...ABSTRACT Reaction time is one of the important methods to study a person’s central information processing speed and coordinated peripheral movement response. Simple reaction time is usually defined as the time required for an observer to detect the presence of a stimulus. The main purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a significant relationship between distance and the reaction time of an individual to light whereas distance is the independent variable and RT is the dependent variable. There were two participants involved in this study; the subject and the experimenter. The students were instructed to pick a laboratory partner and test how fast the participant will tap the table or chair as soon as he/she sees the light flashes while the experimenter holds it and the stopwatch to record the reaction time within the distance of 20 and 30 feet with 10 trials each. Based on the results made by an 18 year old female subject, there were minimal differences on 20 ft and 30 ft but it was not enough to conclude that there is a relationship between distance and reaction time. Therefore, the hypothesis was proven to be precise by the data that was collected. However, there are some indications that affect the delay in reaction time of an individual such as: age, gender, predictability, preparation, and other external factors. INTRODUCTION Reaction is a purposeful voluntary response to an external stimulus. From the start of the experiment, the experimenter hypothesized...
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...cycloaddition reactions have been a valuable research topic for scientists for some time now. More specifically, the combination of dienes and carbonyl containing compounds have been studied primarily for their ability to combine together to form six membered oxygen heterocycles (1). The synthesis of oxygen heterocycles is a valuable tool, as these molecules are precursors to some natural products and they are also components in the synthesis of various carbohydrates (4). The general method utilized to form oxygen heterocycles was to combine an aldehyde as the heterodienophile and a diene in a hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. Extensive studies on this reaction have been completed. Huang and Rawal chose to study this reaction using hydrogen bond promoted ketones as the heterodienophile rather than aldehydes. This is the first time that unactivated ketones have been successfully utilized in a hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. This research is extremely valuable as it expands the extent by which oxygen heterocycles can be formed. This is extremely important to the biological chemists who study and utilize oxygen heterocycles frequently (1). Huang and Rawal began their study by observing the hetero-Diels Alder reaction rates between various aldehydes and the diene 1-amino-3-siloxybuadiene. They found that the reaction rate was siginificantly higher in polar protic solvents rather than polar aprotic solvents (2). They attributed this change in the reaction rate to the fact...
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...C2 Revision list Topic 1 Atomic structure and the periodic table ● Explain how Mendeleev arranged the elements, known at that time, in a periodic table by using properties of these elements and their compounds and used his table to predict the existence and properties of some elements not then discovered ● Classify elements as metals or non-metals according to their position in the periodic table ● Describe the structure of an atom as a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in shells (energy levels) ● Demonstrate an understanding that the nucleus of an atom is very small compared to the overall size of the atom ● Describe atoms of a given element as having the same number of protons in the nucleus and that this number is unique to that element ● Recall the relative charge and relative mass of a proton, a neutron and an electron ● Demonstrate an understanding that atoms contain equal numbers of protons and electrons ● Explain the meaning of the terms, atomic number, mass number and relative atomic mass ● Describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic ● Demonstrate an understanding that the existence of isotopes results in some relative atomic masses not being whole numbers ● Calculate the relative atomic mass of an element from therelative masses and abundances of its isotopes ● Draw the electronic configurations of the first 20 elements in the periodic table as diagrams and in the form 2.8.1 ● Describe the connection between the number...
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...Belief that a phobia is not the same as a fear is controversial. This is increasingly important in this age of advanced psychology, medicine, and technology. Many people think that a phobia is defined as having a fear of a certain stimuli, but seem to overlook the fact that a phobia is more than a fear it is a psychological disorder. Phobias are quite difficult to understand, even to a person who has one. A phobia is an unrealistic and disproportionate fear of a certain stimuli resulting in panic, severe anxiety, lack of control and impairment. Phobias can be classified into two main groups, simple specific and complex general. Simple specific phobias are defined as an irrational fear to one specific stimulus, like a snake for example. People with this type of phobia only react to that one thing, and the reaction only results when the certain stimulus is encountered. Some examples of simple specific phobias are emetaphobia, the fear of vomiting, arachnophobia, the fear of spiders, and astraphobia, the fear of thunder and lightning. On the other side, complex general phobias result from situations, not specific stimuli. For...
