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Sharpe Analysis

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índice de Jensen apresenta a maior diversificação quanto mais próximo de zero for seu valor, já que ele representa, de certa forma, o ganho obtido pela ocorrência de risco não sistemático.

Mas este valor de α não deve ser negativo, pois quanto mais negativo, pior. Assaf Neto (2011) destaca que valores positivos indicam um bom desempenho do ativo, isto por que ao se obter um valor positivo o ativo apresentou desempenho melhor do que o esperado pelo CAPM. Um fator que merece destaque é o de que o índice Jensen não pode ser utilizado para comparar o desempenho de ativos diferentes, a não ser que eles estejam ajustados quanto ao risco, para isto costuma-se dividir o α pelo β. Ao comparar o índice de Jensen com o de Treynor e o de Sharpe, Reilly e Brown (2003) mostram que tanto Treynor quanto Jensen utilizam apenas o risco sistemático, enquanto Sharpe utiliza o risco total. Desta forma, é esperado que a ordenação gerada pelo índice de Treynor e pelo de Jensen seja semelhante. Já quando comparados com o valor gerado pelo índice de Sharpe esta ordenação deve apresentar diferença.

3. METODOLOGIA

No primeiro momento foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico sobre os princípios da diversificação de carteiras de ativos, além dos índices de Sharpe, Treynor e Jensen. Após isto, a empresa foi analisada detalhadamente, verificando as mudanças ocorridas entre os anos de 2006 á 2011 e como estas interferiram no comportamento da mesma. Este intervalo de 2006 a 2011 foi escolhido pois os dados disponibilizados pela empresa envolviam apenas este período, além disso as informações foram coletadas por trimestres, que representa a menor periodicidade possível, para se ter uma maior confiabilidade dos dados. Como a empresa escolhida para a pesquisa possui o capital aberto, estas informações foram obtidas diretamente dos relatórios e demonstrações financeiras da empresa. Porém, nem todos os dados obtidos estavam separados por unidades de negócio, conforme seria necessário. Desta forma, tornou-se essencial uma maneira de aproximação destes dados. Para tanto utilizaram-se os seguintes critérios: aproximações de valores das

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contas referentes aos resultados não-operacional, devem ser feitas de acordo com a participação de cada UN no imobilizado. Já as contas referentes ao desempenho operacional devem seguir a mesma participação que o lucro operacional de cada UN. Vale a pena ressaltar que estas proporções variaram de trimestre para trimestre, e esta variação foi mantida durante os cálculos, não sendo realizada uma média dos valores.

Para a determinação do retorno, utilizou-se o ROI, já que o ROI apresenta o retorno dos investimentos da empresa, sendo ele provido do patrimônio líquido ou das dívidas da empresa. Schoeffler, Buzzell e Heany (1974) apresentam a equação 3.1 para calcular o ROI, afirmando que o investimento médio pode ser obtido como a média entre o valor inicial e final, assim neste trabalho, será realizada a média entre o trimestre observado e o anterior.

Sendo investimentos igual ao resultado da soma do passivo oneroso com o patrimônio líquido. Para a utilização da fórmula 3.1, o lucro operacional já estava separado por UNs, enquanto o patrimônio líquido e o passivo oneroso não estavam separados por UNs. Dessa forma, para determinar os valores destes dois últimos termos utilizou-se a participação de cada UN no imobilizado. Para a transformação dos dados trimestrais em um único dado durante estes seis anos, utilizou-se a média geométrica, isto por que supõe-se que a empresa estava reinvestindo seus retornos trimestrais. Segundo Silva (2011) a fórmula para este cálculo é a que está apresentada pela equação 3.2.

Após a obtenção do retorno de cada trimestre o risco total foi obtido como sendo o desvio-padrão deste conjunto de dados, como os dados coletados constituem uma amostra a fórmula a ser utilizada deve ser a equação 3.3.

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Sendo = resultados. = média dos resultados. n= número de resultados. Para a transformação destes dados trimestrais em anuais, foi necessária a anualização dos dados. Para tanto, multiplicou-se as respectivas variâncias pela quantidade de trimestres no ano, ou seja, 4. Por equivalência, o desvio-padrão foi multiplicado por raiz de 4 para ser anualizado. Na etapa seguinte obteve-se a correlação dos dados referentes aos retornos de cada UN em cada trimestre, para isto utilizou-se a fórmula descrita pela equação 3.4, X e Y representam as UNs.

