...To be or not to be Shakespeare? The authorship of Shakespeare's works is the subject of ongoing debate in literary and theatrical circles, where it is doubtful that Shakespeare was really the man of Stratford recognized by the official story. This controversy surfaced because it is difficult to believe that the tradesman of Stratford could be the genius behind the greatest poems and playwrights ever written. Since the 19th century , a fierce debate arose between the sulfur Oxfordians ( who believe that a man so uneducated as William Shakespeare could not have written works as remarkable ) and the Stratfordiens , for whom the identity and genius of Shakespeare make no doubt. According to biographical information William of Stratford grew up in an illiterate household in the remote agricultural town of Stratford-upon-Avon. There is no record that he traveled at all or that he ever left England. Firstly, how can an uneducated man write such a titanic work ? The Anti-Stratfordians speculate that the man in Stratford who did not even go through a day’s school education, could not have revealed to the world, at the age of twenty, his first verses of the most highly-regarded poems and playwrights in history. The Anti-Stratfordians argue that only a well educated person, versed in history, linguistics, politics and many other fields could have reached such feats of written art. Secondly, anoter idea upon which the Anti-Stratfordians base their conspiracy...
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...Dr. Lane Study Guide for Exam #1 Feb 2014 In brief, Exam #1 will cover two broad areas: (1) Everything we have covered in class on the Pentateuch. (2) The nature of covenants, and which OT covenant is which, so far. Here are the handouts the exam will cover: #12.2 Genesis 1–4, Creation & the Fall The exam will not ask about the different views of creation, but the other material is testable. #14 Essential Passages in the Pentateuch #16 Basic Nature of OT Covenants & ANE Treaties #17 Thirteen Propositions Re: . . . Covenants #19.1 Conclusions from the Pentateuch Be able to identify each of the five books we've covered, by way of main events (esp., the covenants), the main characters, and where the books fit into the redemptive-historical context of the Pentateuch. Know which sort of covenant is which (esp. H/O #16), and esp.(!) what are the specific covenants we have seen so far in the OT. What are their features, whom are they with, etc. A few must-know chapters & verses: (These are not the only ones; these are the must-know chapters). Gen 12, 15, 17 & 22 Exod 19, 20 & 24 Exod 34:6 Lev 26:12 Lev 26 Deut 7 Otherwise, be able to identify the chapters in boxes . Other items / ideas we have stressed: Israel's religion and cosmology and cosmogeny (vs.( that of pagan religions. Be able to answer...
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...I am going to analyze the book of Titus found in the New Testament under the assumption that the author is a Christian who is not Paul and is writing about 75 years after Paul’s death. Throughout this letter analysis, I am going to cover four broad categories; who the intended audience for this letter was, who the author actually was, why the author chose to write this letter pseudepigraphically, and how the community might have responded to this letter. The text is addressed to Titus, but if this letter was written 75 years after Paul’s death, it can be deduced that this letter was written after Titus’ death as well. The community that received this letter was probably the same people of which the author was a part of, giving the author reason to write it. It is hard to say how the community discovered this letter because there are a variety of ways it could have happened. I feel the two most likely options were either that the author claimed he found a lost Pauline letter and presented it to the community or that the letter was mistakenly found by a member of the community. No matter how the letter was discovered, it is clear that the intended audience was facing many issues, including the qualifications to be an elder. The author writes on this issue in 1:6-9, providing the qualifications that one must have in order to be appointed an elder. The list includes living a blameless life, being a faithful husband, not being a heavy drinker, and many more. It also seems that...
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...Liberty University Planting Churches Cross-Culturally: North America and Beyond A Book Critique Submitted to Dr. William Brown In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Course Evan 505 Liberty University Baptist Theological Seminary By Joshua Byun Lancaster, California Sunday, September 1, 2013 Hesselgrave, David J. Planting Churches Cross-Culturally: North America and Beyond. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2000. Kindle ebook. pp. 6174. Introduction The importance of both the existence and the role of the church in the New Testament era are prevalent through the scriptures. As a result, numerous books and resources on church planting and church growth have become more available in recent years. David Hesselgrave through the book, Planting Churches Cross-Culturally: North America and Beyond, provides a combination of both biblical principles and a step-by-step approach to church planting in the modern era. From the beginning Hesselgrave states his thesis as he explains, “The primary mission of the church and, therefore, of the churches is to proclaim the gospel of Christ and gather believers into local churches where they can be built up in the faith and made effective in service; thus new congregations are to be planted throughout the world” (161). Hence, the author defines the core Christian mission as church planting then proceeds to explain the concept both biblically and practically through the example established...