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... Title: To determine if the reaction time of an athlete is greater than the reaction time of a non athlete. Name of Candidate: Shamoy Cole Center #: 100033 Candidate #: 1000331331 Territory: Jamaica Teacher: Mr. Jarrett Acknowledgement I must first thank God the Lord God for blessing me with the knowledge, wisdom, strength and understanding in completing my Internal Assessment. I would also like to thank my teacher Mr. Leemore Jarrett who has been committed in his efforts to competently prepare me for this Mathematics examination. Last but not least, I would like to thank all my volunteers for their kindness in donating the time and require data that were fundamental in completing this assignment. Thanks to you all!!! Introduction This is a simple experiment to determine if the reaction time of an athlete is greater than the reaction time of a non athlete. This test uses the known properties of gravity to determine how long it takes a person to respond to the dropping of an object by measuring how far the object can fall before being caught. In this experiment the stimulus is visual (the dropping of a ruler) and the evidence of reaction is the catching of the ruler. The conclusion to be drawn will be done through careful analysis of simple statistical values to be completed from data collected. Research question 1. Is the reaction time of an athlete greater than that...
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...synthesis and work-up of isobutyl isobutyrate. The synthesis reaction of isobutyl isobutyrate was monitored by Mini – Gas Chromatography in order to monitor the progression of reactant to product. Mini-GC is a very valuable way to evaluate the progress of a reaction for which Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) can not be used, while still only requiring a small sample of the reaction mixture. The isobutyl isobutyrate was separated via liquid/liquid extraction and purified by distillation. The separated isobutyl isobutyrate ester was then classified and checked for impurities by determination of Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), IR, and 1H NMR spectra. Results and Discussion For...
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...Photosynthesis happens when the sunlight is captured by the chlorophyll, carbon dioxide enters through the stomata and water enters through the roots. Photosynthesis produces glucose and water. The carbon dioxide is produced by animals which breathe it out and the glucose, which is sugar, is produced by the process of photosynthesis. This production is helpful to both the plants and animals. The oxygen produced as a by-product is used by the animals and humans. The bi-product produced by the animals and humans is used by the plants. They benefit both and help each of them survive. “Photosynthesis occurs in two stages are called the light reactions and the dark reaction. During the light reaction, the chlorophyll absorbs light energy and transforms it into chemical energy in the form of glucose” (EB, 2012). The dark reaction occurs at night. “The plant cells make simple sugar using carbon dioxide” (EB, 2012). This is called the Calvin-Benson Cycle and it occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. There is another process...
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...M1: This report will explain the role of energy in the body. It will include the different forms of energy in the body, the two laws of energy, anabolism and catabolism and the role of the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system in energy metabolism. Energy is defined in the capacity to do work. Energy is needed for all of the functions of the body, we need it for all the different activities that we do, and for chemical reactions within our body. Some of the things that energy is essential for are; tissue growth; tissue repair; chemical reactions inside the cells, storing nutrients and digestion. The forms of energy comes in three; kinetic energy, chemical energy and potential energy. Chemical energy is the main source of energy for our body. Chemical energy is the bond which unites atoms or molecules with each other. When a new bond is produced between two atoms, energy is needed for its formation and this is mainly in the form of heat but can be light or electrical energy. When a bond is broken and the atoms are free, the energy in the bond is released. Potential energy is stored energy, which is then converted into kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. There are a few types of different energy and these are: chemical, heat, sound, light, electrical and mechanical. There are ‘two laws’ of energy, the first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, this is the conservation law. The second law states that energy can be transformed...
