...Sleep Deprivation Abstract Sleep is one of our basic needs to survive, however in the modern days sleep deprivation in increasing more and more each day, causing accidents and medical problems for the people and the community. This essay will look at the meaning of sleep and sleep deprivation and the basic perspectives on what motivates sleep and sleep deprivation with the five perspectives; evolutionary, psychodynamic, behaviourist, cognitive and the hierarchy of needs. This essay will also evaluate the best perspective to eliminate sleep deprivation with the cases studies discussing the general hypothesis of sleep and sleep deprivation. Basic Perspectives on Motivation: Evaluating Five Accounts for Sleep and Sleep Deprivation Sleep is one of our basic needs to survive and to function in day to day operations, but not everyone needs the same amount of sleep. Some people can survive on very little sleep, i.e. five hours a night, and some people need a lot of sleep, to the extend that they are sleeping up to 10 to sometimes 15 hours a night (Nature, 2005). According to Wilson (2005) the general rule states that most people need from seven to eight hours of sleep. The deprivation of sleep in our society in continually increasing with the demands in society increasing work loads, the myth that a few hours of sleep is only necessary to function properly and that sleep is sometimes considered as killing time (Nature, 2005). Sometimes sleep deprivation is also caused by other...
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...has been associated with long work hours? Several studies conducted in Australia, Hong Kong and Finland have found that long working hours are associated with an increased risk of obesity and weight gain both males and females. Especially in Australia where the increase of long working hours per week between 1985 and 2005 from 22 to 30% in males and 9 to 16% in females. the minimum amount work hours is 49 hours a week. Individuals who work worked longer hours are more likely to report shorter sleep as well as a disturbances such as difficulty falling asleep and waking without feeling refresh. Individuals who worked longer hours voluntary sacrifice sleep duration in order to meet job demands as well as family and social commitments which produce stress and lack of relaxation. A cross-sectional studies conducted in Australia, the US, Europe, and Asia has found that short sleep is associated with an increased risk of obesity. The studies that follow up participants for several years demonstrated that short sleep produce weight gain in the participants. 2.- Which imbalance the hormones levels to produce obesity? People with short sleep have low caloric intake and expenditure, given that sleep deprivation often leads to changes in the structure of sleep stage and results in fatigue, daytime sleepiness, somatic and cognitive problems, and low activity levels. Previous studies indicate that sleep deprivation results in changes in levels of several hormones including leptin, ghrelin...
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...(2007) 274 – 284 Altered sleep–wake cycles and physical performance in athletes Thomas Reilly ⁎, Ben Edwards Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Henry Cotton Campus, 15-21 Webster Street, Liverpool, L3 2ET, United Kingdom Received 14 August 2006; accepted 4 September 2006 Abstract Sleep–waking cycles are fundamental in human circadian rhythms and their disruption can have consequences for behaviour and performance. Such disturbances occur due to domestic or occupational schedules that do not permit normal sleep quotas, rapid travel across multiple meridians and extreme athletic and recreational endeavours where sleep is restricted or totally deprived. There are methodological issues in quantifying the physiological and performance consequences of alterations in the sleep–wake cycle if the effects on circadian rhythms are to be separated from the fatigue process. Individual requirements for sleep show large variations but chronic reduction in sleep can lead to immuno-suppression. There are still unanswered questions about the sleep needs of athletes, the role of ‘power naps’ and the potential for exercise in improving the quality of sleep. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Circadian rhythm; Exercise; Jet-lag; Shift-work 1. Introduction The sleep–wakefulness cycle is the most discernable of human circadian functions, activity being associated with the hours of daylight and sleep with the hours of darkness...
