...across a membrane? requires passive transport requires no energy requires active transport requires both a and b Which correctly describes the plasma membrane? fluid and nonpermeable rigid and nonpermeable fluid and partially permeable fluid and completely permeable Which component of the phospholipid bilayer is considered hydrophobic? phospholipid head phospholipid tail phospholipid head and tail none of the above Which correctly describes the fluid-mosaic model of the cell membrane? phospholipid monolayer with embedded proteins phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins phospholipid monolayer with embedded triglycerides cholesterol bilayer with embedded proteins This process uses a carrier protein...
Words: 561 - Pages: 3
...Lab 2 Cell Structure and Cell Transport-14 Name __ carson held__________________ Introduction: The cell is the basic unit of structure of all living organisms. The cell carries out the functions required for the organism to reproduce, protect itself, metabolize food, move, produce substances to support the entire organism. In this experiment, you will explore the cell membrane’s role in allowing materials to enter or leave the cell. This is a vital function of the cell membrane. Using the Physio Ex CD 9.0, you will be able to conduct experiments showing the important cell membrane processes of diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and active transport. The simulations will allow you to alter conditions to show the effect of concentrations, pore size, pressure, carrier, and ATP have on movements of materials through the cell membrane. Purpose: To conduct experiments showing the effects of concentration, ions, and particle size of movement through the cell membrane. Materials: Lab manual, PhysioEx 9.0 Procedure: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability in the lab manual. You will also need the PhysioEx 9.0 CD for this lab. Read over exercise overview and introduction. Complete the following questions from the exercise as you complete the simulation exercises. Go to Exercise 1 Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability on the CD. Follow the directions and complete each part. Answer questions or fill in tables as...
Words: 1920 - Pages: 8
...dissolves in water. -Sodium Chloride dissolves in water because the positive part of the water molecules attracts the negative chloride ions and the negative part of the water molecules attracts the positively sodium ions. The polarity of water molecules enables water to dissolve many ionically bonded substances. Polar molecule has an uneven charge distribution. (1) 4. Explain why some organic molecules, such as simple sugars and alcohols, form aqueous solutions but others, such as lipids, do not. - Simple sugars and alcohols have charged polar groups which can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules (1) 5. Why is water an important transport medium in animals? Write down as many examples of where water is important in transport as you can. - Water is an important transport medium in animals because substances such as polar and ionic will dissolve in it and then this can be transported around the body. These substances can be transported to respiring cells and waste products such as urea can be excreted. Also it is a good transport medium because water is an excellent solvent for ions and polar molecules because the water molecules are attracted. Also the polar substances such as lipids do not dissolve in...
Words: 1149 - Pages: 5
...smaller than eukaryotes, prokaryotes have a nucleoid instead of a nucleus (which eukaryotic cells have), prokaryotes lack a membrane bound organelles while eukaryotes have them, prokaryotes are bacterial cells while eukaryotes can be considered the building blocks of plant and animal life. 2. A. A nucleus is basically the “brain” of a cell. It controls reproduction and contains the genetic information needed to reproduce. It can be found in eukaryotic cells. B. Endoplasmic reticulum- there are two types, the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in synthesizing and packaging proteins for use. It has ribosomes attached to it which is what makes it rough. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions as storage for lipids and sterols. Only eukaryotic cells have an endoplasmic reticulum....
Words: 985 - Pages: 4
...Week 3: Membrane Transport The Pre-Reading assignment lists the overall chapters and sections of the textbook you will need to refer to. The Targeted Reading is created to guide your reading – directing your attention (Focus) to the content that will help you meet the learning objectives. For example, not every paragraph in a chapter section is required reading. This document will tell you when you Pre-Reading Assignment See your Targeted reading for details… Chapter 5: Section 5.2 Membrane transport Pre-Reading Assignment See your Targeted reading for details… Chapter 5: Section 5.2 Membrane transport could Skip a paragraph/subtopic to save you time! Targeted Reading: Topic: Membrane Transport * Section 5.2 – pages 5-8 to 5-12 Subtopics: Passive transport involves diffusion + Primary active transport uses the energy of ATP + Secondary active transport is driven by an electrochemical gradient. Focus compare and contrast between diffusion versus facilitated diffusion and osmosis; passive versus active transport; primary active transport versus secondary active transport. Terminology Alert Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, passive transport, active transport, primary active transport, secondary active transport, concentration gradient, electrochemical gradient. * Fig. 5.10: compare between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion, and between channel-mediated and carrier-mediated diffusion. * Fig. 5.12: concentration...