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...describing and explaining how the body systems are linked to energy metabolism. The meaning of metabolism is the chemical process or reaction that takes place within a living organism in order to maintain life. Some of the chemical reactions require breaking down molecules while at the same time releasing energy- this is the definition of the catabolic reactions. Instead of breaking down molecules the process of anabolism is to build intricate molecules from simple substances by using energy which again acts as a catalyst. There are many different activities involved in supplying energy to the variety of cells in the body. The first system that I will be talking about is the respiratory system. The main job that constantly takes place is the system refreshing the lung oxygen and the disposal of waste substances and products, this often includes water and carbon dioxide. The removal of these waste products and the refreshing of the lungs happen during the process of what we call breathing. The oxygen that has been dissolved is transported to cells around the body; the transportation method is through the slim alveolar walls and into the flow of the bloodstream. The flow is kept in a constant motion from the pumping of the human heart. The cells in the body are constantly welcomed by raw materials and substances that are sent from chemical reactions that have produced the products. The types of materials that are delivered are glucose, dissolved oxygen and nutrients, these products...
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...Introduction. This is an experiment to investigate into the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) and dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl). The formula for this reaction is: Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + S(s) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l). This makes the products Sodium Chloride, Sulphur Dioxide, Sulphur and water Rate of reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place. Some reaction can take less than a second and other can take over millions of years. During a reaction, we can measure the rate of reaction. The rate of reactions depends on the types of molecules that are combining. There is another thing in rates of reaction called the collision theory. Substances in the liquid, aqueous and gaseous phase consist of particles in rapid and constant motion. The rate of a chemical reaction depends on three factors; the first is - Collision Frequency If a chemical reaction is to happen between two particles, they must first collide. The number of collisions between particles per unit time is known as the collision frequency of the system. This then can be altered by changing the concentration of reactants, total pressure, temperature or the size of the reacting particles. These are all the factors in general that have distinct effects on rates of reaction. The second factor in the collision theory is -Collision Energy Not all collisions result in chemical reactions. Most of the time the colliding particles just bounce off each other. These particular...
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...Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy. You can make a battery from a lemon, a piece of zinc and a piece of copper. So why don’t we use this instead of buying batteries from shops? In this activity you find out. You also explore other homemade batteries, including a seawater battery made by scientists in the BBC TV programme Rough Science. The purpose is to explore the potential of low technology homemade batteries as emergency power supplies. Activity type H Use of scientific knowledge and understanding to solve problems Working in teams to solve problems Communication Resource/budget management Time and workload management Techniques Field Electrochemistry Visit us at www.pro-base.eu - 2 - Time Practical lessons: 600 minutes Theory lessons: 120 minutes Out of class time: 360 minutes StandardBase procedures None StandardBase techniques None Other resources Zavod za šolstvo, Ljubljana (The National Education Institute of the Republic of Slovenia), http://www.zrss.si/ Other resources are listed in the activity. Visit us at www.pro-base.eu - 3 - Student’s document HOMEMADE BATTERIES: Making and evaluating homemade batteries Batteries power most of the portable electrical and electronic devices we use. Different types of batteries are available, suited for different uses. In a battery, chemical energy is transformed into electrical energy. You can make a battery from...
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...dehydrohalogenation reactions. The experiment of the first lab was a nucleophilic substitution. We reacted 10ml of t-amyl alcohol with 11ml of hydrobromic acid in a test tube to produce 2-bromo-2-methylbutane and water. To get just the organic compound from this SN1 reaction, we placed the test tube into a hot water bath. The change in temperature creates two visible layer in which the upper, with a yellowish color, contain the organic compound. Later, we extracted the organic compound and added around 1 teaspoon of potassium carbonate to reduce the excess of water from our compound. Furthermore, we distill the clean organic liquid following The Organic Chem Lab Survival Manual[1] and collected 0.690g of 2-bromo-2-methylbutane that was generated from 106 ºC to 110 ºC. We performed an IR from the product that confirm the presence of C-H sp3....
