...who was accused. Although smallpox was believed to be spread many ways, a common theory is that the British purposely infected surrounding native tribes by the use of blankets and a handkerchief. Elizabeth A. Fenn explains a theory after the Indians came to meet with the British as such, “The parleys came to a close, and the Indians asked for "a little Provisions and Liquor, to carry us Home." The British obliged their request. ‘Out of our regard to them,’ wrote William Trent, ‘we gave them two Blankets and an Handkerchief...
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...Small Pox and the Indians Throughout our history books we read time and time again about different groups of people who had to endure death and devastation from different occurrences, such as war, genocide or disease. I would like to talk about one of those occurrences, which is only briefly mentioned to us, which is the effect that smallpox had on the Indian communities that occupied the land that would eventually become the United States. To begin, I will briefly explain smallpox, which is an acute contagious disease caused by the variola virus. Its major symptoms are: fever, vomiting, head and back aches, rash and lesions on the skin (known as pox) and a horrible smell, which could last up to a month. The fatality rate of this disease ranges between thirty and fifty percent, sometimes more among the Indian demographic. The virus is spread through human contact and occasionally through inanimate objects such as cloth. The good thing about smallpox is that once infected its survivors are then immune to the disease for life, so the virus constantly need a new human host to survive. The Indians would not come into contact with the small pox virus until the arrival of the European colonists. Since the Indians had not experienced small pox and had no immunity to the disease, so once exposed to it they were very susceptible to it and it often created an epidemic within their communities, which would nearly wipe out whole tribes at times. At this time, the Indians did not...
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...disease. He discovered that people who had contracted cow pox at some point never contracted Smallpox. He then researched this theory and started injecting people with the cow pox virus. He faced many adversaries who claimed that he was wrong. They said they found cases where they had contracted Smallpox even after having cow...
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...SOLOMON SMART KALUBA ID: UB28902SPU37458 PUBLIC HEALTH ASSIGNMENT: DEFINATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, ITS USE AND EXAMPLES OF SUCCESS DATE OF SUBMISSION: 5/02/2014. ANTLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY HONOLULU, HAWAII Contents Introduction 2 The Historical Context 2 Recent developments in Epidemiology 2 Definition, scope and use of epidemiology 4 Distribution 5 Determinants 5 Health- related states or events 6 Specified populations 6 Application 7 Scope 7 Epidemiology versus Public Health 7 Causation of diseases 8 Achievements in Epidemiology 9 Small pox 9 Methyl Mercury Poisoning 10 Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease 11 Iodine Deficiency Disease 11 Tobacco use, Asbestos and Lung Cancer 12 Hip Fractures 12 HIV/AIDS 13 Global AIDS epidemic 1990–2003 13 SARS 14 Conclusion 15 Bibliography 16 Introduction This essay provides a brief summary of what epidemiology is, what it is used for and discusses the major successes epidemiologist have contributed towards control and eradication of major epidemics. The discussion will also touch on the historical context and development of the emergency of epidemiology as a science and art, and give example of some of the people that greatly contributed to the achievement scored in epidemiology studies and applications. The Historical Context Epidemiology originated from the Hippocrates` observation more than 200 years ago who identified environmental factors to have an influence...
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...the flat land. A very good land and soil. The panthers, tigers, wolves, deer, and other beasts but in Charles Town is difficult because they have wild beasts. Because of the wild animals in Charles Town that’s why it’s difficult to settle in. Charles Town was difficult to settle because of diseases. The attack of the Indians. They had in stock all of the business so nobody could work. Charles Town was difficult to settle because the Native Americans was messing with them. Several of those i have to transact business with are fled into the country, but by divine blessing I hope a month or two will change the prospect. They trust be able to manage these savage enemies. Most small pox does not spread on the country. We expect shortly troops from Gen. As a result of the small pox it had made all of the business to close...
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...Knowledge is the key to our own fear of these diseases. Knowing how this are caused and better yet how to protect ourselves from it is how we will beat diseases from the past present and future. Monkeypox virus is an rare disease that is caused by infection with monkeypox virus. The virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family Poxviridae. The Orthopoxvirus genus also includes variola virus (the cause of smallpox), vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine), and cowpox virus. Two outbreaks of a pox-like disease started in 1958 in a monkey colony which was kept for research. But the first human case of the disease wasn’t until 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. And the only time there has been an outbreak in the US was in 2003. Transmission of monkeypox virus occurs when a person comes into contact with the virus from an animal, human, or materials contaminated with the virus. The virus has to enter the body through broken skin even if the break is too small for the eye to see, the respiratory system, or the mucus membrane, like your eyes, nose or mouth. Animal to human contact can happen due to a scratch or bite, or from contaminated meat. Human to human transmissions all though less common is still very popular, and come from large respiratory droplets. The first defense from a germ attack is a component of your innate immune system. The white blood cells that make up the innate immune system circulate throughout the body constantly looking for foreign bodies...
