...Student name: ________________________________ Student ID _______________________ York University Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies School of Administrative Studies AP/ADMS 4250 Marketing Strategy, Fall 2013 Instructor: A. Rusetski, Ph.D. EXAM 1: Case AP/ADMS 4250 Marketing Strategy Exam 1 Page 1 of 7 FIAT RETURNS TO CANADA1 A.RUSETSKI, PH.D F IGURE 1: A 2011 FIAT 500 On March 18, 2011 two hundred strange looking tiny cars lined up on the streets around the Quebec Business Centre. FIAT, a major European car manufacturer, was celebrating its return to Canada after 28 years of absence. This comeback became possible thanks to a partnership with one of the Detroit Big Three car manufacturers – Chrysler. From Montreal, columns of FIAT 500 cars paraded to designated Chrysler dealerships where FIAT opened its “FIAT Studios”. A number of important and at times sad developments led to this celebratory moment. Once a powerful player in the North American market, in early 2000s Chrysler Corporation was struggling with declining demand and decreasing market share. In 1998 the company “merged” with German Daimler Benz to form DaimlerChrysler AG. In fact, the German automotive giant took ownership of Chrysler, but after nine years the new owner acknowledged that the “marriage” was not successful and it could not improve Chrysler’s financial ...
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...companies lack the necessary transformational intelligence that is based on constant teaching and learning and the required power of empathy, which bring an increase level of sensitivity to signals changing. The main idea here is to identify change and its associated opportunities in order to become the competitive one and the only one. I am very much agreeing with change and how one can change the rules and not compete head-on. We have to take a look at case by case models of change and understand the quantifiable rate of production. Let’s take for example: the smart car or electric car. If we all agree, it makes sense for the environment to accept a smaller “smart car”, and we achieve 100% adoption as consumers, what happens to the tracking industry and the delivery of our consumptive goods? Are we now willing to transport goods because we have to transport them into smaller containers with less power? Can you imagine a smart car next to a diesel 18 wheeler? Are we willing to sacrifice the safety of our families for the cost of the maintenance of the environment? People are fundamentally selfish and will not voluntarily create a sea change unless they are forced to do so or unless there is no choice. Companies can identify the need to change with the associated opportunities to become the only competition but without government intervention to drive the change at a local global effort, the results are depressing. Blue Ocean is a fantastic way to look at familiar environments in...
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...Chapter 8: Use What You’ve Learned 1. Have you seen the new Smart car? If you have, you are probably part of the buzz that has been heard recently about this new concept car that has made it to the streets. The car seats two, is available in three different models, and costs between about $12,500 and $17,000. The most significant fact about the Smart car is that it gets about forty-five miles per gallon. That fact alone has become central to Smart car’s initial introduction to the driving public. Has “small” finally become better than “large, extralarge, and supersize”? The manufacturer of the Smart car is betting on it. Investigate the Smart car. Once this is done, construct a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis for the Smart car. Evaluate the car’s likelihood of success. Strengths: The Smart car has many • Economically priced, beginning at just $12,500 • Small enough to park anywhere • Up to 45 mpg- good for the environment and your wallet • Customizable • 2. Is there a Chick-fil-A in your neighborhood? If there is, you’ve probably eaten at one of the fastest-growing food franchises in the southern United States (seehttp://www.chickfila.com). Chick-fil-A has a unique approach to running their business. Using the company’s Web site and search engines, your task is to investigate the Chick-fil-A organization in order to conduct a situation analysis. During your investigation be sure to comment on the perceived competitive situation...
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...CASE STUDY 3 CASE 10-2 The Smart Car by B. Renea Kosino 1. What is Smart’s competitive advantage? Its brand image? The Smart Car, made by DaimlerChrysler, offers a cost focus and focused differentiation. It brand image is very narrowly focused. Smart appeals to single people (or families with no children), who primarily do city driving and want a no frills automobile that is economical and eco-friendly. Some advantages that Smart brings to the table are as follows. First, the vehicle has an exceptional look that appeal to those who want to be unique. Next, this very small, but roomy vehicle makes city driving and tight parking easier. Subsequently, crash testing and safety experts consider Smart as an extremely safe vehicle. Moreover, its models are very fuel efficient at 35 mpg on average. In addition, this automobile’s low exhaust emissions earned an Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV) classification. These condition were essential in Smart being one of five automakers to receive Greenopia USA’s highest environmental rating (see attach1). Finally, the vehicle is very economical with the most basic vehicle starting at $12,000. 2. Assess the U.S. market potential for the Smart. Do you think the car will be a success? Why or why not? Smart Car is economical, unique, and eco-friendly. Generation Y (Gen Y) is a target market, which should be pursued because Gen Y’s, those born from 1977 to 1994 (1980-1995, depending on who you ask), is demographically...