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...Literature search: Students' sleep problems and school management SHEU : nationally-recognised, since 1977, as the specialist provider of reliable local survey data for schools and colleges SHEU Literature search MORE LITERATURE SEARCHES Students' Sleep Problems SHEU has provided a literature search resource about young people, sleep problems and school management Thanks to Zotero and Jason Priem Last updated September 2012 - - - - - see also SHEU search "sleep" http://sheu.org.uk School management of students with a lack of sleep Type Journal Article Author Editorial Publication Education and Health Volume 30 Issue 3 Page 56 Date 2012 URL http://sheu.org.uk/x/eh303ed1.pdf Sleepless in America: School start times Type Journal Article Author Editorial Publication Education and Health Volume 30 Issue 3 Page 57 Date 2012 URL http://sheu.org.uk/sites/sheu.org.uk/files/imagepicker/1/eh303ed2.pdf Ready, willing, and able? Sleep hygiene education, motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia in an Australian high school setting Type Journal Article Author Neralie Cain Abstract Cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia is well-regarded as an effective treatment for insomnia in adults. Previous studies also suggest that CBT-i can be successfully applied to adolescents experiencing insomnia and other sleep problems, which most commonly involve delayed sleep timing. The recommended...
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...perceived level of health and well-being, and how to manage patient’s health. The next pattern is Nutritional –metabolic pattern. This assessment is focused on the pattern of food and fluid intake relative to metabolic need (pp. 80-82). The Elimination pattern is the third pattern. In this pattern, data collection is focused on excretory of the patient. Includes regularity and control of bowel and bladder habits. The fourth pattern is Activity- exercise pattern. Assessment is focused on the patient’s activities of daily living that require energy expenditure and movement, including self-care activities, exercise, and leisure activities (Gordon, 1994, pp. 83-85). The next pattern is Sleep-rest pattern. Describes patient’s sleep, rest, and relaxation practices. Dysfunctional sleep patterns,...
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...The Benefits of Naps on Cognition Sarah Quitzau July 20th, 2016 Douglas College 1 1 The Benefits of Naps on Cognition During sleep, the brain sequences through a pattern lasting about 90 to 120 minutes. These stages are separated into two big categories, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM). During NREM sleep one enters into a slow-wave sleep, which is the deepest kind. Slow-wave sleep helps remember facts, places, and faces, while REM sleep is associated with dreaming (Ficca, Axelsson, Mollicone & Muto, 2010, p.249). The amount of time humans spend in REM sleep depends on age. Newborn babies sleep about 16 hours per day and spend about 50% of that time in REM sleep. Older people (50+ years of age) sleep an average of six hours per day and spend 13-15% of that time in REM sleep. Moreover, the suggested amount of sleep for a healthy adult is eight to nine hours, yet many adults do not receive this much sleep each night (Hershner & Chervin, 2014. p.73). While some people rely on caffeine or motivation to make it through the day, some rely on daytime sleeping, also known as naps. Through empirical research, it is suggested that naps positively impact our cognition, especially our alertness, memory consolidation, and stress levels. The results from a 2007 study published in the Journal of Sports Sciences conducted by Waterhouse, Atkinson, Edwards & Reilly found that a post-lunch power nap improves alertness and aspects of mental and physical...
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...Obtaining a University Degree is Extremely Important In my essay, I argue that in my world view obtaining a university degree is extremely important. I will define the term “World View” according to Hobson, Samovar and Porter. I will also discuss the factors that have influenced my world view of education and learning such as a vast experience of financial services experience in the UK and Australia, and more recent journey into the social business media space. I will also touch on what is important to me in my worldview and why these factors have ignited my ambition in acquiring a university degree. Samovar and Porterribing, describe as Worldview as being an “overarching philosophy or conception of the world” (2004, 1) and Hobson supports this by defining it as “a set of beliefs that we hold through which we organise our understanding of ourselves and our understanding of others” (1996, 2). Both agree that it influences a person's perceptions, beliefs, and values. We are what we think. All that we are arises with our thoughts. With our thoughts, we make the world. Gautama Siddharta A worldview is the paradigm of how people translate their meaning of their world; in other words, what we make of the world is our worldview. It is something taken for granted without having proof. A worldview is like a pair of reading glasses in that if you get the right prescription, your vision will be clear. However if the prescription is wrong; it could make your eyes worse...