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...Was Shakespeare a fraud? This question has ringed in the hearts of scholars for nearly 200 years. It was first introduced in the satirical The Errors of Modern Infidelity, written in 1848 by Samuel M. Schmucker. The question, obviously, wasn’t meant to be taken so seriously, but 169 years later, here I am writing this paper about the conspiracy equivalent of a European JFK assassination. The current beliefs go as following, Shakespeare had another author who was another current literary genius, the author that wrote Shakespeare’s claimed works didn’t want to be known, or Shakespeare was his own author. One of the most suggested suspected authors was philosopher Sir Francis Bacon. Eight years after Schmucker’s original manifesto, a girl named Delia Bacon made the claim, “Shakespeare's plays were written, in large part at least, by her namesake Francis Bacon.” However, “After an abortive attempt to dig up Shakespeare's grave, she suffered a complete breakdown; she was committed to a mental hospital and died in 1859.” His popularity dropped for a decent while until “By the mid-19th century he was attracting massive support. But, by the turn of the 20th century, though, Bacon's star as an...
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...William Shakespeare was baptized on April 26, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. From roughly 1594 onward he was an important member of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men company of theatrical players. Written records give little indication of the way in which Shakespeare’s professional life molded his artistry. All that can be deduced is that over the course of 20 years, Shakespeare wrote plays that capture the complete range of human emotion and conflict. Known throughout the world, the works of William Shakespeare have been performed in countless hamlets, villages, cities and metropolises for more than 400 years. And yet, the personal history of William Shakespeare is somewhat a mystery. There are two primary sources that provide historians with a basic outline of his life. One source is his work—the plays, poems and sonnets—and the other is official documentation such as church and court records. However, these only provide brief sketches of specific events in his life and provide little on the person who experienced those events. Though no birth records exist, church records indicate that a William Shakespeare was baptized at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon on April 26, 1564. From this, it is believed he was born on or near April 23, 1564, and this is the date scholars acknowledge as William Shakespeare's birthday. Located 103 miles west of London, during Shakespeare's time Stratford-upon-Avon was a market town bisected with a country road and the River Avon. William...
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...Who wrote the works of Shakespeare? Certainly it was Shakespeare, but people have doubted Shakespeare as the true author as early as the 18th century. They began to consider the true author of Shakespeare’s plays and poems. Since the 1920s Edward de Vere has been the most popular alternative candidate proposed for the authorship of Shakespeare’s works. Edward de Vere, was the Earl of Oxford in 17th century. He was the Queen Elizabeth’s principal minister, a writer and a lyric poet. He is the most popular claimant for obvious reasons – he was highly educated, tremendously aristocratic, upwardly mobile, and well-versed in country life. After the death of Edward de Vere’s father, he became a ward of Queen Elizabeth and received an excellent education in the household of her principal advisor, Sir William Cecil. According to a curriculum in Cecil, Edward de Vere’s daily studies included dancing, French, Latin, writing and drawing, cosmography, penmanship, riding, shooting, exercise and prayer. He showed a prodigious talent for scholarship from his early years. Edward de Vere graduated from Cambridge University at age of 14; he was awarded an honorary MA by Cambridge on a Royal progress. He earned a Master of Arts of 16, and then attended Gray’s Inn to study law. “The merchant of Venice”, one of the Shakespeare’s plays discusses law. One of the important people who influence his early studies is his maternal uncle Arthur Golding, an officer in the Court of Wards under Cecil. He...
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...William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor. He was born on 26 April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. His father was a successful local businessman and his mother was the daughter of a landowner. Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and nicknamed the Bard of Avon. He wrote about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, of which the authorship of some is uncertain. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway at the age of 18. he is thought to have spent most of his time in London writing and performing in his plays. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories and these works remain regarded as some of the best work produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, includingHamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Around 1613, at the age of 49, he retired...
