...Five Making Six Stages of Slumbering Activities in Your Brain By: Bill Pak Section: #1762 (I was allowed permission by you to turn in this term paper due to some personal issues with the original term topic) Ever wondered what in blue blazes your brain is doing when you sleep? Well so far, all the research and experiments that have been made to understand and answer this question have resulted with the so called six stages of sleep. The six stages of sleep starts from Stage 0 to Stage 5. Stage 0 is not really considered a stage since it involves the person of interest being awake. Sequentially, Stage 1 is considered to be the beginning of being asleep. Following Stage 1 is Stage 2 which is well known for its sleep spindles and K-complexes (L & F 8). Afterwards, Stage 3 is considered to be a transition phase towards Stage 4 and both stages are collectively often titled as deep sleep (McPhee 20). Lastly, but not the least, Stage 5 is identified as dream sleep and with REM (McPhee). Each stage is not just discerned by its major aspects, but by the activity in the brain in each stage. Although sleep can be described through the various behavioral changes, the different activities in the brain allow the discerning of each stage during sleep. Each stage is distinguished by various electrical activities and patterns across the brain (L & F 7). These electrical activities and patterns consistently change between each stage (McPhee 17). Obviously, each stage has its own unique...
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...There are five stages of sleep. They are 1. Falling asleep and trying to get comfortable. Some people can get through this stage in a few minutes and other people it takes longer. 2. You go into a light sleep. You can still be taken up easily here but you are starting to lose consciousness. Your heart rate and breathing slow down here. 3. You are in a deeper sleep and on to the 4th stage of deep sleep. This is also called delta sleep because of the delta waves of the brain. This is when your body relaxes and regenerates. The final stage is REM or rapid eye movement. In this stage you dream. There are some beliefs about dreaming which are: External stimuli such as a phone ringing or knocking on the door can intergrade into your dreams. Another belief is that dreams last a short time. Some also feel that they do not dream at all while others believe that erections are due to a sexual dream when they are actually due to sheets or something rubbing against the penis. Sleep walking and talking are a belief that happen while you dream. A couple of theories of dreaming are recuperation where your body restores itself and psychoanalytic dreams where your subconscious acting out your hidden desires or thoughts accord to Sigmund Freud. There are other theories about dreaming as well such as we dream as therapy to make sense of things. I think we dream for all of the reasons. I think that for me anyway, it helps me deal with things and realize things to make sense of...
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...You have four stages: 1- Theta waves (high amplitude, slow waves) for 5-10 minutes, transition between awake and asleep 2- Sleep spindles for 20 minutes, body temp goes down and heart slows 3- Delta waves emerge (deep slow brain waves) this is the transition between light and heavy sleep 4- "Delta sleep", you're definitely having delta waves, you're in deep sleep and might sleepwalk, bed wet etc...30 minutes - REM...Rapid eye movement, increased breathing, and increased brain activity...here you'll dream you cycle through these five stages 4-5 times a night like this 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2 THEN REM (where you dream etc.), then back up and down. Common problems include sleep apnea (usually overweight males), sleepwalking, bedwetting, insomnia, chronic fatigue, restless leg syndrome, and narcolepsy Narcolepsy- daytime uncontrollable sleepiness, may fall asleep...caused by dysfunction of the brain mechanism that controls sleeping and waking Sleep apnea- disorder in which you’re breathing temporarily stops throughout the night. Can be caused by being overweight or any kind of blockage of the upper airways Sleepwalking - complex behavior accomplished while asleep, you can talk, even have your eyes open. Have a lot of causes like genetic predisposition or environmental causes like sleep deprivation or stress. Rapid eye movement is the stage in which we dream every night. There are 5 stages of sleep. The first stage is a transition phase called Alpha Theta, eyes roll slightly, only lasts...
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...obstacles it is surprising that so many people choose to have children. Whether by accident or choice a parent is by far the most under appreciated of all jobs in the world and yes I said JOB!!!! From the time a child is born parenting becomes a 24/7 job. A job that requires such precision and skill that a parent should be held at a high level of regard.Parents must know how to feed the baby, change the baby and hold the baby. There are certain ways a baby must sleep. So many things a parent must know. One must know how to dress the baby in proper clothing and the right kind of detergent to use so not to harm the skin. After the baby stages parents must teach the baby how to take its first steps, eat more solid food. First words. Parents teach their toddlers the dangers that lurk and right and wrong. A parent begins to form a different kind of bond with their children. This bond is more interactive because now at this stage the child is so busy, ready to explore and the parent knows that every step the child takes is another step towards independence and danger is more prevalent by means of falls from this new found exploratory skill. The child continues to grow rapidly and now stands nearly as tall as the parent. Where did the time go? There was once a baby now you see a grown son or daughter. Parenting doesn't stop there. Parenting is life long. The child will still face dangers throughout life...
