...Memory Systems Exam PSYCH 640 October 6, 2014 Gaston Weisz Student Name: Class: Cognitive Psychology 640 [Memory Systems Test] Achieved Score: Possible High Score: 100 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. What type of memory stores information for about 30 seconds? A. Working Memory B. Long Term Memory C. Short Term Memory D. None of the Above E. All of the Above 2. What is the estimated amount of neurons in the human brain? F. 1 Trillion G. 450 Billion H. 100 billion I. 895 million J. 1,000 trillion 3. What is the correct explanation for encoding memory? A. Encoding in psychology is taking information into the mind and coding it with brain code and storing the information for later retrieval B. Encoding memory is when memory is recalled to working memory for use and access, then returned to long term memory when the information is no longer required C. Encoding in psychology is the transformation, as well as the transfer of information into a memory system that requires selective attention which is the focusing of awareness on a particular set of stimuli or events. D. Encoding memory is when your brain applies “1’s and 0’s” to information that is collected and placed in long term memory or discarded depending on if the memory is rehearsed or discarded • True or False questions: True False 1. Can a false memory seem real and be perceived as a genuine memory? True False 2. Is long term memory controlled by the hippocampus portion...
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...Learning and Memory Humans are continually learning, storing and coding raw information that is sent to us from our sensory registers from the outside world. Because of such an overload of stimuli thrown at us, it is vital and necessary to learn as infants and throughout our lives how to store and process this information. We learn to pay attention to some material, while other data is filtered out immediately. Researchers have spent enormous amounts of time studying the different types of memory: short-term memory, long-term memory, procedural memory and declarative memory. Because the only way we survive, evolve and learn new skills and talents is by developing our minds and adapting to the ever changing demands of life. What scientists have discovered is that learning requires attention, coding and storing of past memories and experiences. In order to live healthy and happy lives, we can stimulate and encourage learning throughout our entire lifetime from infancy to late adulthood providing that our brain is biologically healthy and intact. Most important, scientists are now studying what simple changes can be made to stave off such diseases such as Dementia and Alzheimer’s. The only kind of memory that the world has ever been able to agree on is that one which saves occurrences from the past. Even more limiting is a methodical notion in which the procedure that creates memory (learning) is identified by the modification of the actions of an individual who...
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...stores and retrieves memory. Exactly how do we store memory? How come we can remember specific memories such as people, places, things, or ideas? It is so interesting to find out how the human brain stores and retrieves memory and how important it is to us in our everyday lives. In the first three paragraphs I will specifically talk about each form of memory, how they work, and how they are stored, then I will continue to discuss how humans remember/retrieve important information. Sensory is one of the first forms of memory, it is also the smallest and quickest form. Sensory memory is the shortest form of memory humans have. As you can tell by the name sensory memory...
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...A Look into the Human Memory Process Jasmin Chopper American Intercontinental University Abstract The memory process is comprised of different aspects which a person uses to acquire, retain, store, and later retrieve information. There are different systems of the memory process that are in charge of different types of memories. A stage model is used to help better understand the 3 different stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long- term memory. There are ways to help one improve the process of information flowing into the next stage of memory. Some factors contribute to a person’s inability to properly retrieve information as well as cause a person to forget information. Memory is a complex process that pertains to more than just looking at an object and remembering what you saw. A Look into the Human Memory Process The human memory is a process in which we use to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve information. Memory has to deal with different systems that are in charge of different types of memories (Sayre, 2011). A way of understanding more about memory would be to look at the stage model of memory, which is often used to explain the basic structure as well as function of memory. The model was initially proposed by Atkinson and Shiffron in 1968, this theory outlines 3 different stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory is the earliest stage of memory where sensory information from...
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...multi-store model of memory The multi-store model of memory is a representation of the flow of information through the memory system. The information first flows through the sensory memory, then the short-term memory, and then the long-term memory. Information is detected by the sense organs and enters the sensory memory. If the information is not given attention then it is forgotten through trace decay. If the information is given attention then it goes to the short-term memory. If you repeat the information then it stays in your short-term memory due to the process of maintenance rehearsal. This means that if the information is repeated then it stays refreshed in our minds. But items can also be forgotten in the short-term memory due to displacement. This is the process by which items in the STM are pushed out to make room for incoming new ones. However, if the information has remained in the STM due to maintenance rehearsal and links are made, then the information is transferred to the long-term memory through the process elaborative rehearsal. Making links is when you subconsciously compare information to something you have seen before therefore making it easier to remember. When you think of a memory then you retrieve it from your LTM and bring it to your STM. This is called retrieval. Each part of the multi-store model of memory has a different amount of capacity, duration and encoding. The capacity is the amount of information that can be held in a memory store, for example...
