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Short Stories and the Human Condition (Spanish)

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Submitted By Charliewins
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La tesis que trataremos en este análisis es: “El cuento como reflejo y escrutinio de la condición humana”. La cual abordaremos mediante cuentos que han sido leídos para las clases, las discusiones durante estas mismas y material externo adicional.

Partiremos entonces con la idea o supuesto de que el cuento, que es una narración breve de sucesos ficticios o de carácter fantásticos, es una fiel representación de la condición humana. Este razonamiento se basa en un hecho importante: el cuento se alimenta de las vivencias, experiencias y la imaginativa de cada autor y su bagaje. Por lo tanto, se hace comienza a evidenciar lo que postulamos; así como las palabras reflejan el pensamiento del hombre, el cuento refleja la condición del que lo escribe, y aquel que lo escribe no es otro que el mismo hombre.

Antes de seguir se hace necesario definir que es está condición humana de la que hablamos. Existe más de una definición, pero en su forma genérica, comenzaremos por afirmar que son todos aquellos rasgos y características únicas de un ser humano y su existencia. Para precisar con mayor detalle y simplificar la tarea de este análisis diremos que, en particular, concierne temas como la búsqueda de un sentido de la vida, la concienciación de la inevitabilidad de la muerte, la búsqueda de gratificación, la soledad, la sabiduría, el actuar de forma racional e irracional, y la curiosidad. En este ensayo nos limitaremos a discutir la sapiencia, la racionalidad y la irracionalidad, y en menor medida, su relación con los otros temas mencionados.

La sabiduría así como el actuar de forma racional son temas que se logran apreciar en varios de los cuentos vistos. En el relato del “Juicio del Rey Salomón” se muestra la perspicaz forma en que el monarca apela a las emociones y reacciones de ambas prostitutas, buscando la reacción maternal que es instintiva. Y es que los seres humanos no dejan de ser animales en un principio y gozan de instintos, eso es innegable.

Lo relevante es el modo de indagar la situación del soberano, el cual es propio de la sapiencia y de la función racional del ser humano, pues es evidente que aquella madre que quiere tanto a su hijo jamás querría partirlo para compartir las mitades como si fuese un objeto, más desearía no tenerlo pero asegurarse de que viva.

Ella está consciente del significado de la muerte y lo pondera frente a la posibilidad de no vivir en compañía de su hijo, en soledad. Todo esto pasa en un instante y refleja aspectos inherentes a la condición del ser humano.

La sapiencia y la agudeza también se manifiestan en el “Cuento XXXV de Juan Manuel”, el Mancebo utiliza como recurso el infundir miedo en la primera impresión para hacer que su esposa lo respete y obtener así una posición económica favorable. Es una clara maquinación de una estrategia para obtener un resultado deseado, algo que únicamente el ser humano, para bien o para mal, utiliza para lograr sus fines.

En “Lamporecchio” de Giovanni Boccaccio ocurre un mecanismo similar, Masetto diseña un plan cuya elaboración solo podría ser creado por un ser humano. Finge ser sordo mudo y obtener trabajo en el convento, para así conseguir la gratificación de tener a las mujeres, que en este caso son monjas, lo cual representa un desafío. Pareciera ser que los instintos del ser humano se empapan con la inteligencia y razonamiento del ser humano, y se sirven (o a veces obstruyen) entre sí.

En “El Traje del Prisionero” de Naguib Mahfuz, el Buche es ingenioso al intercambiar sus cigarrillos por ropa del tren, esta le permitiría elevar su estatus y conseguir algo de atención de la mujer que él quería. Similar al caso anterior, con la diferencia en que en este caso en particular el Buche muere de un disparo. Su plan era lógico aunque incompleto y por consiguiente, carecía de infalibilidad.

Y es que los seres humanos gozan de la gran ventaja sobre los animales de poseer la capacidad de raciocinio, pero esto no garantiza la perfección ni el éxito, sobre todo cuando del lado opuesto hay otro ser humano con distintos fines, y sobre todo cuando el ser humano tiene latente parte de instinto animal . A pesar de todas las competencias y la inteligencia del ser humano la muerte es inevitable para este, de alguna u otra manera.