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...Living... So here’s my story, it was another typical plain and ordinary day for me, yippee. I woke up at around 4 am due to the wonderful melody of my very friendly neighbor’s dog. My class was still at 8am so I tried to get back to sleep but guess what, I can’t. Tick tock the clock went, great. For the past 4 years ever since I’ve moved to this town in order to pursue my college degree, I’ve been always awakened that very noisy dog. I get up, prepare my breakfast, take a bath, wear my uniform, prepare my bag and leave. I walk going to school with the spare time I have. Time check, its 7 o’clock and I’m already in school. I go in; I stay at the library and try look for something to entertain me. After a boring while I check my clock again, 7:45, I proceed to my first class. Blah, blah, the teacher talks on and on and I get bored. She calls my attention, looks at me sternly then proceeds with her lecture. I mean, what is wrong with her? A few more subjects crawled by agonizingly slowly and then it was dismissal time. I say goodbye to my friends and head straight home. As I was walking I saw a hysterically happy little boy. “Hey kid, why do you look so happy?” The boy looked at me with his big wide smiling eyes and said “I have cancer, stage three.” “What? And you’re happy about that?” The smiling eyes I have seen just moments ago changed, they got serious. “Mister, life isn’t about how long you live”, he said. “It’s about living the remaining time you have to the fullest...
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...A Raisin in the Sun Act III-A Lesson Learned In the final scene in “A raisin in the Sun,” some very important and much needed lessons are learned. Life changing decisions are made and for the better. In the last scene, Walter calls Lindner over to agree to take payment in lieu of moving into the all white neighborhood. Walter, as usual, can only think of money, and in his mind believes the large payoff from Lindner will be well worth selling out his family’s pride and honor. Lena decides, as Walter’s mother, to force his son Travis to stay to witness this life changing moral decision, in hopes that Walter will come to his senses; to everyone’s surprise he does. Walter looks into his son’s eyes and can’t sell his family short with his son watching. He decides to do what is best for the family’s morale rather than do what will put money in his pocket. That one decision shows the enormous lesson learned by Walter and how he changed. Character: The characters are well illustrated for us by the way they speak, their actions, and reactions to things. It is clear that Lena (Mama) has very little education and comes from a different time than the others. Ruth and Walter, the next generation, are slightly better spoken but still lack the educated speech that Beneatha and Travis, even younger, display with their current educations. Mama (Lena) is described as a big, strong woman, which is shown by how she reacts to the other characters, steering them the way she wants and mothering...
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...ACT 2 SCENE 3 Multiple Choice: The curtain is open; the stage brightly and flatly lit. A hospital bed is hidden by a hospital-type screen occupying Central Stage. Beside the bed, there is a cheap chair, and also a sofa which is further from the bad. There is an old man overlie the bad with doing a drop. Round him, an old lady who wears an old style dress is sobbing, a young lady who wears a black suit is looking at the old man’s face with the kind of anxious expression, and a young man that uses leisure wear is looking at the floor. The NARRATOR, enters from S.L., she stops in front of a little platform which located in S.L., and she stands on it. Next, she faces to the audience, and adjusts her stance. Now, she starts to tell the story. Directional Light points to her, and other parts of the stage become dark. NARRATOR: Yan and John visited her father’s apartment, after a while, her father suddenly passed out. All of them are in hospital now, and Mr. Fang is still in a coma. After a cell phone rings, JOHN DOC walks to the STAGE RIGHT, and he pick up the phone. YAN helps Mrs.Fang sit down on the sofa, and she sits down on the chair in front of the hospital bed. She holds her father’s left hand, and put on her face. After that, she turns her head toward the audiences. She views the audiences as herself, and she starts to soliloquy. YAN: Why! Why my father have to suffer...
