...The Effectiveness of Using Mussel Shells as an Alternative Ingredient in Making Bricks Chapter I ABSTRACT Waste management has been a problem since then because lots of wastes are not used efficiently- needing the people to make a move to convert these wastes into useful things. Thus, this study is undertaken to contribute to the ideas of waste management programs and to find out the effectiveness of mussel shells as an alternative material in making bricks. This study intends to make eco-friendly and affordable bricks by combining the powdered mussel shells, sand and cement with an appropriate ratios. A series of experiments were conducted to study the effect of using mussel shells on the compressive strength and percentage of water absorption of the bricks. The bricks were tested at the construction materials testing center and it proved that the bricks can hold enough strength and can absorb much water. It showed that the sample 1 (3tahong:1cement) has a compressive strength of 3.75MPa which means it is considered as a non structural brick and it has a percentage of water absorption of 13.02%. Since using mussel shell as a component in making bricks will only produce a non structural brick, the researchers conducted another set of samples. Sample 2 can carry more loads 325kN than the two other samples 3 and 4, 275kN and 115kN but sample 2 can absorb more water 19.26% than the other two, 15.7%. Chapter II Introduction Background of the Study ...
Words: 3024 - Pages: 13
...is a Unix shell written by Brian Fox for the GNU Project as a free software replacement for the Bourne shell (sh). Released in 1989, it has been distributed widely as the shell for the GNU operating system and as the default shell on Linux and Mac OS X. It has been ported to Microsoft Windows and distributed with Cygwin and MinGW, to DOS by the DJGPP project, to Novell NetWare and to Android via various terminal emulation applications. Bash is a command processor, typically run in a text window, allowing the user to type commands which cause actions. Bash can also read commands from a file, called a script. Like all Unix shells, it supports filename wildcarding, piping, here documents, command substitution, variables and control structures for condition-testing and iteration. The keywords, syntax and other basic features of the language were all copied from sh. Other features, e.g., history, were copied from csh and ksh. Bash is a POSIX shell but with a number of extensions. The name itself is an acronym, a pun, and a description. As an acronym, it stands for Bourne-again shell, referring to its objective as a free replacement for the Bourne shell. As a pun, it expressed that objective in a phrase that sounds similar to born again, a term for spiritual rebirth.The name is also descriptive of what it did, bashing together the features of sh, csh and ksh. The Bash command syntax is a superset of the Bourne shell command syntax. The vast majority of Bourne shell scripts can...
Words: 419 - Pages: 2
...DEDICATION 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5 Synopsis of Development and Growth of Shell Pakistan 6 Shell Pakistan’s History 6 Vision 6 Values 6 Main objectives 6 Products and services 7 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 8 Ratio Analysis 8 Short Term Debt Paying Ability 8 Profitability Ratios 15 Ratios for Investors 18 Long Term Debt Paying Ability 19 Overall Financial Performance 21 PESTEL ANALYSIS 22 Political Factors 22 Economic Factors 22 Social Factors 23 Technological Factors 23 Ecological Factors 23 Legal Factors 23 SWOT ANALYSIS 24 Strengths 24 Weaknesses 24 Opportunities 25 Threats 25 REFERENCES 26 Synopsis of Development and Growth of Shell Pakistan Shell Pakistan’s History The Shell brand name enjoys a 100-year history in the subcontinent region, dating back to 1899 when Asiatic Petroleum, the far eastern marketing arm of two companies: Shell Transport Company and Royal Dutch Petroleum Company began importing kerosene oil from Azerbaijan into the subcontinent. The documented history of Royal Dutch Shell plc in Indo_Pakistan subcontinent dates back to 1903 when partnership was struck between The Shell Transport & Trading Company and the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company to supply petroleum to Asia. In 1928, to enhance their distribution capabilities, the marketing interest of Royal Dutch Shell plc and the Burmah Oil Company Limited in India were merged and Burmah Shell Oil Storage & Distribution Company of India was born. After the...
Words: 4804 - Pages: 20
...1. Shell makes a close relationship with the Nigerian military regime during the early 1990s. The oil company requested an increase in security and provided monetary and logistical support to the Nigerian police. Shell frequently called upon the Nigerian police for “security operations” that often amounted to raids and terror campaigns against the Ogoni. In response to growing Ogoni opposition shell and the Nigerian government coordinated a public relations campaign to discredit the movement, falsely attributing airplane hijackings, kidnapping and other acts of violence to Ken Saro-Wiwa and MOSOP. Shell was involved in the development of the strategy that resulted in the unlawful execution of the Ogoni Nine. Shell told the Nigerian regime they needed to deal with Ken Saro-Wiwa and MOSOP. Shell monitored Ken Saro-Wiwa, and closely followed the tribunal and his detention. Prior to the trial, Shell Nigeria told its parent companies that Saro-Wiwa would be convicted and told witnesses that Saro- Wiwa was never going free. Shell held meetings with the Nigerian regime to discuss the tribunal, including with the military president Sani Abacha himself. Shell's lawyer attended the trial, which, in Nigeria, is a privilege afforded only to interested parties. Brian Anderson, the Managing Director of Shell’s Nigerian subsidiary, met with Owens Wiwa, Saro-Wiwa’s brother and offered to trade Saro-Wiwa’s freedom for an end to the protests against the company. At least two witnesses who testified...