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...The Stolen Generation in Australia The Aboriginal people lived long on their land without any contact from the Europeans. They are believed to first arrive in Australia between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago (Beck). They managed to live in often inhospitable conditions unbearable for the inhabitants of the “old continent”. The Aborigines did not differ only in their living conditions, but also in their way of living in general, their culture. The aboriginal culture was based on several principles which did not come to understanding when the Europeans first arrived. Perhaps the most essential aspect of the Aboriginal culture is the “kinship obligation”, when everyone in the tribe is expected to perform certain tasks without being asked to (Encyclopædia Britannica 4). The white society, in contrast with the Australian indigenous people, was based (and still is) on the concept of private membership, something absolutely unknown in Australia prior to the European settlements. The irreconcilable differences led, in consequence, to clashes and misunderstandings between the two cultures. The Europeans, however, regarded themselves superior. Lloyd describes the situation in Australia after the arrival of the European settlers as being based on “the idea of Aborigines as an inferior ‘doomed race,’ superseded by more highly developed, more enlightened Europeans” (Lloyd). No matter whether this claim was legitimate or not, it had damaging consequences. James Cook landed in Botany Bay in...
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...causes in which the citizens of other countries are concerned. 4. When individuals voluntarily abandon property, they forfeit any expectation of privacy in it that they might have had. Therefore, a warrantless search or seizure of abandoned property is not unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. 5. Artists and poets look at the world and seek relationships and order. But they translate their ideas to canvas, or to marble, or into poetic images. Scientists try to find relationships between different objects and events. To express the order they find, they create hypotheses and theories. Thus the great scientific theories are easily compared to great art and great literature. 6. The fact that there was never a land bridge between Australia and mainland Asia is evidenced by the fact that the animal species in the two areas are very different. Asian placental mammals and Australian marsupial mammals have not been in contact in the last several million years. 7. The psychological impact and crisis created by birth of a defective infant is devastating. Not only is...
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...DEVELOPING A FATIGUE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLE DRIVERS AND OPERATORS Developing a Fatigue Management Plan for Commercial Vehicle Drivers and Operators ● 2 / 20 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 4 COMMERCIAL VEHICLE DRIVER FATIGUE IS A MAJOR SAFETY PROBLEM .............................................................. 4 A DRIVER FATIGUE MANAGEMENT PLAN WILL HELP EMPLOYERS MEET THEIR DUTY OF CARE ............................. 4 OPERATING STANDARDS FOR WORK AND REST .................................................................................. 5 THE OPERATING STANDARDS IN THE REGULATIONS ARE USED TO ESTABLISH A SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK ............. 5 OPERATING STANDARDS FOR WORK AND REST IN ROAD TRANSPORT ................................................................... 5 DRIVING WITHOUT A RELIEF DRIVER ................................................................................................................... 5 DRIVING WITH A RELIEF DRIVER .......................................................................................................................... 5 A DRIVER FATIGUE MANAGEMENT PLAN............................................................................................... 6 MANAGING COMMERCIAL VEHICLE DRIVER FATIGUE REQUIRES EFFECTIVE POLICIES & PROCEDURES ................ 6 BASIC PRINCIPLES TO INCLUDE...
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...Prevalence of Social Isolation and Loneliness among Elderly Children’s, Women’s and Seniors Health (2004) explained that loneliness is defined by deprivation of social contact, lack of people available to share social and emotional experiences or a state where an individual has the potential to interact with others but not doing so. As for social isolation, it is defined as the absence of or a decrease in the number of social interactions, contacts and relationships with other people together with low level of involvement in society (Ibrahim, Momtaz, & Hamid, 2013). In Malaysia, the findings from the present study by Ibrahim, Momtaz, & Hamid (2013) showed that prevalence of social isolation and loneliness ranging from 2% to 49% and from 3%...
