...abilities and expertise to help build the new settlement. The first governor of NSW Arthur Phillips penned the plans for management of the colony. Insisting that the laws within England would be initiated in the new country. No slavery and no slaves within the new land. Unfortunately the similarity of convictism to slavery was considerable. 2. Why does the committee argue that transportation to New South Wales must end? The Molesworth’s committee argued that due to economics it was no longer financially feasible to continue to transport convicts to NSW. Arguing that it had become too expensive to continue with the transportation to NSW. With the government paying for the excess produce and granting a variety of indulgences the settlers who engaged a convict, it was costing the British government over and above 7,000,000l. Analysing the situation of the convict transportation to NSW the committee noted that with the disproportion of sexes to the colony had outgrown the labor supply. Therefore, if both New South Wale and Van Diemen’s Land are to continue to succeed then the labor force must be acquired elsewhere. The committee argued that the transportation of convicts to Australia was not so successful due to the fact that the...
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...Seasons to come, seeds to follow, I am a descendent of the Henry Ratliff. We believe that Henry Ratliff, Sr. and Mary Holmes Ratliff descended from Yazoo County, around Benton, Mississippi area over 158 years ago. The earliest record, we found of Henry Ratliff and Hanna is around 1800's. We had stories told to us by our uncle Cofield Ratliff and Ludy Hettie "feet" Thomas and daughter, Fannie Reid about Mama Liza Jones, who is the mother of Henry Ratliff. Mama Liza (b1837 - Census 1880) as they called her, started her journey from Virginia to Mississippi. Sold to a slave owner, she left four children. We do not know how many children she had once she married and bore more children. One of the children’s name is Henry Ratliff. Archives and History research in Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee does not reveal many Ratliff names. The succeeding generations used the "Ratliff" names as Ratliff, Ratcliff and Ratcliffe. Until 1920 census where we find documented in the name "Ratliff". If they are indeed Ratliffs' then it is very likely that they are descendants of Henry Ratliff, Sr. Moreover, and our Henry Ratliff is the father of descendants we outline here, who was born 1853 in Benton, Mississippi. His wife Hanna -was born in 1857 in Benton, Mississippi. Henry and his first wife, Hanna, bore six children: Jane, Mary, Manda, Miza, Ella, Henry. The 1880 census revealed that during that time, Henry was 27, Hannah was 23, Jane was 8, Mary was 7, Miza was 5, Ella...
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...Typology of Colonialism Nancy Shoemaker, October 2015 In the past several years, settler colonial theory has taken over my field, Native American studies. Comparative indigenous histories focused especially on British-descended “settler colonies”—Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States—have proliferated. And settler colonial theory is now dogma. At my last two conference presentations, a fellow panelist was astonished that I didn’t deploy it. My research on native New England whaling history made me more globally comparative, but it also forced a reckoning that many places experienced colonialism without an influx of foreign settlers. As scholars parse settler colonialism into its multiple manifestations, colonialism itself remains undifferentiated. One of settler colonialism’s leading theorists, Lorenzo Veracini, juxtaposes the two completely. “Colonialism and settler colonialism are not merely different, they are in some ways antithetical formations,” he wrote in the 2011 founding issue of the journal Settler Colonial Studies. For Veracini, “colonialism” apparently refers to the late 19th-century European scrambles for Africa and Asia—in popular imagery, plantation colonies where members of a white ruling class dressed in white linen lounge on the edge of a cricket field, sipping cocktails served up by dark-skinned natives. Indeed, most of the literature on colonialism explores the history of the plantation colonies of that era. Instead of casting colonialism and settler...
