... | |Quantitative Research |-Requires the collection, analysis, and |-Research is deductive, logical or | | |reporting of data. |reasonable. | | |-Reporting data consist of supplying |-A hypothesis is needed to begin research. | | |readers with participant information, data |- The researcher is ideally an objective | | |patterns, recognition of biases, and |observer that neither participates in nor | | |further research to be conducted |did influence what is being study (Barnes, | | |surrounding the topic. |2005). | |Qualitative Research |-Requires the collection, analysis, and |-Research is inductive, leading on or | | ...
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...1. What considerations must one take into account when dealing with qualitative research? There are many considerations when dealing with qualitative research. One of the considerations I must take into account is where the information is coming from for the qualitative research (Christensen, Johnson, & Turner, 2010). The information should make sense and contain reputable or honest data. Another consideration is the data should be validated (Christensen, Johnson, & Turner, 2010). This can be done through peer-reviews to see if the data makes sense and has been known in other cases. This can also be done through other resources that have stated and proven similar facts. A third consideration is that the data is non-numerical and exploratory (Christensen, Johnson, & Turner, 2010). Many times there is some confusion between qualitative and quantitative research as qualitative research focuses on narrative or pictures while I would prefer more numerical data. 2. What factors should go into determining the sample size used in a qualitative study? When conducting research, quality sampling may be characterized by the number and selection of subjects or observations. Obtaining a sample size that is appropriate in both regards is critical for many reasons (Patel, Doku, and Tennakoon, 2003. A large sample size is more representative of the population, limiting the influence of outliers or extreme observations. A sufficiently large sample size is also necessary to produce...
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...The use of theory in qualitative approaches to research: application in end-of-life studies Hung-Lan Wu & Deborah L. Volker Accepted for publication 24 July 2009 Correspondence to D.L. Volker: e-mail: dvolker@mail.nur.utexas.edu Hung-Lan Wu PhD RN Nursing Instructor Meiho Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan Deborah L. Volker PhD RN AOCN Associate Professor The University of Texas at Austin School of Nursing, Austin, Texas, USA W U H . L . & V O L K E R D . L . ( 2 0 0 9 ) The use of theory in qualitative approaches to research: application in end-of-life studies. Journal of Advanced Nursing 65(12), 2719–2732. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05157.x Abstract Title. The use of theory in qualitative approaches to research: application in end-of-life studies. Aim. This paper is a report of an analysis of the use of theory in qualitative approaches to research as exemplified in qualitative end-of-life studies. Background. Nurses researchers turn to theory to conceptualize research problems and guide investigations. However, researchers using qualitative approaches do not consistently articulate how theory has been applied, and no clear consensus exists regarding the appropriate application of theory in qualitative studies. A review of qualitative, end-of-life studies is used to illustrate application of theory to study design and findings. Data sources. A review of theoretical literature was carried out, focusing on definitions and use of theory in qualitative end-of-life studies...
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...RESEARCH DESIGN Qualitative, Quantitative. and Mixed Methods Approaches SECOND EDITION John W. Creswell University of Nebraska, Lincoln SAGE Publications International Educational and Professional Publisher Thousand Oaks London New Delhi ~ 6 7 6 3Copyright O 2003 by Sage Publications, Inc. -3 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover image copyright O Sheldan CollinsICorbis; used by permission. For information: Sage Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order@sagepub.com Sage Publications Ltd. 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU United Kingdom Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. M-32 Market Greater Kailash I New Delhi 110 048 India Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Creswell, John W. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches I by John W. Creswel1.- 2nd ed. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-7619-2441-8 (c) - ISBN 0-7619-2442-6 (pbk.) 1. Social sciences-Research-Methodology. 2. Social sciences-Statistical methods. I. Title. H62 .C6963 2002 30W.7'2-dc21 Acquiring Editor: Editorial Assistant: Production Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Cover Designer: ...
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...Running head: QUALITATIVE 1 Qualitative Research and Methods Maria A. Kithcart LEAD 870 January 29, 2012 Dr. Heewon Chang Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe in a reflective-analysis essay format about QL research methods and process that contains a discussion of the following four components. First, the author highlights how QL research orientation is different from QN research orientation. Next, the author explains methodological insights that have been gained through the interview and QL data analysis exercises. Considerations for designing a QL research dissertation based on the semester’s learning are discussed next. Last, the author shares what she needs to do or learn in depth to be able to design a sound QL dissertation. Introduction The world of academic research is one of constant change. With the advent of new technology and practices as well as emerging fields such as organizational leadership, researchers have more choices by which to capture data and analyze their findings. In addition, qualitative research (often designated as “QL” by researchers) is gaining momentum as an accepted methodology within the greater academic community. Whereas quantitative methods are essentially statistical measures used to describe phenomena as a means to bring about generalization, qualitative methods (including participant observation, intensive interviewing, and focus groups) are utilized to capture experiences...