Sendo: desvio padrão de X. desvio padrão de Y. covariância entre X e Y. Com o risco e o retorno, a fronteira eficiente foi construída, para isto utilizou-se o software Solver do Excel a fim de alcançar a combinação dos ativos que forneça o menor risco possível para dado retorno. As restrições utilizadas consistem em: todos os pesos (participações) de cada ativo devem ser positivos e menores ou igual a um, além disso, a soma entre eles deve ser igual a um. O quadro 3.1 representa as restrições adicionadas ao Solver.

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Quadro 1. Restrições adicionadas ao software Gams. Fonte: Elaboração Própria.

Sendo: Pf = participação da unidade de máquinas ferramentas na carteira. Pfu = participação da unidade de fundidos e usinados na carteira. Pi = participação da unidade de máquinas injetoras na carteira. Como forma de determinação do melhor ponto da fronteira, sem a construção da linha de utilidade do investidor, escolheu-se o ponto que maximizou a relação retorno-risco, isto por que este ponto é aquele que consegue o maior retorno frente ao risco oferecido. Para tanto utilizou-se apenas o retorno total da carteira sobre o risco total. Em seguida, os índices de Sharpe, Treynor e alfa de Jensen foram calculados, para complementar a análise dos resultados. Por fim, os retornos obtidos pelo ROI foram confrontados com os retornos requeridos pelo CAPM, que é apresentado pela equação 3.5, para que então fosse possível verificar, se de fato valeu a pena investir nessa empresa e se esta empresa alcançou o retorno do mercado.

Sendo: rf = retorno livre de risco. rm = retorno de mercado. = beta do ativo. αBR = risco Brasil.

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Como determinação do retorno de mercado, utilizou-se os valores expostos por Damoran em seu site, neste caso ele não indica diretamente o retorno do mercado, mas sim o prêmio pelo risco norte americano, que está em torno de 6% a.a. Já para o retorno livre de risco utilizou-se o valor do retorno oferecidos pelos títulos do governo norte americano de 30 anos, que foram obtidos pelo infomoney. Este valor está em 2,76% a.a. Sendo assim, substitui o valor do retorno livre de risco e o do prêmio pelo risco na equação 3.6 e obteve-se então o retorno de mercado norte americano.

Já quanto ao risco país ( em 1,8%.

) o valor pode ser obtido também pelo infomoney, estando

Para o cálculo do beta (risco sistemático) optou-se por atribuir o valor dos betas de empresas similares á cada unidade de negócio, já que o beta da empresa não era fornecido por UM, os valores destes betas foram extraídos do site bloomberg. Assim para tornar este valor mais próximo do real, foi necessária a desalavancagem dos betas das empresas similares, e a posterior alavancagem com a dívida da empresa que se esta estudando. Para tanto utilizou-se a equação 3.7, fornecida por Sousa, Bastos e Martelanc (2003).

Sendo: = beta alavancado. = beta desalavancado. T = taxa do Imposto de Renda. E = valor de mercado do capital próprio (equity) D = valor de mercado das dívidas (debt) Os valores de E e D foram obtidos pelos dados financeiros da empresa, já o valor de T foi considerado como sendo 34%, por que este é o valor apresentado nos relatórios da empresa.

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Como alguns índices apresentaram resultado negativo, impedindo a comparação entre as diferentes UNs, optou-se por através do retorno esperado do CAPM, fornecido pelo equação 3.5, verificar qual deveria ser o valor dos índices para que fosse benéfico investir na empresa, ou seja, para que o risco fosse compensado pelo retorno oferecido por esta.

4. ANÁLISE PRELIMINAR

4.1.

Caracterização da empresa

A Romi é a empresa foco deste trabalho. Esta foi fundada em 1930 , iniciando suas atividades a partir de uma pequena oficina de reparos e consertos de automóveis. Com o mercado aquecido e com a determinação de seu fundador em aumentar seus negócios, a pequena oficina expandiu suas atividades com a fabricação de máquinas agrícolas e tornos mecânicos, os quais representaram um grande avanço para a Romi devido às suas exportações, logo no início dos anos 40. Hoje a Romi conta com três unidades estratégicas de negócio, as quais serão tratadas neste trabalho, compreendendo as seguintes atuações: máquinas-ferramenta, máquinas injetoras para plásticos e fundidos e usinados.
4.1.1.

Máquinas-Ferramentas

As máquinas-ferramentas são destinadas à produção de peças de diversos materiais, tamanhos e formatos por meio da movimentação mecânica de um conjunto de aparelhos. Seu funcionamento consiste em girar a peça a ser usinada, e que se encontra fixada em um cabeçote, enquanto algum instrumento de corte vai de encontro à superfície da peça removendo material de acordo com as especificações técnicas. Dentro desta categoria, a empresa dedica-se a fabricar tornos, centro de torneamento e de usinagem, mandrilhadoras, etc.
4.1.2.

Máquinas injetoras para plásticos

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