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...The Official Othello Game Rules 1. Othello Game Board and Discs Othello is a strategy board game played between two players. It is played using a square 8 ¥ 8 board and 64 discs. The discs are coloured black on one side and white on the opposite side. Each player shall be assigned to play a colour. 2. Object of the Game The Object of the game is to have the majority of colour discs on the board at the end of the game. 3. Game Set-up The game will be set-up with 2 black discs and 2 white discs at the centre of the board. They are arranged with black forming a North-East to South-West direction and white forming a NorthWest to South-East direction. This is illustrated in Figure 1 on the right. Figure 1. 4. Making Moves A move is made by placing a disc of the player’s colour on the board in a position that “out-flanks” one or more of the opponent’s discs. The opponent’s disc(s), which is/are outflanked in that move, will then be flipped over to the player’s colour. A disc or row of discs is outflanked when it is surrounded at the ends by discs of the opposite colour. An illustration of the term “out-flanking”: In Figure 2 below, disc A is white, discs B, C, and D are black, white to move. A B C D Figure 2. White can out-flank discs B, C and D by placing disc E on the board as shown in Figure 3 below. A B C D E Figure 3. After white had placed disc E, discs B, C, and D are flipped over to make them white. A single move...
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...usually descendants of colonists or a race made up of a mixture of ethnicity from a particular region. Early colonialism is one cause for such diversity. Colonization is the establishment of a colony through the organized migration to an outside territory. From the 1600’s to 1800’s Western Europeans were the colonized groups dominating many parts of the world for a variety of reasons. Many conquest to other countries were to discover natural resources like, spices, gold and other trade-able material unique to its region. Some expedition set out to explore for other reasons like proving a theory or to follow up on stories told by their fellow explorers. Once reaching their destination, other factors made them stay such as the discovery of monetary gain, religious freedom and political powers. While some countries like China, were unable to become colonized, others were dominated to the extent of their people eventually becoming a minority in their own land. Imperialistic ambition was a major element in the colonization of many third world countries. As immigrants settled on foreign soil, they believed they were legitimately entitled to occupy the land. They eventually impose their economic, religion, and social systems onto an existing societies. No country or island was particularly excluded from such invasions. Some countries managed to fight off European settlers while others lacked the sophistication needed to protect their land. Third world countries were the easiest...
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...Colonialism and North America Grant Gilder Colonialism and North America In the beginning there were various settlers who colonized the area that would become known as United States of America. First there was the Asian nomads, who would become known as the American Indians. Europeans would be the next to colonize America, but this would be a few thousand years later, First there was the Spanish, followed by the French, and last but not least the British.(Muntone, 2011, p. 3) It was 1607 that the British founded the original colony in Jamestown, Virginia . It was the British intention from the beginning to colonize the Americas for the expansion of the British Empire. This new settlement in Jamestown would allow for the people of Jamestown to send back natural resources to England for the benefit of the mother country. These new colonies that began across North America were all British subjects or under control of the British. The Definition of Colonialism basically means when a country rules over a territory outside their own with citizens of the original Country. Another example would be when you create an empire by expanding into a region by dominance, both examples refer directly to the British in and how they treated the Native Americans.("Difference Between," 2011, p. 1) As the new settlers came to the new world there wasn’t much thought given to the Natives that currently lived there. Native Americans A good example of English relationships with the Native Americans...
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...Imperialism There is one particular figure whose name looms large, and whose spectre lingers, in indigenous discussions of encounters with the West: Christopher Columbus. It is not simply that Columbus is identified as the one who started it all, but rather that he has come to represent a huge legacy of suffering and destruction. Columbus ‘names’ that legacy more than any other individual.2 He sets its modern time frame (500 years) and defines the outer limits of that legacy, that is, total destruction.3 But there are other significant figures who symbolize and frame indigenous experiences in other places. In the imperial literature these are the ‘heroes’, the discoverers and adventurers, the ‘fathers’ of colonialism. In the indigenous literature these figures are not so admired; their deeds are definitely not the deeds of wonderful discoverers and conquering heroes. In the South Pacific, for example it is the British explorer James Cook, whose expeditions had a very clear scientific purpose and whose first encounters with indigenous peoples were fastidiously recorded. Hawai’ian academic Haunani Kay Trask’s list of what Cook brought to the Pacific includes: ‘capitalism, Western political ideas (such as predatory individualism) and Christianity. Most destructive of all he brought diseases that ravaged my people until we were but a remnant of what we had been on contact with his pestilent crew.’4 The French are remembered by Tasmanian Aborigine Greg Lehman, ‘not [for] the intellectual...