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...overall. Explain your rationale. · From the e-Activity, asses the barriers to entry you foresee as the Smart for two EV expands into foreign markets to determine which will be the most difficult to overcome. Support your answer with examples or evidence. The cultural and social differences are factors that should be taken into consideration when deaing with issues of trade. Social and cultural differences brings the aspect of trade on a more personal level. Cultures are constantly changing and evolveing but few things stay the same such as lanuage, religion, and values. For a company to stay economically ahead of the curb they need to make sure that thier employees are familiar with international cultures. Empolyees will not only need to understand the culture but they will also need to be able to communicate in order to do business buiness internationally. The rules are duffult and there to protect, and it is the businesses responsiblity to have the proper people in place to understand how these rules affect thier business and the cultures they will be conductiong business. Barriers to entry for theSmart for two EV as it expands into different markets is the economic baarrier the product will face. The product has a lot of great features and well dsigned, however the price of an electric car versus a vechile that runs on gas is much more expensive. The frist model of the smart car did not result in high market sales. For example the US economy today is very unstable and with...
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...marketed as Coreg CR. References Press Release, FDA Approves First Generic Versions of Coreg, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Sep. 5, 2007 Stafylas PC, Sarafidis PA (2008). "Carvedilol in hypertension treatment". Vasc Health Risk Manag 4 (1): 23–30. doi:10.2147/vhrm.2008.04.01.23. PMC 2464772. PMID 18629377. Othman AA, Tenero DM, Boyle DA, Eddington ND, Fossler MJ (2007). "Population pharmacokinetics of S(-)-carvedilol in healthy volunteers after administration of the immediate-release (IR) and the new controlled-release (CR) dosage forms of the racemate". AAPS J 9 (2): E208–18. doi:10.1208/aapsj0902023. PMC 2751410. PMID 17614362. Vanderhoff BT, Ruppel HM, Amsterdam PB (November 1998). "Carvedilol: the new role of beta blockers in congestive heart failure". Am Fam Physician 58 (7): 1627–34, 1641–2. PMID 9824960. Kornhuber J, Muehlbacher M, Trapp S, Pechmann S, Friedl A, Reichel M, Mühle C, Terfloth L, Groemer T, Spitzer G, Liedl K, Gulbins...
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...University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing Medication Tracking Sheet Tracking Medications Across the Curriculum Major Drug Classification (s): beta blocker Generic drug name: Metoprolol Trade (Brand) name: Lopressor Normal dosage range:______25-50mg Safe dosage range: Route(s) of administration: PO once a day Drug action (s): Blocks simulation of beta1 adrenergic receptors. * Uses: * Hypertension. * Angina pectoris. * Prevention of MI and decreased mortality in patients with recent MI. * Management of stable, symptomatic (class II or III) heart failure due to ischemic, hypertensive or cardiomyopathc origin (may be used with ACE inhibitors, diuretics and/or digoxin; Toprol XL only). * * * Significant side effects: fatigue, weakness * Significant adverse reactions: CV- bradycardia, tachycardia, pulmonary edema, hypotension Significant drug/drug interactions: Drug-Drug * General anesthesia, IVphenytoin, and verapamil may cause ↑ myocardial depression. * ↑ risk of bradycardia when used with digoxin, verapamil, diltiazem, or clonidine . * ↑ hypotension may occur with other antihypertensives, acute ingestion of alcohol, or nitrates . * Concurrent use with amphetamines, cocaine, ephedrine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, or pseudoephedrine may result in unopposed alpha-adrenergic stimulation (excessive hypertension...