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...host because they are unable to multiply on their own. They are normally spread directly from human to human. Viruses can be very tough and there are not many effective medicines available for viral diseases. There are currently 21 families of viruses known to cause disease in humans. Fungi: like to grow in warm, moist places. Some fungi can be beneficial to us such as penicillin, but certain types of fungi can be harmful to our health. Like bacteria and viruses, some fungi can act as pathogens. Human fungal diseases can occur due to infection or fungal toxins. Symptoms for fungal diseases can be as common as itching, coughing, fever, wheezing, but they can also be as serious as meningitis or even death Parasites are organisms that use other organism for its survival. They draw nourishment and other needs from its host organism. Parasites that cause infection and disease are known as Pathogenic parasites 1.2. Identify common illnesses and infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites Bacteria: Ecoli/food poisoning, MRSA, CDIF, Sickness and diarrhea Viruses: Common cold, Influenza, Chicken pox, Cold sores,...
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...In Doc. E it says “A great cloud seems at present to hang over this province.” This means that bad things were happening in this period of time. Also, according to Doc. E “a violent kind of small pox rages in Charles Town that puts a stop to all businesses.” This means that smallpox was a major difficulty in Charles Town. It raged so bad that it had to put a stop to most businesses. Imagine having almost everyone around you with a contagious disease. A good thing was that small pox did not spread across the country. The Natives were also a problem. They drove the Spanish out, but the Natives were still there when the English came. They had a relationship with trading, but they took up land. Overall, Natives and disease also made it difficult to settle Charles...
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...the neighbors pleasant and agreeable. Her day described in detail to Miss Bartlett, keeping up with her reading and music and teaching some of the slaves’ children to read, needlework and the writing that came with running the plantations. Miss Bartlett‘s letters shared correspondence regarding Newton’s 1741 comet and her concern over Mr. Bryan who though himself to be a prophet. In Eliza’s later letters she writes to a larger variety of friends. In her earliest of these 1760 letters she expresses her concern over the growing attacks by the Cherokee Indians and her hopes the Governor has created peace with them. She described the great drought that same year allowing the plantations to just break even and her hiring of a new overseer. Small Pox has ravaged Charleston shutting down businesses that she uses in her transactions. In Eliza’s last letters, Indians again are her main concern, military troops are now involved and the Indian wars have started. Through Eliza’s letter we are able to glimpse not only her surrounding life but her intelligence, hard work and progressiveness. Eliza wrote a few times that she work up at 5 a.m. and went to bed after dark. Even in our modern times with new technology we struggle to have jobs and run our homes, she was essentially running a company. That she spent two of her letters pondering the science behind a comet intrigued me when I was reading. She was obviously reading enough about it to be interested in not only the appearance of it in...
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...Eurasia, a lot of advantage over the people that live in Y axis, Africa and Americas. That is the reason why Europeans are able to conquer Americans. The change from hunter and gatherer lifestyle to farmers gave us a big advantage as well as drawback. Domestication allow people to settle down and build a grander home. It also allow people to raise more children. In hunter and gatherer homes, the mother can only carry one child at her back when traveling. When many children are born, population boom follows. Domestication allow us to raise edible plants and animal in a large scale. Hunter and gatherer can only get so much food. Our technology also improve a lot. We can now make larger technological objects like forges that are impossible to carry in a hunter and gatherer lifestyle. Kings, aristocrats, and standing army rise as they can get the resource. Although transferring from hunter and gather lifestyle seems great, he are some drawbacks. When population concentration increase, the chance of disease spreading increase. There are outbreaks such as Black Death that could be possible only if there is dense population. The other factor is that domestication allow more transition of animal disease. Small pox for example, probably came from cattle. In order for small pox to spread to human, human must come into contact with the cow. In hunter and gatherer time, encounter like that will be rare as they will only be in contact when hunting. When cattle is domesticated, however human...