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...Recalling the lecture / discussion on colonialism and Comaroff’s (1989) three models of colonialism in South Africa, explain how European colonialism influenced the present configuration of power and racial relations among nations and peoples in the world. Cite examples when needed. Amid seventeenth and eighteenth century , colonialism was broadly flowed—despite the fact that it goes back to the Romans, Phoenicians , and Greek hundreds of years. In addition, it was just amid the 1900's, while 1960's in South Africa, that era of colonialism finished in Birmingham, in the year of 2010. Numerous Western nations, particularly the Europeans, began colonizing for different reasons, for example, finding a land for agribusiness, natural resources , a space where they can settle, enlargement of their territory and for religious causes. Amid those times, land in Europe was expensive and deficient in quantity compared with the demand, that is the reason numerous Europeans began with a victory to acquire lands that can maintain their whole economy and their whole populace. A concrete example of many colonizing that occurred way back was, when Spaniards came in the Philippines and conquered our country, the reason why Spain needed to colonize the Philippines was on account of the Philippines had a rich and agricultural area which could develop yields required for their nation. As indicated by numerous historians, the Spaniards looked for the 3 G's specifically:...
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...Define Colonialism (Western) Colonialism: A political-economic phenomenon whereby various European nations explored, conquered, settled, and exploited large areas of the world. The purposes of colonialism included economic exploitation of the colony's natural resources, creation of new markets for the colonizer, and extension of the colonizer's way of life beyond its national borders. In the years 1500 – 1900 Europe colonized all of North and South America and Australia, most of Africa, and much of Asia by sending settlers to populate the land or by taking control of governments. The first colonies were established in the Western Hemisphere by the Spanish and Portuguese in the 15th – 16th centuries. The Dutch colonized Indonesia in the 16th century, and Britain colonized North America and India in the 17th – 18th centuries. Later, British settlers colonized Australia and New Zealand. Colonization of Africa only began in earnest in the 1880s, but by 1900 virtually the entire continent was controlled by Europe. The colonial era ended gradually after World War II; the only territories still governed as colonies today are small islands. http://www.answers.com/topic/colonialism#ixzz1lYMQdYfY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism Colonialism is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. It is a process whereby the metropole claims sovereignty over the colony, and the social structure...
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...COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THE SPANISH EXPLORATION FROM THE ENGLISH EXPLORATION Sean Kazmierski HIEU 201 6 December 2015 Introduction Evidence of the earliest travel by European explorers into the ‘new world’ can be traced back to 1000AD. It began with the Vikings sailing from their native land in the British Isles to Greenland where they created a colony. Later, they left Greenland for North America where they saw virgin land with exotic plants, animal species, and indigenous people[1]. The Vikings returned home with stories about the marvels of the places they had visited, but their home authorities lacked the will power or the resources to make a follow-up on these explorations. As a result, European states continued to make commerce across the Mediterranean Sea with North Africa for many years that followed. Research has shown that the methods and motivations of exploration were unique from one state to the other. As Europeans continued their explorations, we will examine the similarities and differences on how the Spanish (1492-1548) and English (1584-1648) conducted their exploration and expansion. Comparison Between the British and Spanish in North America The first Spanish to arrive in America was Hernan Cortes in 1519. He did the groundwork for the creation of the Spanish colony. In 1607, Christopher Newport set foot in what would later become Jamestown, laying the foundation of the British Empire in North America...
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...A. The Rise of Colonialism The rise of colonialism in North America began in the early sixteenth century when cartography reawakened after years of stagnation allowing for the exploration of New World. (Goucher, LeGuin, and Walton, 1998). Opening up an exciting new adventure for Europeans who were seeking economic gain and religious freedom from Europe. The first colonists sailed to the Atlantic seaboard in 1584, giving them the opportunity to explore the New World and establish their own colonies (Annenberg Learner,2013b). The consequence from this first undertaking of colonization dissipated without a trace in1590 and was dubbed, The Lost Colony of Roanoke (Annenberg Learner, 2013b). Seventeen years later, in 1607, Captain Christopher Newport would sail the Atlantic ocean landing on the shores of Chesapeake Bay and establishing Jamestown on May 13,1607 (Annenberg Learner, 2103b). Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in North America and the inauguration of colonization in North America ( Annenberg Learner, 2013b). Although the colony of Jamestown began to decline, new colonist still arrived yearly, nearly 80 percent of them died over the next three years, a result of starvation and attacks from the Indians (Annenberg Learner, 2103b). Captain Newport left Jamestown and Captain John Smith, a dictator, was placed in charge of the colony. In order for the colony of Jamestown to prosper, Captain Smith gave the settlers an ultimatum, to work or starve...