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...responsible for innumerable bodily functions that are performed during various stages of a day/week/month/year. Examples include bowel movement, digestion, hormone production, menstrual cycle and migration (among birds/animals), to name a few. All these functions follow a particular cyclical pattern. When this process recurs annually, it is known as a circannual rhythm. Similarly, when this process recurs on a daily basis, it is known as a circadian rhythm. The word circadian comes from the Latin words ‘circa diem’, meaning about a day. Circadian rhythms are controlled by a biological clock within our brain. This section of brain is called the 'suprachiasmatic nucleus' (SCN). Signals produced by the SCN travel to different sections of the brain, thus stimulating various functions, such as body temperature, hormone secretion, changes in blood pressure, etc. There are numerous external factors as well, that regulate a circadian rhythm among human beings. These external factors are called zeitgebers (Hawkins & Orlady, 1993). Most common zeitgebers are light and temperature. Others include meal times, various social and physical activities. The most common circadian rhythm known to mankind is the sleep cycle. Sleep is an extremely important physiological phenomenon, during which our body heals and recuperates. Let us begin with understanding what sleep is, and what are the various sleep patterns. Sleep is a revocable state, which is characterized by disconnection and unresponsiveness...
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...* Treatment for Sleep Disorders * Attrian, Hrayr P. Sleep Disorders in Women. New Jersey: Humana Press, 2006. * Thorpy, Michael J. Handbook of Sleep Disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1990. * Pascualy, Ralph. Snoring and Sleep Apnea. New York: Demos Medical Publishing, 2008. * Peters, Brandon. “Treatment of Sleep Disorders.” 16 July 2009. [on-line]. http://sleepdisorders.about.com/od/sleepdisorderstreatment/a/Treatment_Sleep_Disorders.htm. * “Treatment for Dysomnias.” [on-line]. http://www.scribd.com/doc/13378124/rest- and-sleep-. * Pauler, Melissa. Guide to Hepatitis and Liver Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1990. * “Parasomnias and Treatments.” http://www.depression-guide.com/parasomnia.htm. * Kryger, Meir H. “Treating Insomnia Without Pills.” A Woman’s Guide to Sleep Disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 2004. * Lyons, Douglas. “Good Night’s Sleep.” Ebony Magazine. March 1988. * Sleep Patterns * Epstein, Lawrence et al. Clinical Manual For Evaluation and Treatment of Sleep Disorders. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2009. * Pagel, James F. Primary Care Sleep Medicine: A Practical Guide. New Jersey: Humana Press, 2007. * “Rest and Sleep.” [on-line]. http://www.scribd.com/doc/13378124/Rest-and-Sleep-. * Sleep Stages * “NREM and REM.” [on-line]. http://www.cbn.com/health/nutrition/goldfarb_sleepstages...
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...PsychSim 5: EEG and Sleep Stages Name: Leanne Gresch Section: 3 Date: 2-12-14 This activity provides an explanation of the measurement of brain activity, as well as the presence of different sleep patterns and their respective functions. EEG How is the brain’s electrical activity recorded? The electrical activity recorded at the reference location (usually on the ear lobe or just behind the ear) in generally subtracted from the electrical activity recorded at the target location(s). This means that, at a minimum, two electrodes are required to measure EEG. Typically the EEG includes recordings from three to eight locations so that activity of various reigons of the brain can be compared. Stages of Sleep Complete the following table: Characteristic EEG Pattern Stage 1 A transition from wakefulness into sleep. Stage 2 Brief bursts of brain activity in the midst of overall slowing of the EEG waves; At this point, the person is truly asleep. Stage 3 Low-frequency (3 peaks/ second) high amplitude waves called delta waves, which make up 10% to 50% of the tracings at this stage. Stage 4 Deepest stage of sleep, the tracings consist almost entirely of delta waves. REM Sleep Almost complete relaxation except for the eye muscles, which are very active. Sleep Thoughts vs. True Dreams If people have vivid, realistic dreams during REM sleep, why don’t they act out those dreams,...
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...to light on the retina, triggering alterations in the level of sleep-inducing melatonin. | What are the sleep stages? | Another biological rhythm is the sleep stages. | What are the five steps of the sleep stages? | we descend into transitional Stage 1 sleep, often with the sensation of falling or floating. Stage 2 sleep (in which we spend the most time) follows about 20 minutes later, with its characteristic sleep spindles. Then follow Stages 3 and 4, together lasting about 30 minutes, with large, slow delta waves. All these stages are referred to as NREM sleep. Reversing course, we retrace our path, but with one difference: About an hour after falling asleep,we begin periods of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. | Where does dreaming most prominently occur? | Most dreaming occurs in this fifth stage (also known as paradoxical sleep) of internal arousal but outward paralysis. | Which stage shortens REM sleep length? | During a normal night’s sleep, periods of Stages 3 and 4 sleep shorten and REM sleep lengthens. | What are the harmful effects of sleep deprivation? | Sleep deprivation causes fatigue and impairs concentration, creativity, and communication. | What are the additional effects of sleep loss? | It also can lead to obesity, hypertension, a suppressed immune system, irritability, and slowed performance (with greater vulnerability to accidents). | What are the benefits of sleep? | Sleep may have played a protective role in human evolution by keeping...