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...energy in the body. Energy forms, energy metabolism and any reactions will be discussed during the course of this assignment. Energy is used up at all times for body processes and is supplied from an individual’s diet, in the form of calories. Within the human body, energy is needed for a variety of reasons. Firstly, without energy humans will be unable to function correctly, preventing them from doing absolutely anything. For example, humans will not be able to communicate as they will have no energy to talk. Human muscles will not be able to function as they are energy-less, preventing them from performing simple everyday tasks (Moonie, 2010). Energy is needed to extract oxygen from certain areas within the human body and release it into the bloodstream. Furthermore, the human body needs energy to circulate blood and tissue fluid around the body. Energy is necessary is for breathing, taking in oxygen and making new tissues for growth and repair. Energy also transmits nerve impulses so that the human body is able to respond to changes within the environment in order to build different complex molecules, such as enzymes and hormones. This is to form the simple molecules produced after the digestion of food (Aldworth, 2010). Without energy stored in human bodies, humans would not be able to function properly. Energy comes from: fats, carbohydrates and proteins in the food that individuals eat. Glucose is a simple sugar that provides the body with its primary source of energy...
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...com/journal/molecules Communication A Simple Hydrophilic Palladium(II) Complex as a Highly Efficient Catalyst for Room Temperature Aerobic Suzuki Coupling Reactions in Aqueous Media Mengping Guo 1,2,*, Shiwen Liu 1,2, Xiuling Zhou 1, Meiyun Lv 1, Sanbao Chen 1 and Daoan Xiao 1 1 2 Institue of Coordination Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China; E-Mails: liushiwen320721@163.com (S.L.); 13879593114@163.com (X.Z.); lvmeiyun2005@163.com (M.L.); 333csb@163.com (S.C.); xiaodaoan2006@163.com (D.X.) Engineering Center of Jiangxi University for Lithium Energy, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: guomengping65@163.com; Tel./Fax: +86-0795-320-0535. Received: 8 April 2014; in revised form: 19 May 2014 / Accepted: 19 May 2014 / Published: 21 May 2014 Abstract: A study on room temperature Suzuki cross-coupling in an aqueous medium was carried out using a simple hydrophilic palladium (II) complex, trans-PdCl2(NH2CH2COOH)2 as catalyst in the presence of K2CO3 in air. This approach with a comparatively inexpensive and hydrophilic catalyst, mild reaction condition and aqueous media exhibits excellent catalytic activity towards the Suzuki coupling of aryl bromides and arylboronic acids, and good yields were obtained in the Suzuki coupling of activated aryl chlorides. Keywords: hydrophilic catalyst; aqueous media; green chemistry; Suzuki reaction 1. Introduction During the last two...
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...Simple Stimulus Learning Psych 550 March 3, 2013 Dr. McMurray Simple Stimulus Learning Stimulus learning somewhat changes behavior permanently, or it can somewhat change the behavior repertoire that arises due to experiences (Terry, 2009). There is no exact way on observing knowledge, so in result behaviors are the only way a person has the capability of observing what has occurred in learning. This simple stimulus learning paper will analyze the forms of simple stimulus learning. The analysis will explain the concept of habituation, while analyzing the factors that affect perceptual learning, and examining the effects of stimulus exposure. This paper will also discuss how simple stimulus learning is applied to two real life scenarios. Concept of Habituation Habituation is "the process of making or becoming used to something" (Habituation, 2009). Habituation is a primary type of learning evident in a reduction in neuronal responses to recurring stimulation (Mutschler et. al, 2010). The concept of habituation can be defined as the process by which one becomes internally consumed, exhausted, or adapted to an issue, idea, or act that habituates or compels one to become accustomed to oneself with regard to the frequency, strength, or expectancy of reaction to one's particular category of remedy with regard to one's affliction; this includes the adverse behaviors that result from the frequency, strength, expectancy...
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