Words: 298 - Pages: 2
...Electron microscope and the Transmission Electron microscope. Features Light Microscope Electron Microscope Comments Cell Components Seen Animal Cell:- Nucleus, Nucleolus...
Words: 3613 - Pages: 15
...3 Cells and Tissues Concepts of the Cell Theory A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells. According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures. Continuity of life has a cellular basis. Chemical Components of Cells Most cells are composed of the following four elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things. Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. Anatomy of the Cell Cells are not all the same. All cells share general structures. All cells have three main regions Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane The Nucleus (p66) Control center of the cell Contains genetic material (DNA) Three regions Nuclear envelope (membrane) Nucleolus – are sites where ribosomes are assembled. Chromatin – when a cell is not dividing, it’s DNA is combined with protein and forms a loose network of bumpy threads called chromatin. (see below) CHROMOSOMES – when a cell is dividing to form two daughter cells, the chromatin threads coil and condense to form dense, rodlike bodies called chromosomes. The Nucleus Nuclear envelope (membrane) ...
Words: 2647 - Pages: 11
...of chemical reactions to metabolize food, build proteins, and store energy. It’s the absence of organelles and the structure of cell walls and membranes that differentiate a prokaryote and a eukaryote. Prokaryote comes from the Greek word meaning pre nucleus. The DNA is not enclosed within a membrane has a singular circularly arranged chromosome. Prokaryotes DNA does not contain histones but does have other proteins. They divide by binary fission, this is when the DNA is copied and the cell divides into two cells. The prokaryote does not contain a membrane-enclosed organelle. The prokaryote cell wall contains the complex...
Words: 777 - Pages: 4
...out the cell. It will also explain the affect cholesterol has on the lipid bilayer. The phospholipid bilayer is two layers of phospholipids that make up the membrane. It confines the cell organelles from the extracellular area. The cell can manage its own environment. The phospholipid bilayer controls what enters and exits the cell, with the aid of transporter proteins and channels. However if the internal cell environment is not performing correctly then the channels will...
Words: 1469 - Pages: 6
...Bio 100 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE CH 5 THE WORKING CELL 1. Properties of plasma membranes – fluid mosaic a. Lipids do what –Make up the phospholipid bilayer b. Proteins do what –embedded in lipid bilayer. Transports molecules across the membrane 2. Diffusion – movement down concentration gradient – Molecules move from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration until equilibrium is achieved 3. Passive transport/simple diffusion – diffusion across membrane. Needs no energy, energy comes from concentration gradient. c. Small molecules such as? –O2, CO2, Estrogen, Testosterone 4. Osmosis – water down concentration gradient – If there is a solute on both sides of a membrane but it is not permeable to the solute, water will move until the solute concentration is equal on both sides. 5. Tonicity – effects of hypotonic (LOW TONICITY) and hypertonic (HIGH TONICITY) solutions on cells - if solute outside or inside cell cannot cross membrane, osmosis occurs. When there is more of a solute inside a cell (hypotonic environment), osmosis occurs and water goes INTO the cell, the cell then explodes because of too much water. When there are less solutes inside a cell (hypertonic environment), water goes OUT of the cell and the cell shrinks. 6. Facilitated diffusion – (type of passive transport & relies on transport proteins) d. Transport proteins (embedded in lipid membrane) Form hydrophilic tunnels or they bind their passenger, change shape...
Words: 920 - Pages: 4
...Passive Transport: a primer Diffusion Concentration gradient Substance specific!!!!!!!!! Passive transport Osmosis LE 7-11a Molecules of dye Membrane (cross section) WATER Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium Net diffusion Equilibrium Diffusion of one solute Net diffusion Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium LE 7-12 Lower concentration of solute (sugar) Higher concentration of sugar H2O Selectively permeable membrane: sugar molecules cannot pass through pores, but water molecules can Osmosis Same concentration of sugar Lecture 5 Introduction to Domain Bacteria and Archaea (aka Kingdom Monera) The First Forms of Life 3.5-4.0 bya Simple ≠ primitive 4 Billion years of evolution!!! Prokaryotes are the Simplest Form of Life Small (1-5 μm) Uncomplicated structure Evolution and diversity chemical level Single cells colonies Prokaryotic Structural Diversity Limited to three shapes Spherical -> cocci Rod-shaped -> bacilli Helical -> spirochetes or spirilla Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes See Table 27.2 All cells have: - Plasma membrane - Chromosomes - Cytosol - ribosomes Nuceoid No organelles Small High SA/V Nucleus Organelles Big Low SA/V Basic Prokaryotic Cell Structure Cytoplasm cell membrane cell wall DNA Basic Prokaryotic Cell Structure cell membrane ...