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...Alzheimer’s disease is a wholesale loss of synapses, contact points via which nerve cells relay signals to one another and a parallel deterioration in brain function, notably in the ability to remember. Amyloid beta (Aβ) denotes peptides of 36–43 amino acids that are crucially involved in Alzheimer's disease as the main component of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer patients. The peptides result from the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is being cut by certain enzymes to yield Aβ. Study has shown that Beta amyloid begins life as a solitary molecule but tends to bunch up , initially into small clusters that are still soluble and can travel freely in the brain, and finally into the plaques that are hallmarks of Alzheimer’s. The study showed for the first time that in this clustered form, beta-amyloid can bind strongly to a receptor on nerve cells, setting in motion an intercellular process that erodes their synapses with other nerve cells. Further looking into this protein and the information regarding it in various databases, the following was sequence was found out for the Beta amyloid A4 protein in Homo sapien in SWISSPROT. >sp|P05067|A4_HUMAN Amyloid beta A4 protein OS=Homo sapiens GN=APP PE=1 SV=3 MLPGLALLLLAAWTARALEVPTDGNAGLLAEPQIAMFCGRLNMHMNVQNGKWDSDPSGTK TCIDTKEGILQYCQEVYPELQITNVVEANQPVTIQNWCKRGRKQCKTHPHFVIPYRCLVG EFVSDALLVPDKCKFLHQERMDVCETHLHWHTVAKETCSEKSTNLHDYGMLLPCGIDKFR GVEFVCCPLAEESDNVDSADAEEDDSDVWWGGADTDYADGSEDKVVEVAEEEEVAEVEEE E...
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...Am J Stem Cell 2012;1(3):196-204 www.AJSC.us /ISSN:2160-4150/AJSC1208001 Review Article Directed differentiation of progenitor cells towards an islet-cell phenotype Arif Abed1, Charlotte Critchlow2, Peter R Flatt3, Neville H McClenaghan3, Catriona Kelly1 The Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute for Science and Technology, Keele University, UK; 2Keele Medical School, Keele University, UK; 3Diabetes Research Group, SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK 1 Received August 3, 2012; Accepted November 9, 2012; Epub November 30, 2012; Published December 10, 2012 Abstract: Exogenous insulin administration and oral anti-diabetic drugs are the primary means of treating diabetes. However, tight glycaemic control, with its inherent risk of hypoglycaemia, is required to prevent the microvascular and macrovascular complications of the disease. While islet or pancreas transplantations offer a longer-term cure, their widespread application is not possible, primarily because of a lack of donor tissue, the burden of life-long immunosuppression, and eventual graft rejection. The rapid increase in the incidence of diabetes has promoted the search for alternative cell-based therapies. Here we review recent advances in the directed differentiation of both endocrine and non-endocrine progenitors towards an islet-like phenotype. Keywords: Endocrine, progenitor cells, islet cells, insulin production, diabetes mellitus The need for cell-based therapies for...
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...el páncreas exactamente en los islotes de Langerhans por su factor beta, esto ocurre cuando a través del Glut 2 membranal los detectores de glucosa encuentran una concentración más alta a lo necesario Esta hormona (la insulina) viaja por el torrente sanguíneo y afecta las células hepáticas, neuronales y musculares para que capten glucosa. La insulina se une al receptor membranal de insulina Si la concentración de glucemia es baja los RTK activan la vía PI-3 cinasa. Al final de esta vía de señalización se activa la proteincinasa B PKB que activa las vesículas de GLUT4 que se desplazan y se fusionan con la membrana para hacer que la glucosa entre en la célula. Tras eliminarse la insulina los GLUT4 sufren endocitosis y comienza la producción del glucógeno. Esto hace que se reduzca la degradación de glucosa a piruvato y este efecto es el opuesto al de la hormona glucagón que se produce en el páncreas. Existen diversos tipos de GLUT que son los receptores de glucosa en las membranas celulares, algunos ocupan ser activados mientras otros no. Por lo cual el cerebro logra captar la glucosa sin la necesidad de utilizar la insulina al usar el Glut 3 Cuando existe una falla en el metabolismo de la glucosa y la insulina se obtiene niveles altos de glucemia que deben de ser controladas con dietas muy estrictas. Esta enfermedad se conoce como “Diabetes” que existen 2 tipos: El tipo 1 es en el que las células beta casi no producen insulina, y el tipo 2 es el que la captación de la...
