...| Skinner Article | | | Behavioral Science | 2/2/2013 | | Teaching and learning from Burrhus Frederic Skinner, theorist and psychologist. You will see his many contributions that will be bought to your attention so that he can receive the recognition one as influential as an American psychologist. Skinner is known for his highly developed theory of operant conditional as well as the invention of the Skinner box. This box allowed the study of subjects' interactions with the environment. His theory on operant conditioning uses punishment and reinforcement to modify behavior. In order to withhold the production of various responses in the operant conditioning the punishments and reinforcements are applied. Those in the research or subjects will then learn what types behavior will receive a reward or will receive punishment. Operant is just one of the theories that he developed. Skinner developed a theory known as superstitious behavior. Using the mechanism to feed caged pigeons for this researched only to show unpredictable intervals then to discover that the birds were associated with feedings and whatever actions they had, by chance, been performing when they received it. He also was able to deduce the behavior that will explain how human belief is in superstition. The football fan wears a lucky socks or lucky shirt to assure that his/her team will win. Skinner's work has given rise to experiments by other researchers. There are those who also have...
Words: 251 - Pages: 2
...used; however this refers to a list of related source material that is not necessarily cited in the document. Remember: • A list of references should appear on a separate sheet of paper at the end of an assignment and is generally titled References. • This list contains bibliographic details of every work cited in your assignment. • The list must be arranged alphabetically by authors’ surnames. If there is more than one work by the same author, then arrange chronologically i.e. earlier publication dates before later dates. • All reference sources (e.g. books, journal articles, websites etc.) are listed together in one continuous reference list. • Correct punctuation is important. • Note minimal capitalisation of book titles and maximal capitalisation of journal titles. Example: Reference List Website If a book, or a journal article or a document on a website has no author, bring the title of the book, article or document to the front. ABC 2010, The Drum, analysis and views on the issues of the day, viewed 13 January 2010, Becher, T 1990, ‘The counter culture of specialisation’, European Journal of Education, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 330-6. Bourassa, SD 1999, ‘Effects of child care on young children’, Proceedings of the third annual meeting of the International Society for Child Psychology, International Society for Child Psychology, Atlanta, Georgia, pp. 44-6. Conner, ML 2004, Ageless learners: andragogy and pedagogy, viewed 19 October, 2007, Dawson, P 2004, Creative writing...
Words: 649 - Pages: 3
...Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition) and http://www.apastyle.org/. Instructions Alphabetize each entry in a works cited list by the first letter, ignoring the articles A, An, and The. Indent subsequent lines of entries one-half inch. Names: Use initials for first and middle names. Titles: For articles, chapters and books, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns. Fully capitalize periodical titles. Dates: Publication dates use the order year, month day. The access date uses the order month day year. If no publication date is available, use "n.d." in place of date. The following examples are citations from EBSCO databases. If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available. Different styles may apply when citing print and other sources. Journal Article Pattern: [Author last name], [First initial]. [Middle initial]. ([Publication year]). [Title of article]. [Title of journal], [Volume number]([Issue number]), [Page number starts]-[ends]. [Document Object Identifier] Example: Silva, L. (2007). Epistemological and theoretical challenges for studying power and politics in information systems. Information Systems Journal, 17(2), 165-183. [Document Object Identifier] Journal Article w/ No Author Pattern: [Title of article]. ([Publication year]). [Title of journal], [Volume number]([Issue number]), [Page number starts]-[ends]. [Document Object Identifier] Example: Epistemological and theoretical challenges...
Words: 1021 - Pages: 5
...A Guide on How to write a research paper 1. Establish Your Topic * Genuinely interests you. * Read and think about what you'd like to do. * Narrow it down to something more manageable (e.g.: Too general: Ancient Egypt. Revised: The building of the pyramids of Ancient Egypt. * Brainstorming to get ideas. 2. Identify the goal of the paper * An argumentative research paper: argues for one point of view. The issue should be debatable with a logical counter argument. * An analytical research paper: offers a fresh look at an important issue to persuade audience that it is important. 3. Look for Sources of Information * Books, magazine articles, and internet articles. * A research paper should use at least four sources. * The academic credibility of a source could be considered. * Make note of page numbers, URLs, and quotable passages for citation. 4. Read Your Sources and Take Notes * Use index cards to relate ideas from different sources. * Keep source information on the other side of the cards. * Use quotation marks for “copy/paste” to avoid PLAGIARISM. * Organize your note cards by subtopic to make an outline. 5. Write a First Draft * Table of contents. * Introduction (let the reader know what the topic is, inform the reader about your point of view, arouse the reader's curiosity to read more). * Body (Limit each paragraph to one main idea, prove your points continually by using specific...