Words: 395 - Pages: 2
...www.asbiology101.wordpress.com An introduction to the microscope and magnification MAGNIFICATION AND RESOLUTION Because cells are too small to be seen with the naked eye, the light microscope was developed to produce enlarged and more detailed images of cells. The magnification of an image is how much bigger it appears under the microscope than it is in real life, and is worked out using the following formula: magnification = image size ÷ actual size unit metre decimetre centimetre millimetre micrometre nanometre picometre symbol m dm cm mm μm nm pm metres 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000 001 0.000 000 001 0.000 000 000 01 However, magnification on its own does not increase the level of detail seen, it just increases the size. The term resolution refers to the ability to see two distinct points separately. For example, if the resolution of a light microscope is 200nm (0.2μm), this means it can see any two different points as separate objects if they are 200nm apart or more; but if they are any closer than this amount, they appear as one object. THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE Light microscopes use a number of lenses to produce an image that can be viewed directly at the eyepiece. Light passes from a bulb under the stage, through a condenser lens and then through the specimen. This beam of light is passed through an objective lens and then the eyepiece lens. The light microscope usually has a number of objective lenses which can be rotated into position...
Words: 8313 - Pages: 34
...Biology Units 3 &4 Notes -Chapter 1- The Chemical Nature of Cells | |Protein |Carbohydrates |Fats |Nucleic acid | |Monomer |Amino acids |Monosaccharaide |Fatty acids, glycerol |Nucleotide | |Example |2o Amino acids |Glucose, Fructose, Ribose |Triglycerides |Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine | | | | |Steroids, Phospholipids |&Thymine/ Uracil | |Diagram | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Bonding (how units combine – |1st structure-strong covalent |Strong covalent glycoside |Rarely ever forms polymer |covalent bonds b/w sugar | |polymers ...
Words: 8693 - Pages: 35
...Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration — Objectives — Equation for Cellular Respiration — Electron Carriers and Redox Reactions — Process of Cell Respiration — Glycolysis — Prep Reaction — Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) — Electron Transport Chain — Fermentation — The Ingredients — You already know what is needed for Cellular Respiration Food + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide+ Water +ENERGY! C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 +H2O + ATP — Redox Reactions (the shuffling of electrons) • Most of the reactions involved in the process are possible because of the redox reaction of NAD, an electron carrier • Oxidation – a reaction in which a substance loses electrons C6H1206 CO2 • Reduction – a reaction in which a substance gains electrons O2 H2O • Oxidation always occurs with reduction = Redox Reaction — NAD: An Electron Carrier — NAD+ gains an electron to become NAD — NAD gains a hydrogen to become NADH — This can also occur with the electron carrier FAD — Cellular Respiration — The means in which the cell produces energy — Often consists of 4 Steps: — Glycolysis — Prep Reaction — Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) — Electron Transport Chain — Glycolysis • Occurs in the cytosol • Begins with a molecule of glucose (a 6 carbon sugar) • Uses the energy of 2 ATP to split the stable glucose into 2 unstable molecules each containing 3 carbons • Now all processes...
Words: 2533 - Pages: 11
...Unit One: Biochemistry Organic chemistry: chemistry of carbon based molecules * Life on our planet is carbon based * All life is carbon based, so to understand how biological processes occur we need to consider organic chemistry Hydrocarbons: molecules that are entirely made from carbon and hydrogen * Carbon you can get a lot of shape (rings etc) * Mostly non-metals (hydrogen, carbon, oxygen etc) make up molecules in our cells * Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen make 96% of living organisms however 21 elements found as well * Most of 4% consists of calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium Functional Groups * Most functional groups are ionic or strongly polar which makes them very attracted to other ionic or polar molecules * Non polar portions do not attract other molecules so do not help initiate chemical reactions * So, some polar functional groups are strongly attracted to water and so can often be dissolved in the cytosol of the cell, example ethane is hydrocarbon doesn’t have functional group so does not dissolve in water and is gas at room temperature however ethanol has functional group so highly soluble in water Carbon Chemistry * Because it has has 4 electrons in shell so can form 4 covalent bonds to form these shapes * Can form bonds with others but can also bind with each other * Carbon containing rings can join to make polymers Dehydration and Hydrolysis...
Words: 2456 - Pages: 10