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...Implications of modern day gadgets to grade 7 students' classroom performance" Chapter 2 : Many parents are under the belief that technology and gadgets are essential for a child's development, but can you go too far? How much time should a child spend in front of a screen is a question being asked not just by worried parents but psychologists, health organizations and even governments. Read an expert's guidelines for managing a child's screen time, and his warnings on the dangers of recreational screen time, especially before bedtime. A new TLF Panel survey conducted on behalf of kids clothing retailer Vertbaudet.co.uk found that four in five parents believe technology and gadgets are good for kids, aiding in their development. The study found that 37 percent of parents asked said that their child spent between one and two hours a day playing with tech gadgets, and 28 percent said between two- and three hours. Moreover, the study found that 38 percent of two- to five-year-olds own an Android tablet, and 32 percent own an iPad; almost a third (32 percent) of these kids also have a mobile phone. The reason behind all this gadget use: over a third of parents (35 percent) said they use tech gadgets to entertain their children because they are convenient, and nearly a quarter (23 percent) because they want their children to be tech-savvy. A 2015 survey of 1,000 British mothers of children aged 2 to 12 found that 85 percent of mums admit to using technology...
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...Social issues SNAPSHOT The impact of domestic violence on children Key Points Domestic violence and children • Children, especially babies and young children, affected by domestic violence experience significant emotional and behavioural difficulties. • More than half of women in Australia who experience violence from a partner during their lifetime will be caring for children when the violence occurs. Living with domestic violence has serious effects on the emotional and behavioural wellbeing of children and on their development. However, good support services can help children cope with and, over time, recover from the effects of domestic violence. In mid 2011, against the backdrop of proposed amendments to Australian family law which were intended to better protect children from ongoing violence and abuse post-separation, The Benevolent Society commissioned the Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse to undertake a literature review of the latest research on the impact of domestic violence on children. The review also summarises the research evidence on how best to support and work with children and families affected by domestic violence. • Children continue to be at risk of violence during and after their parents’ separation. • Shared care parenting arrangements for children from separated families where domestic violence is present place these children at significant risk of harm. • Children can cope with and recover from the effects of violence, drawing...
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...MDIA2002: Views Journalism Notes 3 Question and analysis tasks are to be found inserted at several points in the following notes. Again, this work is compulsory and must be submitted to Moodle at least 24 hours in advance of your tutorial. When providing answers, ensure that you use full, grammatical and well-expressed sentences. Ensure you bring along a copy of your answers with you to the tutorial. The final task in this week’s work may be quite time consuming, and possibly quite challenging. Rest assured that the tute preparation load will be significantly lighter once we get to tutorial 5 (or soon after that if you are in a smaller tutorial group) and the tutorial presentations. Until then it’s necessary to do a bit of front loading, so to speak, to get you up and running with the text analysis methodologies which will stand you in good stead later in the semester. Once you have mastered these methodologies there will be significantly less theory and much more of an emphasis on actual journalistic coverage of events, people, issues and trends. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A guide to analysing views journalism Part 1 – characterising arguments by reference to the how they are justified and supported In the first section of these notes we are going to look in a bit more detail at how supporting argumentation (justifications) works to justify primary claims. This material was dealt with in...
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...Sleep Disorder Among Undergraduate Students 1. INTRODUCTION University life has presents many new and stressful challenges, such as reduced parental supervision which may increases freedom, self-responsibility, disorganized lifestyle, variable schedules, repeated deadlines, dormitory living, new social opportunity and academic obligations (Anbar and Slothower , 2006) . All of these caused students voluntary to alter their sleeping habits in which they tends to reduce their sleeping time from as recommended sleeping time 8 hours to in between 3 hours to 6 hours of sleeping time per day. This can lead to sleep disorder in which nowadays, insomnia and sleepiness are the most common complaints in general population (Watson, Goldberg, Arguelles, and Buchwald, 2006). Notably that, sleep quality refers to a composite of sleep quantity, length of time to fall asleep, number of awakenings at night, length of time to fall back asleep after awakening, feeling of fatigue or restfulness upon awakening in the morning and general satisfaction with sleep. According to Doghramji (2006), insomnia can be defined as complaint of disturbed sleep, manifested as difficulties in sleep initiation or sleep maintenance, and also refers as early awakenings. According to Kamel and Gammack (2006), there are several causes of insomnia which are including primary specific sleep disorders, physical illness, behavioral, environmental and medication. The examples for sleep disorder are Circadian Rhythm Disorders...
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