En “El Cuento más hermoso del mundo”, también hay un nivel de sagacidad cuando el escritor se apodera de la idea de Charlie Mears para obtener fama y reconocimiento y lo incentiva para que se la relate en detalle. Al enterarse de lo bueno que era su argumento le ofreció dinero y lo convenció de que se comprará algo con este, sin duda que es un plan racional e inteligente. Pero dentro de las complejidades del ser humano se encuentra el elemento de lo imprevisible. En este caso, en el plan del escritor jamás se calculó el efecto que los libros tendrían en Charlie, y menos aún el resultado del enamoramiento de este, y es que la búsqueda de la gratificación y el evitar la soledad son dos cosas que la naturaleza le ha dado al ser humano y las ha fundido, y que pareciera que al unirse ambas se potencian. Charlie había olvidado toda vida pasada al conocer el amor, y a partir de ahí se escribe otra historia, que paradójicamente es la más linda del mundo para Charlie pero significa que no habrá una historia más linda del mundo para el escritor, pues ya no tiene historia para escribir.

Otro cuento que evidencia un componente de astucia con un final paradójico es el “Orden de las páginas”, un relato anónimo de África. En esta narración el Bambara y el Peul son avisados, por un guardia de la celda que compartían, que el Rey pensaba en castigarlos, castrando a uno y decapitando al otro.

El Peul, más avispado que el Bambara toma las previsiones en consideración y comienza a pedir alivio de un supuesto dolor en sus testículos, solo para que el guardia llegara y le castrara de un sablazo. Es claro que al sopesar ambas alternativas el Peul valora la vida(o le teme a la muerte) más que sus testículos, y está feliz de haber evitado su muerte. Luego, nuevamente hay un elemento de imprevisión y desenlace fortuito, el Rey ha cambiado de parecer y no castigará a ninguno de sus prisioneros, a los cuales deja en libertad. Luego, una decisión racional parece ser irracional, pero en realidad la idea del Peul fue totalmente racional, suponiendo que el Rey no cambia sus decisiones muy a menudo.

Finalmente, resulta necesario contrastar la racionalidad, sapiencia y sagacidad que hemos estado tratando con la irracionalidad. No hay que confundir irracional con animal, si bien los animales no poseen la capacidad de ser racionales a un nivel tan desarrollado como lo puede llegar a tener un ser humano, los primeros poseen un sistema que es completamente lógico, los instintos. Pero el ser humano entra con la irracionalidad en una categoría completamente nueva de comportamiento, inesperado, incierto, a veces a raíz de la curiosidad, otras a raíz de ninguna razón en particular. Por ejemplo, en el cuento “Tobías Mindernickel”, donde Tobías claramente tiene en su nuevo perro un compañero que aplaca la soledad que este pudiese haber sentido con anterioridad. Luego, las acciones del perro hacen que de súbito y sin razón aparente Tobías clave un cuchillo en su mascota.

Es esta imprevisibilidad de lo irracional, junto con lo racional y sumado a los instintos lo que hace del ser humano un ente tan complejo y difícil de analizar. Son tantas las variables en juego que resulta imposible modelar de forma matemática el comportamiento y la condición humana. Pero sin embargo, a través de los cuentos leídos hemos podido abordar el tema de forma cualitativa, que en estos el reflejo de la condición humana fluye de manera desbordante. Resulta razonable afirmar que los cuentos son un espejo al alma de los escritores, el escritor se sitúa en un lado del espejo y el lector al otro lado, y el espejo al medio. Luego, lo que el ser humano busca es una historia con la que se sienta identificado, con la que pueda verse a sí mismo al otro lado del espejo, y los cuentos que muestran los aspectos de la condición humana, que como ya hemos discutido son los elementos más genéricos que un hombre puede tener, constituyen una cara familiar a la que el lector puede reconocer y sentir empatía.

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