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...Towards a typology for undertaking doctoral research in the built environment Ade Alao Abstract This paper considers issues associated with identifying a typology for doctoral research in the built environment. It argues that a definition of the built environment knowledge base in terms of its constituent subject disciplines is unhelpful for doctoral research as the generation of new knowledge in an interdiscipline requires integration across the various subject disciplines. A typology for research design is identified as being capable of guiding the doctoral researcher but will require further research to tested and verify it’s theoretical and empirical basis. Keywords: Typology, Doctoral Research, Built Environment, Interdisciplinarity 1. Introduction “The built environment disciplines is a term that has come to be used by many UK universities to refer to a range of practice-oriented subjects concerned with the design, development and management of buildings, spaces and places….. …..they are a very heterogeneous collection of fields of study and practice, including architecture, town planning, land and property management, building surveying, construction technology, landscape design, housing policy and management, transport planning and urban regeneration. In some institutions disciplines such as geography and environmental management are also included. As such, they comprise something of a microcosm of the university as a whole, comprising business-oriented...
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...Analytic Induction as a Qualitative Research Method of Analysis Donald E. Ratcliff (The University of Georgia, 1994) Analytic induction is a method of data analysis described by Florian Znaniecki (1934) who named the method and systematized many of the associated ideas. However Znaniecki was careful to note that the essence of analytic induction has been used repeatedly throughout history (pp. 236237), particularly by scientists in the physical sciences (he cites numerous examples from physics and biology). That essence involves " . . . inducing laws from a deep analysis of experimentally isolated instances" (p. 237). Analytic induction can be contrasted with defining and using terms in advance of research (p. 240). Instead, definitions of terms are considered hypotheses that are to be tested (p. 241). Inductive, rather than deductive, reasoning is involved, allowing for modification of concepts and relationships between concepts occurs throughout the process of doing research, with the goal of most accurately representing the reality of the situation. The goal of research is making universal statements that may need to be modified later if exceptions are discovered (pp. 232-233), but ultimately can reflect fairly exhaustive knowledge of what is researched (pp. 249, 274-275). Causation is a potential goal of such knowledge, although it is causation that can include numerous exceptions (p. 305). Those exceptions, however, add to the base of knowledge as the generalizability...
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...Qualitative Approaches to Classroom Research 1 Qualitative Approaches to Classroom Research with English Language Learners Patricia A. Duff University of British Columbia Address: Department of Language & Literacy Education University of British Columbia 2125 Main Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada Courier: 2034 Lower Mall Road University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 Canada Qualitative Approaches to Classroom Research 2 ABSTRACT This chapter provides an overview of recent qualitative research in classrooms examining English language learners (ELLs). I first present common features of qualitative research and review debates regarding research paradigms in the social sciences and humanities. I also discuss the role of triangulation and capturing participants’ insider or emic perspectives in qualitative research and highlight various data collection methods and ways of combining macro-level and micro-level analyses, particularly in ethnographic research. Ethical issues, difficulties obtaining informed consent in classroom research, and criteria for evaluating qualitative research are then considered. Three qualitative studies that have been deemed exemplary and meritorious by scholars in English language education are then presented and some common themes in current qualitative classroom research with ELLs are identified. The chapter concludes with directions for future qualitative research. Introduction Over the past 2 decades, research...
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...Introduction to Social Research Name Institution Date Introduction The module, introduction to social research is crucial as it introduces a student to the process of understanding what is entailed in social research. The module is grouped into ten lectures, and eight of them are concerned with introducing a student to theoretical and practical issues involved in conducting an empirical social research. The remaining two lectures are concerned with the workshops that help a student to understand the discourse of academic writing and reading. This paper seeks to highlight the basic information of each lecture a student should expect while undertaking this module. Additionally, this paper will note some key points from each seminar and try to define some concepts pertained therefof. Lecture 1 This lecture is aimed at helping a student to understand the significance of social research and why it matters. A learner will understand that a research method is a technical subject that encompasses its own language and this language ought to be utilized in precise way. In this course, the precise meaning of technical terms ought to be learned and then applied carefully, more so in undertaking examinations. A student of social science, a learner will be familiar with the idea of sociology as multi-paradigm discipline. Debates and controversies aside, the main divide in social research has been about the philosophical basis of sociological research and the right choice...
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...Strategies for Information Systems Evaluation- Six Generic Types Stefan Cronholm and Göran Goldkuhl Linköping University, Sweden scr@ida.liu.se ggo@ida.liu.se Abstract: The aim of this paper is to contribute to the decision of how to perform evaluation depending on the evaluation context. Three general strategies of how to perform evaluation are identified: Goal-free evaluation, goal-based and criteria-based evaluation. Two general strategies of what to evaluate are identified: IT-system as such and IT-system in use. From the three “how-strategies” and the two “what-strategies” we derive a matrix consisting of six generic types of evaluation. Each one of the six types are categorised on a ideal typical level. For each type there is suggested evaluation process model. Keywords: IS Evaluation, IS Assessment, Information Systems, Goal-based evaluation, Goal-free evaluation, Criteria-based evaluation 1. Introduction All over the world there is a huge amount of money spent on IT (e.g. Seddon, 2001). It is therefore important to evaluate the outcome. Evaluation is never an easy task and consequently there are a lot of suggestions for how to evaluate IT-system. Much of the literature on evaluation takes a formal-rational view and sees evaluation as a largely quantitative process of calculating the likely cost/benefit on the basis of defined criteria (Walsham, 1993). There are also interpretative approaches (e.g. Remenyi, 1999; Walsham, 1993). The interpretative perspective views...