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...542 學術 阿茲海默失智症的食療科學證據 文/孫 瑜 邱銘章* 李明濱** 恩主公醫院神經內科 台大醫院神經內科* 台灣失智症協會理事長** 背 景 阿茲海默失智症為一逐漸腦部退化以致於喪失智 能的疾病，包括喪失智力與生活能力，年紀愈大，愈 易得病，這是現在人口結構逐漸老化的社會，必須面 對的重要議題。長久以來，就有不少研究在探討飲食 與失智症的相關性，包括食物種類與得病的相關性， 及以飲食型態來預防或延緩疾病惡化。這些飲食的研 究中，有不少建議攝取富含維他命C、E及胡蘿蔔素等 抗氧化食物來預防或改善失智症的惡化，另外維他命 B群、葉酸，不飽合脂肪酸、魚類、酒類等，都曾被 報導過可降低阿茲海默失智症的風險。不過上述這些 研究的結論常常不一致。另外，臺灣很流行的保健食 品如紅麴及銀杏也被奉為預防失智症的聖品，還有現 在很熱門的地中海飲食，這些食物對阿茲海默失智症 的預防及治療效果的科學證據仍須進一步探討。本篇 研究擬以實證醫學的方法探討飲食對失智症的防治效 果，進而希望為高齡族群提供飲食的建議。 方 法 分兩階段進行。第一階段：先以一般性回顧的方 法搜尋及整理阿茲海默失智症的完整且有臨床試驗的 飲食研究。從Pub Med中搜尋以關鍵字「nutrition」或 「diet」連結 「Alzheimer's dementia」或「Alzheimer's disease」搜尋相關的文章。並設定為回顧(review)性 文章，語言為英文或中文，起始年代不設限，搜尋至 2009年。總共找到73篇文章，其中再進一步將動物 實驗、基礎實驗及病理研究去除。如此一來，剩下33 篇，其中館際合作能找到24篇，再從中去挑選回顧性 研究中，所有收集納入分析比較的臨床試驗(含世代研 究及病例對照研究)最完整的文章，加以整理。另外也 加入我們自己團隊的研究。第二階段：是分別針對國 內常被報導的保健產品、食品及飲食型態，如紅麴、 銀杏、地中海飲食及咖哩等，用於阿茲海默失智症的 所有研究，探討其目前臨床科學性的結論為何。 結 果 以下分別就不同的飲食因素與阿茲海默失智症相 關性加以探討： 1.抗氧化飲食 阿茲海默失智症患者腦中的β類澱粉蛋白，會在 腦中形成過氧化反應，進一步造成神經元的損傷(1)，這 些腦中的氧化反應是阿茲海默失智症的是原因還是結 果，並不是很清楚，不過已有不少研究在探討以食物 中的抗氧化物質，來影響阿茲海默失智症的病程 (2) 。 常被研究的抗氧化物包括維他命E、維他命C及胡蘿蔔 素。有些研究發現阿茲海默失智症患者血中的這些抗 氧化物質濃度偏低。食物中維他命E的來源很廣，包 含蔬果、肉(牛羊豬)、魚與乳酪 (3)。維他命C的來源則 多為蔬果及胡蘿蔔 (3)。β胡蘿蔔素來源則為青菜(特別 是青花椰菜)、紅蘿蔔、水果如木瓜、蕃茄及葡萄柚等 (3) ，觀察幾個較大型的前瞻性臨床研究，其營養的介入 可分為攝取維他命及攝取富含這些維他命的飲食(多是 問卷及電訪的方式)，整理如表1 (4)。吾人可發現這些研 究的結論並不一致。不過可看出以下三點趨勢：1.以富 含維他命E、C的食物供給來減少失智症的發生，結果 是有效的多於無效的研究。2.富含維他命E、C食物對 預防失智症的證據，比以維他命E、C藥物還多(食物優 於藥物)。3.在失智症防治上，維他命E的飲食比維他命 C的證據還強。 2.維他命B群，葉酸與失智症 維他命B12或葉酸缺乏會造成神經細胞的損傷及 中樞神經病變(5)。也會造成智力的退化，這也是失智症...
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...significant improvement in other areas. 100% compliance in all areas will have positive benefits for the patient as well as for the hospital. The goal is to improve compliance in order to ensure patient safety and decrease mortality rates for surgical patients. Assessment Appropriate hair removal and normathermia are two areas that show consistent compliance. Maintaining current processes and procedures is recommended. While antibiotic selection was meeting the desired goal as set forth in the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) Inf-2, after May a significant decrease in compliance is noted. Use of prophylactic antibiotics prior to incision (SCIP Inf-1), stopping the antibiotic within 24 hrs. of surgery end time (SCIP Inf-3), beta blockers given during perioperative period (SCIP Card-2), recommended VTE prophylaxis ordered (SCIP VTE-1) and given within 24 hrs. prior through 24 hrs. after surgery (SCIP VTE-2) Corrective Action Plan The goal of the prophylactic antibiotic before and after surgery is to promote serum levels and gain bactericidal tissue. There is no known benefit for the patient to continue these antibiotics greater than 24 hrs. post-surgery (qualitymeasures.ahrq.gov, 2013). Physicians have been educated regarding the selection of antibiotics and the importance of administering the first dose within one hour of surgery (jointcommission.org, 2014). Concurrent audits to capture data in real time of these cases will help to ensure compliance by physicians...