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...Memory Alexandra Matz 21953704 April 30th 2014 Essentials of Psychology SSC130 Essay 25072400 Say you are playing a game of Disney Scene It, and to win the game comes down to one question: Who kidnapped Hercules when he was a baby? As you try to find the answer, your brain is going through many different fundamental processes that relate to your memory. The information may have never been exposed as to whom Hercules kidnappers were. However if you have been exposed to such information it may not have registered in your brain as meaningful. This could mean that the information might have been mis-recorded in your memory. The first initial process of recording information to memory is called encoding. Even if you had been exposed to the information and had originally knew the answer to the question you may be unable to recall during game play because of failure to retain that specific information. Memory specialists talk of a storage which is the maintenance of the material stored in memory. If this material is not stored correctly, a person may not be able to recall the information at a later time. Memory depends on one last particular process called retrieval. With retrieval the material in memory storages has to be located and brought to a persons awareness in order to be useful. Your inability to recall the kidnappers names, may be the inability to retrieve information, that you have previously learned. To sum it all up psychologists consider memory to be a process by which...
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...Memory In psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences. Traditional studies of memory began in the fields of philosophy, including techniques of artificially enhancing memory. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, scientists have put memory within the example of cognitive psychology. In recent decades, it has become one of the principal pillars of a branch of science called cognitive neuroscience, an interdisciplinary link between cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Processes From information processing perspective there are three main stages and 3 types of memories in the formation and retrieval of memory: Encoding or registration (receiving, processing and combining of received information) Storage (creation of a permanent record of the encoded information) Retrieval, recall or recollection (calling back the stored information in response to some cue for use in a process or activity). A. Sensory memory * The ability to look at an item, and remember what it looked like with just a second of observation, or memorization, is an example of sensory memory. * The capacity of sensory memory was approximately 12 items, but that it degraded very quickly (within a few hundred milliseconds). * This type of memory cannot be delayed via rehearsal. * Iconic memory is a type of sensory memory that briefly stores an image which has been perceived for a small duration. * Echoic...
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...Memory is defined as learning that has persisted over time that is processed as information and stored to be recalled at a later time. However, do we know how our memories are stored? Memory researchers and psychologist have debated whether we as humans store memories in a single, unitary system or multiple system pertaining to different types of memories. The multiple memory system theory states that memory is stored into different types of memory or storage. Those being short-term vs. long-term, procedural vs. declarative, semantic vs. episodic, and so on. Single unitary system or states that memory is unified by short term and long-term memory through a process that stores the memory together in the hippocampus. The debate that researcher and psychologist have been arguing about is whether which model best fits into how we actually store memory. Arguments can be made for both sides in how humans store there memories. Vouchers of the...
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...to reduce habits of forgetting have emerged. Memory is attributed to the functioning of three stages: encoding – the process of storing data, storage – the process of retaining data, and retrieval - the process of recovering data. Several factors are tied together and influence forgetting. It can happen before or even after the actual memory process. Keywords: memory process, encoding, storage, retrieval Why We Forget Forgetting is the loss of information stored in an individual’s memory. It’s the process in which older memories cannot be recalled from ones memory databank. Research studied by Edward Thorndike which was compiled in his novel “The Psychology of Learning” in 1914 shows one possible explanation: “The Decay Theory of Forgetting” found that there is a theory to explain this behavior. Over time, if the specific memory isn’t recalled and an effort isn’t made to preserve the notion or event, it will fade with time. If an attempt of recalling a memory is not made within a certain timeframe the memory will fade to darkness. Another theory known as “Interference Theory” was realized by the German psychologist Bergstrom, it is suggested that some memories compete and affect other memories. (Paul Connerton, 2008, “Seven Types of Forgetting”) When information is very similar to other information already stored in memory, interference or some kind of static is most likely to occur. Proactive interference is when an older memory makes it more difficult or almost impossible...
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...make new long-term memories. In the movie Inception, this same idea is presented to us but in a different form. Auxier describes it as “ a lasagna of ideas about time and dreams” (Auxier, 280) and begins with firstly explaining the idea of mementoes and totems. A “totem” is an object that the characters in this film keep with them in real life and in the dream world. It is identified as something unique, heavy and that only the owner is allowed to handle. Its purpose is to provide the dream-invaders a way of knowing whether they are in the dream world or in reality. If a totem is expected to fall, or operate in a certain way, then any change in this indicates that you are in a dream. Most importantly, Auxier says that this serves as “a point of connection between what you’re experiencing within yourself (beliefs, perceptions, assumptions) and the way the world really is.” (Auxier, 282) The idea of a “totem” allows for continuity of time in the narrative, it acts as a guide when discontinuities are found. Furthermore, both films attempt to explore the same problem, the continuity and discontinuity in our experience, and how discontinuity affects our ability to know the truth about the world we live in. Between the time passing and the way we experience it, lies a gap; however this is where memory comes into play. Memory is the way we see our world (through our past experiences) therefore we carry it around everywhere we go, and with every new experience, we use memory as a point...