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...that all humans have. As seen throughout the history of the world, countries have been continuously fighting for control of different lands. In this way, those in power built empires, affecting thousands of lives in the process. Belgium was one of these imperialistic countries and Joseph Conrad depicted the effects of their take over in his novel. Colonialism, as shown in Heart of Darkness, “Heritage,” and “An Image of Africa,” has drastic effects on individuals that force them to alter both their presence in and their view of the world. Heart of Darkness illustrated the effects of imperialism on two main characters: Marlow and Kurtz. Marlow’s experience and awareness of the struggles in...
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...‘the value of women’s productive labor, in producing and processing food established and maintained their rights in domestic and other spheres – economic, cultural, religious, social, political, etc.’ The advent of the British colonialism and the settler economy negatively impacted Kikuyu women because the loss of land meant a loss of access to and authority over land. Kikuyu women found that they no longer had the variety of soils needed to grow indigenous foodstuffs. Traditionally, certain pieces of land were associated with the growth of certain crops. Thus the variety of soils was required to ensure food security . Moreover, land loss meant women were restricted to smaller tracts of land for cultivation. Continuous cultivation of these areas of land led to soil exhaustion and nutrient depletion which ultimately adversely affected crop yields. Land alienation reduced the economic independence enjoyed by women by compromising their economic productivity. As colonialism continue to entrench itself in African soil, the perceived importance of women’s agricultural contribution to the household was reduced as their vital role in food production was overshadowed by the more lucrative male-controlled cash crop cultivation. Secondly, colonialism...
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...Postcolonialism By Patricia Waugh Summarized by Syed Saad Mukhtar M.Phil English Literature 1st Semester The Islamia University of Bahawalpur An academic discipline and theory featuring the methods of intellectual discourse that analyze, explain and respond to legacies of colonialism and imperialism, to the human consequences of controlling a country and establishing settlers for economic exploitation of native people and their land. The term postcolonialism addresses itself to historical, political, cultural and textual branches of colonial encounter between West and Non-West dating from 16th century to present day. Postcolonialism is thus a name for a critical theoretical approach in literary and cultural studies but it also designates a politics of transformational resistance to unjust and unequal forms of political and cultural authority which extends back across 20th century and beyond. The two very different traditions of Postcolonial thinking — the theoretical Post-Structuralist and Practical Political are thus linked in so far as some of the key concepts in postcolonialism. Postcolonialism therefore refers to those theories, texts, political strategies that engage in such questioning that aim to challenge structural inequalities and bring about social justice. It is often helpful to view Postcolonialism in comparative framework alongside political practices, with which it shares key objectives and expressions: Feminism. It is possible broadly speaking to trace three...
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...In the fifteenth century, European nations embarked on discovering the world primarily for the purpose of trading goods. Along the way these explorers established colonies on every continent of the world. The Dictionary of Human Geography defines colonialism as a state centralized system of power, often distinguished by economic exploitation and with astounding disregard for the colonies (D. Gregory, R. Johnston, G. Pratt, M. Watts & S. Whatmore 2009). Great Britain was no stranger to colonialism, and since the first settlers arrived at Jamestown, the British Empire expanded its control over the first thirteen colonies for nearly 170 years. An intricate part of colonialism was the economic doctrine of Mercantilism. In Companion to British History, Mercantilism is explained as a basic economic theory to increase the country’s wealth by amassing gold. He listed amongst other aspects of the theory the following trade policies: trade restraints by prohibition, taxation on imported goods which could be produced in the colony, prohibition of imports from countries with unfavorable trade balance, goods exported to colony had to pass through home country ports first, establishment of trade treaties, and the regulation of colonial trades so that the colony’s raw materials were exported to the imperial power in exchange for the import of that power’s manufactured goods (2008 Charles Arnold-Baker). At the end of the French and Indian wars in 1763 and in order to fund the British...
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