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...GENERIC NAME:LABETALOL - ORAL (luh-BET-uh-lol) BRAND NAMES: Normodyne, Trandate DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Labetalol is a drug that is used for treating high blood pressure. Nerves from the adrenergic nervous system travel from the spinal cord to arteries where they release norepinephrine. Norepinephrine attaches to adrenergic receptors on arteries and causes the arteries to contract, narrowing the arteries, and increasing blood pressure. Labetalol blocks receptors of the adrenergic nervous system. When labetalol attaches to and blocks the receptors, arteries expand, resulting in a fall in blood pressure. GENERIC AVAILABLE: Yes PRESCRIPTION: Yes PREPARATION: Tablets: of 100, 200 and 300 mg; Injection: 5 mg/ml STORAGE: Tablets should be stored between 2-30 C (36-86 F). PRESCRIBED FOR: Labetalol is used alone or in combination with other drugs to reduce blood pressure. DOSING: The recommended starting oral dose of labetalol is 100 mg twice daily and the dose can be increased by 100 mg twice daily every 2-3 days based on the response of the blood pressure. Usual maintenance doses are 200-400 mg twice daily. Patients with severely high blood pressure may require 1.2 to 2.4 g daily. Stopping or changing the dose of the drug should be directed by a physician because serious side effects may occur. The initial intravenous dose of labetalol is 20 mg injected over 2 minutes. Additional injections of 40 or 80 mg may be administered every 10 minutes as needed up to a total dose...
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...Beta-blockers xxxx Collin College HPRS 1310-WW1 April 15, 2012 The first beta-blocker drug approved by the FDA in 1967 was developed by Sir James Black, an accomplishment for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1988 (Stapleton, 1997). Sir Black took a different approach to the treatment of angina pectoris—instead of using drugs to increase the amount of oxygen delivered to the heart, Black sought to find a drug that could reduce the amount of oxygen required by the heart. The drugs in this classification are subdivided into two categories: non-selective and selective (cardioselective). Major drugs in the non-selective beta-blocker category include carteolol, nadolol, penbutolol, pindolol, propranolol, sotalol, and timolol. Major drugs in the cardioselective category include acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, esmolol, metroprolol, and nebivolol. Some others, including carvedilol and labetalol also have alpha-adrenergic blocking effects, but are outside the scope of this paper. (Vallerand, 2013; Turley, 2010) Beta-blockers are prescribed for the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, prevention of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, migraine headaches, and glaucoma. (Vallerand, 2013; Hodgson & Kizior, 2013) Beta-blockers work to compete with sympathetic neurotransmitters1 for beta1 and beta2 adrenergic receptor sites. Beta1 receptors are found in cardiac muscle, and beta2 receptors...
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...Selección de distribuciones de probabilidad Para llevar a cabo una simulación usando variables aleatorias como tiempos entre llegadas o tiempos de servicio, es necesario especificar su distribución de probabilidad. Una vez que las distribuciones de probabilidad han sido especificadas, la simulación a través del tiempo generará variables aleatorias a partir de estas distribuciones. Las distribuciones de probabilidad más usadas en simulación pueden ser divididas de la siguiente manera: 1. Distribuciones Continuas. 2. Distribuciones Discretas. 3. Distribuciones Empíricas. Distribuciones continuas 1. Uniforme. Usada como un primer modelo para una cantidad que oscila aleatoriamente entre “a” y “b” y de la que se conoce muy poco. La distribución U(0,1) es esencial para generar variables aleatorias de las otras distribuciones. La figura 1 muestra dicha gráfica. Parámetros: a,b en donde a<b Rango: [a,b] Fig. 1 GRÁFICA DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN UNIFORME 2. Exponencial. Tiempos entre llegadas de “clientes” a un sistema que ocurren a un tasa constante. Parámetros: en donde >0 Rango: [0, ] Fig. 2 GRÁFICA DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN EXPONENCIAL 3. Gamma. Tiempo para cumplir alguna tarea. Por ejemplo, tiempo de servicio de clientes o reparación de una máquina. Parámetros: , en donde > 0 Rango: [0, ] Fig. 3 GRÁFICA DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN GAMMA 4. Weibull. Tiempo para completar alguna tarea (la función densidad es muy parecida a...
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