Words: 697 - Pages: 3
...Thank you for allowing me to read your essay. I feel that I know you after reading it, in fact I felt that we had sat down over a coffee and had a chat. I felt throughout reading it that you were exploring your personal experiences and what you had learnt about yourself through the years. I enjoyed your anecdotes that give strength to your reasons on why you feel this area of your work is a strength. I enjoyed how you discussed your previous work career and all its perks and how this all lead from personal experience into a new career path for you. This showed how much passion really is important to you and something that should be valued in the care community. I would like to note that I did not feel that I knew your personal strength until half way through the essay. I felt that you needed to identify this in your introduction . Maybe add it to your first statement: Making my career switch recently…that I possess strengths such as my passion for my work. Not sure how you would like to word it, just that it is needed in the introduction. I feel you may also benefit from splitting your introduction around the area that you state : However, I never truly felt I had strength or ability in any of it. I feel that this could be your first paragraph, see how you feel I just think it will make it a stronger essay. It would need to be slightly re worded such as : Working in corporate management I never felt like I had any strengths (i would leave out abilities). I found...
Words: 409 - Pages: 2
...This article was first published on Salon, a website that has an audience favoring liberals more than conservatives. This article also has an audience of a younger generation that follows hit movies. Garett Reppenhagen served as a Cavalry Scout Sniper with the 1st Infantry Division in the US Army, and is also a veteran advocate and social justice organizer. Garett’s background has a lot of relevance to this topic. I would say he is credible towards this whole subject. He is qualified to make judgment and criticize the way this movie is trying to depict Iraq. Garett’s extrinsic ethos is that he has served in the military. He has made a profession of being a real life sniper so he knows most of the scenarios that go on in the movie. He could also describe what goes on as you enter a war zone and how each and every person reacts. Garett states, "But viewing the war only through his eyes gives us too narrow frame." I believe this quote shows he cares about the audience because he wants to share that the frame of Iraq is not narrow, in fact it is on the contrary. Iraq is full of hospitality, proud history, and old-soul wisdom. This quote also shows virtue and goodness because he does not make the mistake of thinking the Iraqi’s are savages, like the movie may portray. Practical wisdom is also shown in this quote because without it Garett would not know that Chris Kyle’s views are narrow, but instead they should be broad and more flexible. The tone of this particular article is straightforward...
Words: 752 - Pages: 4
...--------------------------------------------------------------------------- BUSN 311 Unit 3 Individual Project - Possible / Earned Points --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Entertainment Survey or Poll- from Newsstand- Proquest --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Description of Survey 5/5**** Sample Size Analysis 5/5**** Business Application 5/5 **** --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Political Survey or Poll- from Pew Research or Gallup --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Description of Survey 5/5**** Sample Size Analysis 5/5**** Business Application 5/5 **** --------------------------------------------------------------------------- General Opinion Survey or Poll- from Pew Research or Gallup --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Description of Survey 5/5**** Sample Size Analysis 5/5**** Business Application 5/5 **** --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Overview of Survey Research: Text Research required 10/10**** --------------------------------------------------------------------------- This section of the paper will be 2-3 pages in length. 30% deductions for not using specified required research. 6 points will be deducted for each survey that is not taken from the required resource. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------...
Words: 1421 - Pages: 6
...After reading the article, I remember the Carr's essay on Google. Both of essays are talking about the disadvantage of the technology. This article is totally talk about the disadvantages of having a conversation through technology instead of a face to face conservation. It is the same idea with the Carr's essay which talk about when people are reading more than they used to and they aren't reading to retain the information. Also when they read online, they tend to become 'mere decoders of information." For me,I am agree with the Marche's findings. In the article Marche says people who spend their time on devices and social network sights are finding themselves lacking in the ability to communicate in person. That's is right because although we might have has many friends on Facebook we might not really know them and just have them there for show. And when we talk about each other are you good or bad is just from the social media. This is a totally different feeling with face to face. Also the examples the Marche take in the essay is very correct and have a strong persuasion. So I say Facebook have a huge impact on people which is negative. Someone say if the social media made us so lonely, why it is still so popular among the people. As I say it's just because it is easy to use and it is easy for us to see the people far away. Whatever you are, we can connect with each other fast and...