Words: 610 - Pages: 3
...ROEL A. GUTAY BSIT 4-3 201010981 PROJECT IN PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES C SHELL HISTORY : The C shell (csh or the improved version, tcsh, on most machines) is aUnix shell that was created by Bill Joy while a graduate student atUniversity of California, Berkeley in the late 1970s. It has been distributed widely, beginning with the 2BSD release of the BSD Unix system that Joy began distributing in 1978. Other early contributors to the ideas or the code were Michael Ubell, Eric Allman, Mike O'Brien and Jim Kulp. The C shell is a command processor typically run in a text window, allowing the user to type commands. The C shell can also read commands from a file, called a script. Like all Unix shells, it supports filename wildcarding, piping, here documents, command substitution,variables and control structures for condition-testing and iteration. What differentiated the C shell from others, especially in the 1980s, were its interactive features and overall style. Its new features made it easier and faster to use. The overall style of the language looked more like C and was seen as more readable. On many systems, such as Mac OS X and Red Hat Linux, csh is actually tcsh, an improved version of csh. One file containing the tcsh executable has links to it as both "csh" and "tcsh" so that either name refers to the same improved version of the C shell. On Debian, Ubuntu, and their derivatives, there are two different packages: csh and tcsh. The former is...
Words: 2049 - Pages: 9
...1. What is a Shell Script? A shell script is a text file that contains a sequence of commands for a UNIX-based operating system. It's called a shell script because it combines into a "script" in a single file a sequence of commands that would otherwise have to be presented to the system from a keyboard one at a time. The shell is the operating system's command interpreter and the set of commands you use to communicate with the system. A shell script is usually created for command sequences for which a user has a repeated need. You initiate the sequence of commands in the shell script by simply entering the name of the shell script on a command line. 2. What are the advantages of using shell scripts ? A scripting language is a form of programming language that is usually interpreted rather than compiled. Conventional programs are converted permanently into executable files before they are run. In contrast, programs in scripting language are interpreted one command at a time. Scripting languages are often written to facilitate enhanced features of Web sites. These features are processed on the server but the script in a specific page runs on the user's browser. In most cases, it is easier to write the code in a scripting language than in a compiled language. However, scripting languages are slower because the instructions are not handled solely by the basic instruction processor. Scripting languages allow rapid development and can communicate easily with programs written...
Words: 370 - Pages: 2
...| Ship “Shell” Hit an Iceberg | Shell Oil Scandal in 2004 | | In 2004, the Shell Company was involved in an oil reserves reporting scandal. It made them caught in low point. | | Ines Chen, Leilani Zhao, Bingchen Wang | Contents Background……………………………………………………………………….. 2 Purpose of the case study… ………………………………………………...…2 Shell Company, the oil Industry giants………………………………………..3 The Iceberg ----Shell oil scandal ……………………………………………….. 4 Effect of the Scandal ……………………….……………………………………..6 The Origins of the Scandal …….………………………………………………....7 Weak internal controls, the dual company structure ......……………….…7 The shortage of oil reserves and World oil crisis ……………….....………10 The Closed Corporate Culture…………………………….………………..….11 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….……14 Works Cited………………………………………………………………………15 Background: In recent years, Shell was one of the most famous companies of the world because of excellent long-term planning, outstanding technical capabilities and unique management style. Shell, which was the Anglo-Dutch heritage and a twin board structure, once was treaded as textbook example of a multinational company. When people talked about the Shell Company, they always remembered the old corporate slogan, 'You could be sure of Shell'. Yes, this seemed a mere statement of fact. But such the good company liked this also did some bad things from the mid-1990s. The company had dealt with the environmental and human right's problem, and its competitors...