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...For several years his genius as dramatist and poet had been acknowledged by critics and playgoers alike, and his social and professional position had become considerable. Inside the theatre his influence was supreme. When, in 1598, the manager of the company rejected Ben Jonson’s first comedy—his ‘Every Man in his Humour’—Shakespeare intervened, according to a credible tradition (reported by Rowe but denounced by Gifford), and procured a reversal of the decision in the interest of the unknown dramatist who was his junior by nine years. He took a part when the piece was performed. Jonson was of a difficult and jealous temper, and subsequently he gave vent to an occasional expression of scorn at Shakespeare’s expense, but, despite passing manifestations of his unconquerable surliness, there can be no doubt that Jonson cherished genuine esteem and affection for Shakespeare till death. Within a very few years of Shakespeare’s death Sir Nicholas L’Estrange, an industrious collector of anecdotes, put into writing an anecdote for which he made Dr. Donne responsible, attesting the amicable relations that habitually subsisted between Shakespeare and Jonson. ‘Shakespeare,’ ran the story, ‘was godfather to one of Ben Jonson’s children, and after the christening, being in a deep study, Jonson came to cheer him up and asked him why he was so melancholy. “No, faith, Ben,” says he, “not I, but I have been considering a great while what should be the fittest gift for me to bestow upon my godchild...
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...metaphysical poets John milton Jonathan Swift mark Twain mary Shelley Nathaniel hawthorne Oscar Wilde percy Shelley ralph Waldo emerson robert Browning Samuel Taylor Coleridge Stephen Crane Walt Whitman William Blake William Shakespeare William Wordsworth Bloom’s Classic Critical Views W i l l ia m Sha k e Sp e a r e Edited and with an Introduction by Sterling professor of the humanities Yale University harold Bloom Bloom’s Classic Critical Views: William Shakespeare Copyright © 2010 Infobase Publishing Introduction © 2010 by Harold Bloom All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For more information contact: Bloom’s Literary Criticism An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data William Shakespeare / edited and with an introduction by Harold Bloom : Neil Heims, volume editor. p. cm. — (Bloom’s classic critical views) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-60413-723-1 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-4381-3425-3 (e-book) 1. Shakespeare, William, 1564–1616—Criticism and interpretation. I. Bloom, Harold. II. Heims, Neil. PR2976.W5352 2010 822.3'3—dc22 2010010067 Bloom’s Literary Criticism books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities...
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...Early European Theater • The writings of this period were primarily hymns, sermons and similar theologically oriented works. • Latin became a literary medium. • Major preserves of learning are the monasteries. • 8th century Europe returned to greater stability under the Carolingian kings. ➢ Charles Martel – defeated the Moslems at Tours in 732 AD, through his innovative use of armored horsemen as the principal military force, initiating the development of knighthood. ➢ Charlemagne – extended his realm into the Slavic territories and converting non- Christians on the way. Charlemagne was crowned by the Pope and pronounced him as the successor to Constantine. The scenario was the first attempt to establish the Holy Roman Empire. • Charlemagne’s death caused Europe to break into small units isolated from each other and from the world. • Moslem controlled the Mediterranean and the Vikings, still pagans, conquered the northern seas. Early Middle Ages • Life was relatively simple. • Feudalistic patterns were fully established. ➢ Manor (large estate)- headed by a noble man, assumed absolute authority over the peasants who worked his land collectively. ➢ Vassals – supplies the lords a specified number of knights upon demand and the lords in return were bound to protect their vassals. The Theater (500- 900 AD) • The theater revived during the early Middle Ages. • After the Western Roman...
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...AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE ENGL 210 Shakespeare Notes LECTURER SAMBOKO, B. M. There are many outstanding people in history: - our heroes… our role models…. Politicians: Napoleon, Adolf Hitler, Winston Churchill, Abraham Lincoln, John F Kennedy, Margaret Thatcher, Mahatma Gandhi, Kenneth Kaunda Community Service: Mother Teresa, George Muller, David Livingstone Religious: Apostle Paul, the other apostles, Ellen G White, Anderson, The pope, Martin Luther, Sports: Neymar, Messi, Ronaldo, Benzema - Michael Jordan, Pele, Maradona Music: Lady Gaga, jZ, Tupak, Michael Jackson, Jim Reeves, Jimmy Hendricks, Literary Circles: Before Shakespeare the great names in literature were: o Homer – Ancient times - well known for his great epics o Dante – Middle Ages – wrote brilliantly on circumstances of human existence o Aristotle – the great philosopher ENTER SHAKESPEARE – THE LITERARY GIANT Spelling of Shakespeare: Spelling not yet standardized, thus name spelled in different ways • Shakespeare, Shakspere, Shackspere, Shaxper, Shagspere, Shaxberd, etc. Shakespeare: The most well known playwright of Elizabethan times is Shakespeare. But there were also other writers who in their time were just as, or even more famous than him. WHAT MAKES SHAKESPEARE STAND OUT? – The volume of his works Plays firmly attributed to Shakespeare ■ 14 COMEDIES – funny play – with amusing events – ended in marriage...