Words: 260 - Pages: 2
...Using the CBE Style The Council of Biology Editors now named the Council of Science Editors Citation-Sequence (C-S) system for writing. http://contentselect.pearsoned.com/CBE-style.html#citations-numbers © 1997-2011 Pearson, Inc. All rights reserved. This system requires an in-text number, rather than the year, and a list of "Cited References" that are numbered to correspond to the in-text citations. After completing a list of references, assign a number to each entry. Use one of two methods for numbering the list: Arrange references in alphabetic order and number them consecutively, or Number the references consecutively as you put them into your text. Writing In-Text Citations with Numbers. Follow these guidelines for using numbers within the text: 3 1. Place the number within parentheses (1) or brackets [2] or as a raised index numeral. A name is not required and is even discouraged, so try to arrange your wording accordingly. For example: It is known (1) that the DNA concentration of a nucleus doubles during Interphase. A recent study [1] has raised interesting questions related to photosynthesis, some of which have been answered [2]. 1 In particular, a recent study has raised many interesting questions related to photosynthesis, some of 2 which have been answered. 2. If the sentence uses the authority's name, add the number after the name. Additional testing by Cooper (3) includes alterations in carbohydrate metabolism and changes in ...
Words: 705 - Pages: 3
...Key features of a newspaper article Headline – usually only four or five words. It tries to attract the interest of the reader by telling them what the story is about, in a short and interesting way. • What is the headline for your article? • How many words are in the headline? By-line – who wrote the article • Who wrote your article? Introduction – It will set the scene and summarise the main points of the article: who, what, when, where. • Can you identify these important points in your article? - Who is the article about? - What happened? - When did it happen? - Where did it happen? Body – provides more detail about the event, in particular it answers the questions how and why. • What else do you know now? Quotes – sometimes articles will include what a person (like an eye-witness or an expert) has said. These will be in speech marks. • Does you article have quotes? If so, - What was said? - Who said it? - How are they related to the event? Photograph and caption – sometimes articles have a photograph, and a sentence explaining the photograph • Does your article have a photograph? What does it show – describe exactly what you see? • What does the caption say? Headline – usually only four or five words. It tries to attract the interest of the reader by telling...
Words: 309 - Pages: 2
...almost the same, funny and at the same time keeping a serious tone underneath, sexism seems also to be a common point for these two author it seems to be the center of pretty much everything they’re talking about. Stereotype in the both essay as been pointed out and the authors seems to take people to that point where they are convicted enough to stop doing that thing which is stereotype not only that but they uses different other article to point to point that and say what think about it, for example, Ronald Macaulay; in his essay “Sex difference” uses novel and different other article to point the stereotype but not only that he also argues about it just as Rachel Rafelman in her essay “Party Line” uses interviews that she makes or other colleague Article to pointed that out and talk about it or argue about it, both author stick with the same idea that lead us to conclude that they are both talking about the same subject but just in two different environment, for example Rafelman in her essay she is at A Gala and Macaulay is just using Article, novel, journal to talk about the subject . In these essays the authors tone is what we can describe as having two side, funny and serious at the same time the reason why I am saying this is because in the essay the author are using it to keep use entertain and at the same time call upon our attention on the subjection or the point that they are making, like for example when she says; “…but for the women to do the same it would be breathtaking...