Words: 4280 - Pages: 18
...Shell in the Niger Delta: A Framework for Change Five case studies from civil society sponsored by February 2010 About ECCR The Ecumenical Council for Corporate Responsibility (ECCR) is a church-based investor coalition and membership organisation working for economic justice, environmental stewardship, and corporate and investor responsibility. ECCR undertakes research, advocacy and dialogue with companies and investors. It seeks to influence company policy and practice and to raise awareness among the British and Irish churches, the investor community and the general public. For more information, please visit www.eccr.org.uk. Acknowledgements ECCR would like to thank the five civil society organisations that contributed case studies based on their work in the Niger Delta; Cordaid for generously sponsoring the report; members, partners and independent experts who advised, read and commented on the text before publication; Royal Dutch Shell Plc and Shell Petroleum Development Corporation of Nigeria for providing company information and commenting on the text. Cover photo credits: Friends of the Earth International; IRIN/UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; Milieudefensie/Friends of the Earth Netherlands; Stakeholder Democracy Network. Disclaimers ECCR has commissioned and published these case studies as a contribution to public understanding. The text has undergone a careful process of fact-checking and review to achieve accuracy and balance. Nevertheless...
Words: 40025 - Pages: 161
...tempered by care for the environment and concern for people - both now and in the future. This meant that if Shell wanted to stay in business, prosper and grow in the future, it had to find effective ways to incorporate the principles of sustainable development into its business practices - not as an option but as a necessity to survive. Shell reviewed all aspects of its activities in light of what it learned about sustainable development and society's changing expectations towards the behaviour of business. In 1997, Shell decided that, in parallel with its efforts at internal transformation, it would launch a new global, social investment effort that would concentrate on working with external partners to advance sustainable development worldwide. This decision ultimately led to the establishment of the Shell Foundation. Shell’s worldwide social investment initiative promotes sustainable development. Their main aim is to maximize benefit to the society and environment and to have integrity in their operations. The main aim is to maximize benefit to the society and environment and to have integrity in their operations. There are 6 main programs under the Shell Foundation namely: Aspire, Trading UP, Embarq, Breathing Space, Excelerate, and Climate Change ASPIRE: Through a long and close partnership with GroFin - a specialist business developer and financier - Shell Foundation helped pioneer a new business model specifically designed to service the Growth Finance sector...
Words: 1134 - Pages: 5
...Re: Global Equity Markets: The Case of Royal Dutch and Shell Structure: The Royal Dutch/Shell Group is different because it appears that it is functioning as a single company instead of two separate companies. Yet, they are functioning as two separate companies. The Shell Company in the Netherlands, the Shell Company in the UK and the Shell Petroleum Company in the USA all appear to be maintaining their own identities in their respective countries. The Royal Dutch and Shell Company share equally in the Shell Company in the Netherlands, The Shell Company in the UK and the Shell Company in the U.S. They are not separate companies since they are linked by corporate charter. There is a separation of the two entities on the holding company level and all operational entities are a 60/40 owned by the two holding vehicles. The equity listings of the companies I am familiar with are more like a merger of two companies. In a merger, both companies would become one sharing everything that they own. The two listed organizations have entered into profitsharing agreements with each other, and equalizationratios exist to keep the economic performances of the two stocks linked to each other. ADRs: An ADR is an American Depository Receipt which is a stock that trades in the United States but represents a specified number of shares in a foreign corporation. ADRs are bought and sold just like stocks through a bank or brokerage. Investors usually find it more convenient to own an ADR since...
Words: 1278 - Pages: 6
...Introduction to the Company Shell is one of the largest producers of oil and gas in the world. Royal Dutch Shell plc or commonly known as Shell is an Anglo-Dutch multinational company which has its headquarters based in Netherlands. The company was created by a merger between Royal Dutch Petroleum and a UK based firm called Shell Transport and Trading. As by 2014, Royal Dutch Shell has been measured as the fourth largest company of the world in terms of revenue. The company operates in five different sectors which include exploration and production, power, refining, marketing, chemicals and shipping. The company is sixty percent owned by Royal Dutch Petroleum and forty percent by Shell transport and trading. Is Shell Successful in its operations ? Shell is the leader amongst the group of companies in the sectors of energy and petrochemicals. The company operates in more than 145 countries and employing around 120,000 people. Shell is one of the largest oil and gas companies in terms of capturing the market share, production of oil and gas and operating cash flows (www.static.shell.com). For the last five years, Shell has gained the market share of 13 percent in the United States and around 23 percent in Mexico which is the fastest growing market in North America. Their downstream business have generated a cash flow of over 21 billion US dollars in the last five years. Shell has announced a dividend of 10.5 billion US dollar in 2011 and is aiming to improve the dividend which...