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...What Has Made Me Who I Am Our text tells us “You are the product of the way you were raised, as well as your genetics. And if you are a parent, your children will be the product of how you raise them” (Witt & Mossler, 2010, p. 11). Looking back at my life, I know that is true. There are many things in my life that have molded me to be the person that I am today. Some of these experiences have been positive, and some have been negative. Either way, they are all a part of what has made me who I am. I came from a broken home. My parents, who to this day hate each other, were divorced when I was just two years old. I was an only child to my mother and the youngest of three to my father, who had previously been married. Everyone tells me that I was the apple of my mother’s eye. I personally do not believe this, because for as long as I can remember, she was always busy with work and her own life, leaving little or no time for me. My father, made it very clear at a young age that he really was not interested in playing dad to a small child. My half sister and brother are much older than I am, so they were already at an age that they did not need this. Because of this, I spent most of my time with my paternal grandparents. They did everything for me, and with me. They were two of the most amazing people that I have ever met in my life. As a school aged child, I played soccer and basketball on the town leagues. Neither my mother nor my father ever saw a game. My step-father...
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...American indians were hgf. Most ag peoples supplemented diets with hgf * This substinence strategy structured many aspects of Indians lives and societies * Its effectiveness and long term viability were shaped by techno, demographics, and sociopolitical relationships Where did NA hunt gather and fish? * Everywhere * Heavy reliant * Pacific coast * Great lakes * Great plains How did hgf peoples obtain food? Some consequences * Mobility * Seasonality of food * Annual migration cycles * Wild plants and animals * Lack of domestication=reduced disease resistance * Acquired immunity * Genetic immunity How did this subsistence strategy structure society? * Clan size=small * Flat social structure=not hierarchical * Kinship unites bands * Loose affiliations * Gendered division of labor * Usufruct property rights=right to use, not to own How did Pawnee Indians rely on hgf lifeways? Where did Plains people come from? * Clovis peoples arrive on Plains 9,000 BC * Plains people/culture emerge from these early arrivals * Simultaneously other culture groups emerge across the Americas * Each defined by culture, language, geographic boundaries, etc How did the Plains peoples mode of production develop? * 9000 BC = Climate Warms * Bison hunting flourishes on Plains > plainsmen culture * 5000-2500 BC=Drought * plainsmen abandon plains. Move west to rocky...
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...Christopher Columbus is considered a villain by all the horrific things that he did. Which includes forcing the Indians into forced labor and he also brought in diseases which the Indians weren’t immune to. The forced labor that Christopher Columbus put onto the Indians was an inhumane and outrageous act that he committed. In Doc 9 it states ”they would carry dirt on their back to wash it in the river while those who wash gold would stay in the water all the time with their backs bent so constantly it would break them”. Columbus would force these Indians into these mines and make them work so that they could any gather gold and other resources they did this for the Spaniards personal gain. In Doc 8 it states “the Spaniards would refuse to...
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...camelids. Plant species that were traded greatly helped the European countries more than the New World settlers. Basic crops such as potatoes, corn, squash, and beans provided more food choices for the average European citizen. They also benefitted from chili peppers and cacao. This enabled them to have some spice and chocolate. Columbus only brought sugar cane over to be grown since it did not grow well there. This enhanced the American diet though not always in a good way. The diseases that were exchanged through contact devastated mainly the Native Americans who had no immunity to things like small pox and influenza. Syphilis was contracted from the natives through sexual contact and was spread through immorality even though it probably affected the innocent as well. Though there are negatives from the Columbian Exchange overall it was a blessing to those who were part of it as well as us today. (word count 289) Bibliography: Gray, Sarah, Malone, Cory, Ross, Sean, Ryan, Katie. “The Columbian Exchange”...
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...Were Lewis and Clark respectful of the Native Americans they encountered on their journey? They were mostly respectful to the Native Americans but sometimes they were not respectful to them. Lewis and Clark were talking to the Native American chief like they were asking them a questions. The chief was just sitting listening to Lewis and Clark speak. Lewis and Clark were respectful because they established trade with the local Indian tribes. In Document A: “Jefferson’s Letter to Meriwether Lewis (ORIGINAL)” paragraph 1, “In all your intercourse with the natives, treat them in the most friendly & conciliatory manner which their own conduct will admit.” Lewis and Clark want to be friends with the Native Americans. Lewis and Clark were the first...
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