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...Who was William Shakespeare? Shakespeare is William Shakespeare, one of the English-speaking world's greatest playwrights and poets, who possessed a great knowledge of human nature and transformed the English theatre. Yet many facts of his life remain a mystery. Some have been acquired from painstaking looks at the records of the time, so that this summary is based on generally agreed facts. It has been said that we only know three things about Shakespeare: that he was born, married and died. He was baptised on April 26, 1564; we do not know his birth date, but many scholars believe it was April 23, 1564. His father was John Shakespeare (who was a glover and leather merchant) and his mother Mary Arden (who was a landed local heiress). John had a remarkable run of success as a merchant, alderman, and high bailiff of Stratford, during William's early childhood. His fortunes declined, however, in the late 1570s. William lived for most of his early life in Stratford-upon-Avon. We do not know exactly when he went to London but he is said to have arrived in 1592. There is great conjecture about Shakespeare's childhood years, especially regarding his education. It is surmised by scholars that Shakespeare attended the free grammar school in Stratford, which at the time had a reputation to rival that of Eton. While there are no records extant to prove this claim, Shakespeare's knowledge of Latin and Classical Greek would tend to support this theory. In addition, Shakespeare's...
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...Insight Text Guide Sue Tweg King Lear William Shakespeare contents Character map Overview About the author Synopsis Character summaries iv 1 1 2 4 Background & context Genre, structure & language Scene-by-scene analysis Characters & relationships Themes, ideas & values Different interpretations Questions & answers Sample answer References & reading 6 10 14 24 39 55 59 64 66 iv I ns i g h t T e x t G u i d e ChARACTeR mAp Edgar Legitimate son of Gloucester, disguises himself as ‘Poor Tom’. Leads Gloucester to Dover, fights and kills Edmond, becomes king. Wise fools Companions in storm Kent Truth-teller. Disguises himself as ‘Caius’. Loyal, noble servant to Lear. Offends via discourtesy to Lear Match wits Defends, speaks boldly Defends and helps Teaches patience and saves father’s life Fool Truth-teller; endures the storm. Is possibly hanged. Teaches Lear compassion Cordelia Truth-teller. Youngest daughter, loves Lear and heals him. Loses battle and is hanged in prison. Loves Loves Offers kingdom to Edgar – accepted Gloucester Believes Edmond’s lies about Edgar. Saved from suicide by Edgar after Edmond has cause his blinding by betraying him to Cornwall. Needs Foolish old fathers meet in storm Blinds King Lear Divides his kingdom, rejects Cordelia, rejected by Gonerill and Regan. Goes mad, healed after storm by Cordelia. Dies after Cordelia is hanged. Fails to show Lear how to value Cordelia King of France...
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...make women appealed to him indeed. In order to provoke Othello’s jealousy toward Cassio, Iago uses Cassio’s good appearance and manners to aid in his plan, Iago says:“a knave very voluble; no further conscious able/ than in putting on the mere from of civil and humane seeming「…」is handsome, young, and hath all those/ requisites in him that folly and green minds look after”(Shakespeare 2-1 230-240). Therefore, Cassio’s attractive appearance makes him a likely target for Iago’s jealous plot. Secondly, Cassio’s vulnerable character makes become him marginalized. For instance, Iago entraps Cassio into a drunken fight when he offers Cassio wine while he is on duty. Cassio’s weakness spot is alcohol; he explains to Iago: “I have very poor and unhappy brains for drinking”(Shakespeare 2- 3 26). However, Cassio does not insist on resisting the offer of drink, which is exactly what Iago wanted in order to achieve his plan. That is eventually results in Cassio’s discharge. Therefore, Cassio’s appearance and his personalities becomes the key factor to causes his marginalized status. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Othello. Oxford University Press, 2009....
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