Words: 4115 - Pages: 17
...Summary Shell, one of the largest multinational oil companies planned to dispose of the Brent Spar, which was huge floating oil storage and loading buoy, by sinking it at a site in the deep Northern Atlantic, with full UK Government approval. But a combination of Greenpeace, European Ministers and the public stopped them. In order to ensure that no similar incidents occur in the future, the Shell UK should seek to build an open and transparent process, involve environmental interest group like Greenpeace. Issues Disposal Options: In the last analysis, there were two options; horizontal on-shore dismantling and deep water disposal. Shell qualified the deep water disposal option as Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO). BEPO Process: Several options were evaluated according to engineering complexity, risk to health and safety of workforce, environmental impact, cost, and acceptability by the British authorities and other interested parties, such as fishermen’s associations. It is important to that stakeholders such as Greenpeace were not included. Deep water disposal option: The deep water disposal option had the advantage on the grounds of engineering complexity, risk to health and safety of the work force, and cost (about 11 million pounds versus 46 million pounds). Regulatory Principles: The International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) guidelines and UK legislation stipulate that sinking in the ocean is an acceptable option. Shell’ position: Shell was seen to...
Words: 961 - Pages: 4
...Shell is an Anglo–Dutch multinational oil and gas company incorporated in the United Kingdom and headquartered in the Netherlands. Created by the merger of Royal Dutch Petroleum and UK-based Shell Transport & Trading in 1907. By 2011, they became the second largest company in relation to revenue, growth and profitability in the oil and gas sector (Bruijn et al, 2002). The company operates in all areas of oil and gas industry, these areas include exploration of oil and gas, supplies and distribution, marketing, production, refinery, petrochemical development and power generation (McIntosh, 2001). The company is also concerned about environmental conservation, and it has invested heavily on the production, and distribution of renewable energy (Carroll, 1999). It supports initiatives of developing and distribution bio-fuel energy, wind and solar power, and hydrogen energy. The oil boom of the early 1920s, particularly at Shell’s Signal Hill, California site, provided the company with an opportunity to penetrate the Los Angeles area with sales of Shell gasoline and petroleum products manufactured in its new refineries nearby. In 1922, Shell Company of California and Roxana Petroleum merged with Union Oil Company of Delaware to form a holding company called Shell Union Oil Corporation. Approximately 65 percent of the holding company’s shares was held by Royal Dutch/Shell Group. Upon developing the ability to synthesize 100-octane gasoline, Shell began supplying this fuel to the U...
Words: 907 - Pages: 4
...Corporate Social Responsibility: Shell Introduction An Overview to Shell Shell is a global company dealing in energy and petrochemical products. The company has its operation spread in more than 80 countries and has employed around 90,000 employees. The organisation helps to satisfy the rising energy demand in socially, environmentally and responsible way. During last few years, corporate social responsibility has been gaining more and more prominence and Shell had been one of the first organisations to weave corporate social responsibility into the firm’s business Philosophy. The group undertook a number of projects which all aimed at the sustainable development of those regions where the company carried out its operational activities. Across the globe, the Shell foundation, which was founded with an initial endowment of USD 250 million from Shell, has been actively involved in a number of sustainable development projects. The group’s initiatives were well appraised by World Environment Council. Corporate Social Responsibility Modern business is oblige to satisfy demanding environmental, ethical, commercial, ethical and public standards as specified by the wider society (Crane et. al., 2007; Burchell, 2008). It is an appraised fact these days that economic value enhances through voluntary cooperation between the companies and its stakeholders (Schwartz, 2011; Bacher, 2007). In Nigeria Delta, Shell has been accused of poor stakeholder management (Idowu...
Words: 2748 - Pages: 11
...to both national politics and the oil industry help put Shell Oil Company’s operations in Nigeria into context. Nigeria, an English speaking country in West Africa, is the most populated country in Africa with 180 million people; and has one of the largest and fastest growing economies in the world with five percent growth in GDP every year. Further, Nigeria is one of the world’s largest producers of oil in the world and is part of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (hereafter “OPEC”). RDS, a British and Dutch multinational gas and petroleum company headquartered in Holland, has many subsidiaries such as the Shell Oil Company (American Subsidiary) and Shell Petroleum Development Company (Nigerian Subsidiary hereafter referred to as “SPDC”). SPDC has been the biggest fossil fuel company in the Nigeria and it accounts for over twenty percent of Nigeria's total oil production. Shell was first established in Nigeria in 1937 and was given a license of exploration in 1938. Four years before Nigeria’s Independence from Great Britain in 1960, Shell Nigeria discovered economically feasible oil in 1956. In 1957, Shell established the first oil field in the Delta region of Nigeria, located in the land owned by the Ogoni tribe. By 1958, Shell had begun exporting oil from Nigeria for the first time commercially. I. Question of Ethical Breach? Since the 1970’s, Shell has consistently been accused of major environmental and...
Words: 703 - Pages: 3