Words: 906 - Pages: 4
...Practicing Academic Honesty Directions: The source information provided below includes the necessary components of a journal article that you would need to create a properly formatted APA in-text citation and reference entry. Use the source information and the journal extract to answer the multiple choice questions below. When you have indicated your answers, follow the directions in the courseroom to save and submit this document as your completed assignment. Source Information Journal: Educational Policy Article: Measuring Academic Readiness for College Authors: Andrew C. Porter and Morgan S. Polikoff Date: May 2012 Volume, Issue: volume 26, issue 3 Article pages: 394–417 Pages on which the extract appears: 401–402 Extract from Journal Article A second possible complication in defining and measuring college readiness has to do with college major. Certainly, students pursuing different majors need different sets of skills. Thus, depending in part on how readiness is defined, a readiness assessment might need to predict success in different majors, in addition to different institution types. However, constructing an assessment (or multiple assessments) to perform such a task would likely be unfeasible due to the number of potential field-by-institution-type combinations. Still, it would be useful to investigate different readiness standards for success in broad classifications of majors, such as the humanities, social sciences, and science, technology...
Words: 481 - Pages: 2
...1. Explaining the Relationship between Media Exposure and Early Adolescents’ Body Image Perceptions: This document was conducted by Kern Eyal who has a Ph.D. in Communications and Tali Te’eni-Harari who has a Ph.D. in Business Administration. Their journal article will be helpful for my research paper because their main focus is on the media exposure towards adolescent girl’s low self-esteem on their physical body. The study explains the young girl’s favorite television characters as an important factor for their overall low self-esteem and body image. This source also included statics with relationship to young girl’s body image. 2. Friendly Advice? Beauty Messages in Web Sites of Teen Magazines: I will be using this article because it discuss valid reasons adolescent girls are using the web for beauty advice. The study included statics in their findings based on three of the most influential website young girls are using with examining their attitudes towards the beauty products usage. This article also referenced other studies that are similar to their own findings such as young girls using the web for fashion magazines, shopping, and music. 3. Role of television in adolescent women's body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness: This study examined adolescent women being unhappy with their body image and wanting themselves to become smaller because of the type of program they were watching. This source is effective for my research essay because their...
Words: 260 - Pages: 2
...An article (abbreviated ART) is a word (or prefix or suffix) that is used with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Articles specify grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope.Should I use A, AN or THE? Even after years of studying English, students may find themselves asking that question over and over again. English articles can be quite a challenge. To help every English learner become an articles expert, Englishpage.com has put together the most comprehensive English articles tutorial on the web. The tutorial should be completed as follows: 1. Read this introduction page. 2. Prepare for the exercises by reading about article usage. First, read A vs. An and complete Articles Exercises 1 - 6. Next, read A(An) vs. The and complete Articles Exercises 7 - 11. 3. Advanced article usage is more challenging. If you wish to become an English articles expert, read Advanced Articles, complete Articles Exercises 12 - 30, and take the final test. 4. Please note that after each exercise, we have listed the article uses covered with a link to the description. EXERCISES TOPICS COVERED Articles Exercise 1 A vs. An vs. No Article (Uses 1 - 4) Articles Exercise 2 A vs. An vs. No Article (Uses 1 - 4) Articles Exercise 3 A vs. An vs. No Article (Uses 1 - 7) Articles Exercise 4 A vs. An vs. No Article (Uses 1 - 7) Articles Exercise 5 A vs. An vs. No Article (Use 8) Articles Exercise 6 A vs. An...
Words: 468 - Pages: 2
...University of Liverpool Management School MKIB230 - RETAIL MARKETING COURSEWORK ASSESSMENT Choose a news article (i.e. from BBC news, The Times, The Financial Times, The Guardian etc.) published in this current year, which manifests some important aspect(s) of retail marketing. Explain your rationale for selecting the article, and use relevant concepts, models and/or theories from the retail marketing literature to analyse the aspects manifested by the article. Explain how the article makes retail marketing concepts and models clearer or more real from your point of view. You are required to produce an ESSAY addressing the above task which should be no longer than 2000 words. The word limit does not include the article itself, which should be included as an appendix to your essay. The essay should be supported by relevant theory, and all sources referred to in the essay should be fully referenced. The essay is to be submitted on or before Monday 11th April 4pm. Assessment Criteria For your guidance, the criteria against which your coursework assessment will be assessed include: Structure, style and presentation Effective selection/organisation of information to answer the requirements of the task Logical essay structure, and coherent writing style Appropriate presentation of references and any supporting documentation Depth of understanding of issues related to the question Identification and appropriate application of relevant theories, models...
Words: 356 - Pages: 2