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...The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1a. In the normal brain, REM sleep is the stage of sleep during which the body tends to be very relaxed, with little to no movement of the muscles. However, it is possible to observe occasional slight movements, called twitches, while one is in the REM stage of sleep. Despite the observable calmness of the body during this stage of sleep, heart and breathing rates increase during REM...
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...Sleeping and Dreaming Rebecca Limon PSY 240 January 14, 2014 April Kindall Sleeping and Dreaming There are four stages of sleep. These stages are known as EEG: stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, and stage 4. When transitioning from alert wakefulness to stage 1, there are alpha waves that punctuate the low voltage, high frequency waves of alert wakefulness. The EEG voltage will increase gradually, while the EEG frequency will decrease gradually, as the individual progresses to stages 2, 3, and 4. According to Ch. 14 of Biopsychology, the stage 2 sleep EEG has a slightly higher amplitude and a lower frequency than the stage 1 EEG; in addition, it is punctuated by two characteristic wave forms: K complexes and sleep spindles. Each K complex is a single large negative wave (upward deflection) followed immediately by a single large positive wave (downward deflection)—see Cash and colleagues (2009). Each sleep spindle is a 1- to 2-second waxing and waning burst of 12- to 14-Hz waves. The stage 3 sleep EEG is defined by the occasional presence of delta waves—the largest and slowest EEG waves, with a frequency of 1 to 2 Hz—whereas the stage 4 sleep EEG is defined by a predominance of delta waves. Once sleepers reach stage 4 EEG sleep, they stay there for a time, and then they retreat back through the stages of sleep to stage 1. There are five common beliefs about dreaming. These beliefs include the following, the first belief is that there are some people who believe that dreams...
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...of work there are negatives too, one of these is that there are major disruptions to the employee’s sleep patterns. Most sleep is needed during the times of 2-4 am. This is when most shift workers will struggle to get through their shift. Another reason why it affects them is because it changes the circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm is a 24hour rhythm which a person recognises and it tells the person to sleep when it is dark and to wake when it is light. This is affected by shift work because they spend most their time under artificial light. Another reason why they struggle is because when the lights go off they need to make sure that they stay awake in case there us an emergency of some kind. Employees can sometimes be offered a night shift where they can have a couple of hours sleep, however they opt out of this type of contact because it pays less than what a night shift without sleeping does. Employers hardly ever give out these types of contract because they feel that they cannot justify paying employees to sleep whilst they are at work. Another biological rhythm that gets disrupted by shift work is the Ultradian Rhythm, this is a cycle that repeats more than once in a 24hour time period. The Ultradian rhythm describes the non-rem and the rem cycle. The non-rem cycle consist of 3 stages, however before the body enters into the rem cycle it has to go through all stages of...
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...Sigmund Freud revolutionized the study of dreams with his work The Interpretation Of Dreams. Freud developed several themes on dream psychology. He proposed the structure of the Human Psyche – the id, ego, and superego. Sigmund Freud was a world renowned psychologist and writer who forever changed the world of psychoanalysis. The three structures of the Human Psyche Freud proposed are: Id - centered around original impulses, pleasures, desires, and wish fulfillment. Ego - worried with the conscious, the sensible, the ethical and the self-aware aspect of the mind. Superego - the censor for the id, which is also responsible for enforcing the moral codes of the ego. (http://www.dreaminterpretation-dictionary.com/sigmund-freud-theory.html) First Freud believed that the Id directed our basic drive instincts. He said that it was unorganized and would seek to obtain pleasure or avoid pain. He described Id as chaos, a cauldron full of seething excitations, it is filled with energy reaching it from the instincts, but it has no organization, produces no collective will, but only motivation to bring out the satisfaction of instinctual needs. (http://www.dreaminterpretation-dictionary.com/sigmund-freud-theory.html) Next Freud thought of the Ego as the mediator, the egos job is to mediate the intropsychic conflict between the id and superego. The ego is the part of your personality that is responsible for dealing with reality, the ego strives to please the Id’s drive. ...
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