through counseling and interventions. The Impact of Divorce on Children The research conducted on the divorce rate in the last decade has shown a steady climb. Daniel Pickar (2003), stated in an article from Sonoma county Medical Association, “Forty percent of all children growing up in America today will experience a parental divorce”. (Pickar 2003, p. 1) Most contributed the drastic increase to the court laws on what...
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...Capella University Course- HS 854- Child and Adolescent Counseling Topic: Project Case Study - Shayla Abstract This case study is about a 4 yr old African American boy whose parent is going through a contentious divorce. Shayla is a fraternal twin whose aggressive behavior in school has attracted the attention of teachers and parents to seek counseling. Using two theories (Developmental and Cognitive) to address client’s need, Shayla has been diagnosed with depression and anxiety disorder. The etiology of client’s behavior was determined including the strength and weakness of therapeutic approach. Shayla family unit was consider owing to the fact that her mother is African American and wanted to marry a Latino American. Due to the dynamic of Shayla’s family composition different family systems such as (systemic, traditional and strategic) were consider for proper adjustment. Proper diagnosis were assessed, reviewed and evaluated for mental health treatment team professionals to follow. There are ethical and legal guidelines associated with treatment such confidentiality, informed consent and right to privacy. Table of Content Project topic --------------------------- page 1 Abstract ----------------------------------page 2 Table of content -------------------------page 3 Theories...
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...DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY 29:320–327 (2012) Klein Award Winner CHILDHOOD SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER AND ADULT ONSET PANIC ATTACKS SHARE A COMMON GENETIC DIATHESIS Roxann Roberson-Nay, Ph.D.,1 ∗ Lindon J. Eaves, Ph.D.,1,2 John M. Hettema, M.D.,1 Kenneth S. Kendler, M.D.,1,2 and Judy L. Silberg, Ph.D.1,2 Background: Childhood separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is hypothesized to share etiologic roots with panic disorder. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic and environmental sources of covariance between childhood SAD and adult onset panic attacks (AOPA), with the primary goal to determine whether these two phenotypes share a common genetic diathesis. Methods: Participants included parents and their monozygotic or dizygotic twins (n = 1,437 twin pairs) participating in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development and those twins who later completed the Young Adult Follow-Up (YAFU). The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment was completed at three waves during childhood/adolescence followed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IIIR at the YAFU. Two separate, bivariate Cholesky models were fit to childhood diagnoses of SAD and overanxious disorder (OAD), respectively, and their relation with AOPA; a trivariate Cholesky model also examined the collective influence of childhood SAD and OAD on AOPA. Results: In the best-fitting bivariate model, the covariation between SAD and AOPA was accounted for by genetic and unique environmental...
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...Abstract There are approximately three million people serving in the Armed Forces, and there are about 1.8 million children that are part of military families. With over a decade in war, multiple and prolonged absences of the military parent have taken a toll on the military youth. With deployments and Temporary Duty (TDY) separations have become a way of life for these families. Although it may seem they are accustomed to these separations, recent studies have found increased emotional and behavioral difficulties associated to the military deployment cycle for youth of all ages. Adolescents, who are naturally going through a period of marked changes in their lives, and as they are trying to find their identity and learn to be independent, parental separation due to the military can impact their development. This paper includes research and a literature review on adolescents and the military life, how being part of a military family affects their social, emotional, cognitive and physical development, as well as the findings from an informational interview with a School Counselor. Introduction The United States military force consists of more than 2.2 million voluntary service members (Department of Defense; DoD, 2011). In 2007, approximately 1.88 million US Children had at least one parent serving in the military (Reed, Bell, & Edwards, 2011, p. 1676). The experience of being part of a military family is unique and rewarding, but at the same time is filled with sacrifices...
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...Stress and Anxiety on College Students Name: Institution: Date: Table of Contents Introduction 4 Statement of the problem 4 Significance of the study 5 Methodology 5 Literature Review 6 Results and analysis 9 Recommendations 10 Limitations 11 Conclusion 11 References 13 Abstract Academic stress, depression, and anxiety and their coping strategies are critical challenges facing college students. Every government invests heavily in education. Nevertheless, a research survey carried out among college students indicates that at any given time, 10 to 20 percent of the students’ population suffer from the stress-related psychological problem. This paper describes the research regarding the causes, trends, the nature of psychiatric morbidity, psychological problems, emotional adjustments, as well as management of stress among college students. The paper emphasizes the importance of counselling in helping students with emotional problems as well as suggesting preventive measures that ought to be implemented by universities such as enhancing awareness of seeking counselling services, setting up centres for counselling in colleges. It is also suggested that all colleges should compulsorily establish mentorship programs. Finally, all colleges should form a student health committee with members from health profession, initiate regular workshops, seminars, for both students and teachers on different issues of stress-related psychological problems as well as efficient coping...
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