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...Information is everywhere and it is important that people remember certain things in order to function and prosper in life. It is obvious that particular pieces of information are remembered better than others, but why is that? Perhaps it could be the relative importance of information to people that affects memory recall, or maybe it is the depth in which the information is processed. Cognitive psychology, which is the study of the mental processes of people, allows researchers to study how humans process and remember information. Craik and Tulving (1975) studied why certain information is recalled more adequately than different information. The study rejected the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory (1967) and instead, corroborated Craik & Lockhart's...
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...four stages, pre-dementia, early (mild), moderate, and advanced (severe). Body I. The first stage is pre-dementia. A. Symptoms are mistaken as normal ageing or stress. 1. Forgetfulness- can’t find the keys, or forgetting appointments. 2. Attentiveness- not paying attention during conversations, distracted easy. 3. Flexibility- problems adjusting if routines change. Transition: The first stage, pre-dementia, can last up to eight years. Then it progresses to the second stage, early (mild) AD. II. The second stage is early (mild) AD. A. Language problems are starting to be noticeable. 1. Can’t find the right word when communicating. 2. Has difficulty when writing- can’t spell words right. B. Memory is starting to be affected. 1....
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...Part 1: Memory Techniques 1. Choose two of the memory techniques that you think would work best for you, and explain why you chose them. Describe how you can use these techniques to study for an exam. • The two Memory Techniques that I chose are Visualizing as I Read and Take a Note! I chose the visualizing as I read technique because when I am reading I like to imagine things or create pictures in my mind of what is going on. Like when I read the Hunger games for instance I imagined myself as Katniss on the field fighting for my family and to live. Well while I am reading my text book I can imagine myself doing the research on eyes and the human body. I also chose take a Note because I usually use this in my everyday life. I use it when I go to church or when I am going to a meeting. I take notes so that I can review them for later and study them because they come in handy. I also always use this method in school. I use flash cards and write down a summary on the lesson on them so when I need to review them for a test or anything I already have them in hand ready to read. 2. Explain the encoding, storage, and retrieval processes and how these processes operate while studying for and taking an exam. • Encoding and Storage is the process by which we place the things that we experience into memory. Unless we encode the information we learn we won’t be able to remember it later on. Sometime we only encode things that are important to us. One way of encoding information from...
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...CLA IA HL Psychology Does Schema Theory effect memory encoding? Introduction: Memory can be defined as the process of reproducing and recalling information from something that has been learned before. (W. Matlin) There are two main types of memory storages, short term storage and long term memory storage. Short term memory is usually described as the recollection of information that happened recently, while long term memory is something that can retain and stay in your brain for long periods of times. (Zimmermann, 2014) Schemas are mental saving devices, they are plans for action and frameworks for thinking. Schemas originally are used and serve as a window through which we perceive the way the world is. They are hierarchies of knowledge and provide us with all sort of different information. They allow us to navigate ourselves in a complex world through this pre-existing rules and guides for action and thought. (Bryan). A study conducted by (Bartlett, 1932) “War of the Ghosts” was aimed to investigate the effects of schemas on human memory. In the method the participants were asked to read a story about an American tale where people were hunting seals in Canoes. The participants’ memory was tested and investigated by repeated reproduction and serial reproduction. In serial reproduction, the first participant would read the original story and then rewrite what they remember about it. The first participant’s reproduction would then be read by the second participant...
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...pertaining to effective learning and retention by pupils. Memory and recall can be influenced in various ways by abilities of sensory, working and long term memory; existing knowledge; and metacognitive processes. It is the aim of teachers to assist students in utilising these processes to the best of their ability. Among some ways this can be achieved are by providing opportunity to make mnemonic associations for themselves with knowledge which is familiar and by ensuring understanding exists surrounding the importance and usefulness of techniques such as elaboration. This essay will outline the above factors and suggest ways that teachers can assist students in effective learning and recall. Memory can be defined as “an essential part of the information-processing system that governs learning and is of utmost importance for the maintenance of learning over time” (Langan-Fox, 2002, p110). The information processing system senses all external events, pays attention to what is relevant, encodes this information in line with prior knowledge and stores it in long-term memory until retrieval is required (Woolfolk & Margetts, 2010). The structures of memory can be classified into three groups: sensory memory, working memory and long-term memory. Sensory memory is the site of initial processing and is where sensory information is processed very briefly, normally only for about one to three seconds. The capacity of sensory memory is very large enabling us to receive all sensory information...
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