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...Fundamentals of Research Amanda Lopez BSHS/382 October 31, 2011 Kevin Benbow Fundamentals of Research Research plays a vital role in the human services field. Utilizing research methods (such as the scientific method) assists human services professionals in making numerous informed decisions daily. This paper will provide a detailed description of the scientific method and the fundamentals of research by first defining the term ‘scientific method’ as well as by providing an explanation of how it relates to human services research. The steps in the process of scientific inquiry will be reviewed along with why each of these steps must be included to support the scientific method. A human services research example of the scientific method that identifies each of the steps involved in the process of scientific inquiry will also be provided. Likewise, the terms quantitative and qualitative research will be defined and an explanation of the manner in which they differ as well as relate to the human services field and the scientific method will be included along with specific examples of what sort of study is appropriate for each methodology and an explanation why. The term mixed method research will then be defined and the strengths associated with this type of research method will be given as well as an example of when it is appropriate to apply mixed method research in the human services field. Lastly, a brief summary of the way in which scientifically sound research supports...
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...logical beneficial decisions for the company I employ statistics. Before our budgets are created for the next fiscal year, I log into the computer and run several reports. The reports that I run are based on statistics. The end result or numbers that are printed out are pulled from information on several other databases. Things such as expenses, sales, material costs all are plugged into formulas. I then run other formulas to evaluate the data based on several variables or what if scenarios. I then present the final information to our Controller showing potential profits or losses for our company based on activity. When the time comes to undertake a new project, research must first be performed. When information is gathered or researched it is done using a type of methodology. One such methodology is qualitative; this is where data is collected by means of first hand interviews or meetings. (Creswell, 2008) Once the information is gathered the manager in charge of the project then analyzes this information to answer certain questions to see whether or not the original idea still proves to be a good idea. If the...
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...author will critically analyze a nursing research conducted on methodological and ethical challenges in investigating the safety of medication administration. The paper will focus on problem statement, purpose and research question, literature review and examine the conceptual and theoretical framework of the study. Problem Statement The problem statement signifies the importance of the research to the profession it serves in this case the nursing profession. The problem statement identifies the specific gap in the knowledge needed for practice (Burn, Grove 2010). The research clinical problem was identified as safety of medication administration. What was not known was the methodological and ethical challenges faced by a researcher who attempted to conduct the research on this issue. The research significance was supported by position statement from the World Health Organization and the Department of Health noting the increase prevalence of research into patient safety and the methodical approaches used in research regarding patient’s safety, there were also previous studies that investigating e critical care nurses’ views on safety of medication administration. Purpose and Research Question The purpose of the study was to highlight some of the methodological and ethical challenges that the researcher faced when conducting a study of the safety of medication administration (Mansour, M 2011). There were two focused research question...
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...Draft Proposal for PhD Research (Working) Title An analysis of accessibility support demands in electronic learning systems in the context of Higher Education Information Services. Your reasons and purposes for undertaking this project This programme of study continues personal research and professional practice in the field of Information Science, particularly within the area of end-user systems accessibility. Within Higher Education, there is evidence of constant innovation and changing approaches to provision of online services; however, the wide ranging and long term issue of user accessibility has clearly become a secondary consideration. My PhD research should underpin improved provision of accessible systems for adult learners who are disabled (as defined by the Disability Discrimination Act and amendments). Your research project Most recently, the VLE (Virtual Learning Environment) has become an important feature of electronic service delivery within the HE Information Services sector, demanding close attention to issues of functionality, sustainability and usability. Whilst some research has begun to examine the functionality of e-learning systems, little attention has been paid to usability issues, in particular to the accessibility of complex Web based interfaces for disabled users. Standards for achieving accessibility via technical specifications and interface design have been established for the conventional Web, however, it remains...
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...Research Critique, Part 1 XXX Grand Canyon University: NRS 433V XXX Research Critique: A Qualitative Study Researchers completed a study seeking out barriers to the implementation of non pharmacological interventions for patients with dementia by nursing home staff. To better recognize and understand these barriers and to in hopes of providing a stronger evidence base for cultural change, researchers elicited nursing staff, recreational therapists, activity personnel and medical directors in a study titled “Its About Time: Use of Nonpharmacological Interventions in the Nursing Home.” Problem Statement Dementia is one of the most common diagnoses on the rise amongst the geriatric population. Alzheimer’s The most common form of dementia is Alzheimers, affecting well over 5 million people nationally. Institutionalization is common amongst this population as the disease begins to progress, typically bringing on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) including agitation, aggression and depression. This population is recognized as vulnerable and fragile, both mentally and physically. Many frequently have physical comorbidities along with dementia. This issue of suffering from comorbidities brings on the prescribing of multiple medications, which over time interact and accelerate their functional decline (Kolanowski, Fick, Frazer, Penrod, 2009). Due to the lack of beneficial effects when weighted against both short and long term adverse effects of various...
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